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This paper presents a study of the envelope of the young stellar object (YSO) GGD30IR. What distinguishes this from most other YSOs is the elongated absorption feature seen in silhouette against the background emission in the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Midplane Survey Extraordinaire 8 μm Infrared Array Camera image of the region. The size and the symmetrical placement of GGD30IR in the centre of this feature suggest that it is an extended envelope, perhaps the remnant of the collapse of the GGD30 core. We have used the extinction in the envelope measured from (i) the reduction in the 8 μm background intensity and (ii) field star colour excesses, to estimate the envelope mass, obtaining values of 0.6 ± 0.2 and , respectively. To investigate the envelope further, we have obtained Australia Telescope Compact Array 3 mm continuum and HCO+ line observations of the region. The continuum emission at 3 mm arises from both a compact (unresolved; ≤730 au) core embedded in an extended envelope ∼18 000 au × 38 000 au in extent. We estimate the core mass to be 0.11 ± 0.02 . The HCO+ emission is extended in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the envelope, suggesting it comes from an outflow. The spectral energy distribution (SED) provides a 2–24 μm spectral index, α= 1.0, which places GGD30IR in the Class I YSO category. Integrating the SED provides a luminosity of . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background Colorectal cancers exhibiting microsatellite instability (MSI) appear to have unique biological behaviour. This study analyses the association between extensive MSI (MSI-H), clinicopathological features and survival in an unselected group of patients with sporadic Australian Clinico-Pathological Stage (ACPS) C (tumour node metastasis stage III) colorectal cancer. Methods Some 255 patients who underwent resection for sporadic ACPS C colorectal cancer between 1986 and 1992 were studied. No patient had received chemotherapy. Minimum follow-up for all patients was 5 years. Archival normal and tumour DNA was extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction using a radioactive labelling technique. MSI-H was defined as instability in 40 per cent or more of seven markers. Results Twenty-one patients showed MSI-H. No association was found between MSI and age or sex. Tumours exhibiting MSI-H were more commonly right sided (P < 0·00001), larger (P = 0·002) and more likely to be high grade (P = 0·049). After adjustment for age, sex and other pathological variables, patients whose cancers exhibited MSI-H had improved survival (P = 0·015). Conclusion Recognition of MSI-H in sporadic ACPS C tumours identifies a subset of cancers with improved prognosis. Such stratification should be considered in trials of adjuvant therapy and may be relevant to therapeutic decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This national study compares the social and demographic characteristics of direct and delay entry students in a control group of 1551 students in higher education programmes in 1987 and 1990 with the national study group of 2295 students sampled in 1995. Using a specially constructed socioeconomic variable for comparison the analyses demonstrated a significant difference in the socioeconomic level of the household for the younger aged group but not for the mature aged group. There was also a significant difference between males and females in their age of entry patterns. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the location of school attended for most of their secondary education for the younger aged group but not for the mature aged group. For both groups there was a significant difference in the number of siblings, the level of education attained by the mother and the income received by the mother in the households of the control and study groups. Logit analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between the household variables: socioeconomic status, number of siblings, and income received by the mother of the respondents in the control and study groups for the younger age group but not for the mature age group. This interaction for the younger age group, plus the finding that nursing students were more likely to delay their Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) payment than other university students suggests that politicians need to take great care in any changes to current HECS payments as such changes could upset the delicate social balance that has been achieved in nursing recruitment in Australia.

This national study compares the social and gender characteristics of an earlier group of 1551 students in higher-education programs in 1987 and 1990 with the national study group of 2295 students sampled in 1995. Using a specially constructed socio-economic variable for comparison, the analyses demonstrated a significant difference in the socio-economic level of the household for the female but not the male group. There was a significant difference in the proportion of males entering nursing between the earlier and latter groups. Further, in the latter group, these males were more likely to enter nursing programs directly from school. Members of the female group in the latter sample were more likely to have attended a school in a less populated area, come from households with a reduced family size, have mothers who were earning an income and have mothers who had achieved a higher level of education than was found in the earlier group. Logic analysis revealed that there was a significant interaction between the household variables, socio-economic status, number of siblings and income received by the mother of the respondents in the early and latter groups for females but not for males. This interaction for the female group, plus the finding that members of the latter group were more likely than other university students to defer their Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) payments, suggests that if politicians were to make changes to the HECS it may affect the delicate social balance currently achieved in nursing recruitment in Australia.

This paper examines the changes in the recruitment pool from which we draw nursing students. In New South Wales, the change in venue from hospital to college institutions has significantly accelerated a change which began more than 20 years ago. College programmes attract more males directly from school and less mature age males than hospital programmes. There is a difference in the socioeconomic level of the household from which nursing draws its recruits in hospital and college programmes. College programmes attract more recruits from lower socioeconomic level households than hospital programmes. In New South Wales, this was found to be particularly so for the female group but not for the male group. From the national perspective, where students had the choice to enter either a hospital or higher education programme to attain a nursing qualification, it was found that there was no difference in the socioeconomic level of the household of origin between students who choose to enter a hospital programme which paid a wage while training and students who choose to enter a higher education programme which offered no such financial reward. This finding remained consistent when the study sample was cross-tabulated by state, gender and age group (young vs mature).