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Research supervisors and their higher degree research (HDR) candidates -- including Master, Professional Doctorate, and PhD candidates -- make critical contributions to research and innovation. In addition to providing research training, research supervisors have traditionally also acted as the graduate employability practitioner for their HDR candidates through preparation for work in academia. However, the effectivness of traditional HDR training models (such as the knowledge transmission, master-apprentice model for PhD training) are being reviewed in Australia and elsewhere due to changes in the contemporary employment environment. These changes include: fewer available academic jobs; increased desire of HDR candidates for non-academic careers; and implementation of government policies aimed at increasing the return on research investment, including by increasing alignment of graduate attributes with contemporary employer needs. Consequently, work-integrated learning (WIL) activities are being incorporated into HDR degrees to broaden HDR training beyond acquisition of research-focussed skills. For effective incorporation of WIL into HDR degrees, recognition is needed of the different types and roles of graduate employability practitioners required by HDR candidates, as well as improvements to training support structures, and evolved metrics for assessment of supervisor and HDR candidate success.

All learners have a contribution to make to the development of the Chemical Sciences, be that in novel ways to teach, and their perspectives and contexts, but also in research, both in chemical education and the wider Chemical Sciences. Through four case studies, this paper explores interactions with diverse groups and how this has altered perspectives on both teaching and research. The case studies include work with visually impaired adults, a project bringing together First Peoples in Australia with academics to explore old ways (traditional science) and new ways (modern approaches), primary (elementary) school perspectives on teaching science, and a project in South Africa to connect university and township communities. Not only do these case studies demonstrate the immense value these diverse groups bring to our understanding about how to learn, but they also bring new perspectives on how to view and solve chemical problems.

Persistent bullying behavior is that which starts high and remains either moderately high or persistently high, seemingly in spite of intervention/prevention approaches employed: yet little is known about how/why persistent bullying emerges or is sustained. Those who do not respond to interventions and persist with their bullying behavior, require close consideration and more targeted, nuanced approaches. This instrumental case-study uniquely explores a self-identified, high-persistent bully's explanations of how the bullying emerged, and what supported/sustained it to become a persistent behavior. A whole-of-life interview protocol facilitated a reflective exploration of the participant's social and behavioral 'turning points': the influence of transitions and changes in one's life: serving to initially steer him toward bullying others, and eventually sustaining his persistent bullying behavior over time. An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) revealed three 'turning points' which seemingly met his primary personal and social goals/needs of belonging, social positioning and status. This paper adds to the literature by introducing the notion of 'turning points' as a possible mechanism that facilitates the emergence of, and sustains persistent negative/bullying behaviors. Understanding turning points and any chain reactions in the lives of those who engage in higher, persistent levels of bullying can inform the development of future measures, intervention approaches and provide insights into issues of care for individuals engaging in persistent bullying.

Despite significant recent changes to the doctoral training environment, particularly provision of employability skills during candidature, there is a paucity of research investigating best practice in this area. This paper describes a case study in how various pedagogical theories, curriculum co-creation, lifelong learner, adult learning, cognitive load, spiral learning, reflective practice, and community of practice theories, were applied at an Australian university to develop and implement a Graduate Certificate aimed at increasing work readiness by delivering research and employability skills training to PhD candidates. Outlined are the rationale, student interest and theoretical basis underpinning this program, and its integrated suite of work-integrated learning (WIL) activities. Comparison against an emerging framework for high quality WIL demonstrated key alignments between the program and the quality WIL framework. These alignments highlight important considerations for comprehensive training of PhD candidates, together with recommendations for future research into WIL and employability training for PhD candidates.

The present study explores the self-regulated learning (SRL) research published in English or Turkish language journals included in the Web of Science database from the beginning to 2021 via bibliometric analysis. The 2197 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in the study. The results reveal that the research on SRL has been carried out mostly by scholars from the USA and has gained increased attention since the 2000s. The three most influential scholars of self-regulated research are Chia-Wen Tsai, Philip H. Winne, and Roger Azevedo; however, the two top documents by local citations belong to Barry J. Zimmerman (2008) and Paul R. Pintrich (2004) in the study. The analyzed studies cited the Journal of Educational Psychology and Contemporary Educational Psychology most. The results reveal that motivation, metacognition, self-efficacy, and learning strategies are the keywords that most frequently occur and co-occur in the analyzed studies along with SRL. The trend topics of SRL research have been learning analytics, flipped classrooms, and MOOCs since 2018.

The purpose of the article is to discuss, explore and advocate for the importance of self-management skills (cognitive and behavioural) for physical activity in health and physical education (HPE) in relation to the newly revised Australian Curriculum. This conceptual paper is presented as two halves. The first half presents an examination of the contemporary literature around learning about physical activity and fitness knowledge (PAFK). In doing so, I present the importance of physical activity and the role of school physical education in the development of cognitive and behavioural skills and the contribution these can make to HPE curriculum and pedagogy. The second half explores and interrogates the proposed sub-strand "Making Active Choices" of version 9.0 of the Australian Curriculum: Health and Physical Education (AC: HPE). Here, I explore the literature as well as the proposed aims, rationale, content descriptions/elaborations and focus areas to ask questions of the legitimacy and value of PAFK and the role of self-management skills in contemporary curriculum policy. The contribution is timely, given the imminent development of the revised AC: HPE and its implications on curriculum and pedagogical enactment in primary and secondary schools here in Australia.

This study outlines an approach that captures the messy landscape of the learning opportunities on which teaching focused academics draw. The Activity Centred Analysis and Design framework was employed to analyse data from a focused ethnographic study of seven TFAs in a research-intensive university. The Activity Centred Analysis and Design framework revealed processes of reconfiguring structures that allow for teaching focused academics to focus on their goals (influencing their peers and being recognized as legitimate academics). This paper offers an avenue for understanding authentic practices of teaching focused academics with broader implications for research into the professional learning of academics.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to establish which specific cognitive abilities are phenotypically related to reading skill in adolescence and determine whether this phenotypic correlation is explained by polygenetic overlap. Method: In an Australian population sample of twins and non-twin siblings of European ancestry (734 [less than or equal to] N [less than or equal to] 1542 [50.7% < F < 66%], mean age = 16.7, range = 11-28 years) from the Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study, mixed-effects models were used to test the association between a dyslexia polygenic score (based on genome-wide association results from a study of 51,800 dyslexics versus >1 million controls) and quantitative cognitive measures. The variance in the cognitive measure explained by the polygenic score was compared to that explained by a reading difficulties phenotype (scores that were lower than 1.5 SD below the mean reading skill) to derive the proportion of the association due to genetic influences. Results: The strongest phenotypic correlations were between poor reading and verbal tests R[superscript 2] up to 6.2%); visuo-spatial working memory was the only measure that did not show association with poor reading. Dyslexia polygenic scores could completely explain the phenotypic covariance between poor reading and most working memory tasks and were most predictive of performance on a test of arithmetic (R[superscript 2] = 2.9%). Conclusion: Shared genetic pathways are thus highlighted for the commonly found association between reading and mathematics abilities, and for the verbal short-term/working memory deficits often observed in dyslexia.

Background: Children can internalise social and parental gender stereotypes and this may influence their perceived motor competence (PMC). This study aimed to examine the association between father and daughter gender-stereotyped attitudes/beliefs and girls' PMC. Methods: Girls (N = 68, M[subscript age]= 8.9 years, SD = 1.7) and their fathers were recruited at baseline from a physical activity intervention. Girls' PMC was assessed using the pictorial scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence. Gender-stereotyped attitudes/beliefs of girls and fathers were assessed using the Occupation, Activity, and Trait - Attitude/Personal instrument. The girls' questions were interviewer administered to ensure comprehension, whilst fathers completed an online survey. Correlations were calculated, followed by linear regressions adjusted for girls' age and fathers' education. Regression models were used to investigate associations between father-daughter gender-stereotyped attitudes/beliefs, and whether these attitudes/beliefs were associated with girls' perceptions of their object control/locomotor, active play, and overall skill competence. Results: Girls' gender-stereotyped attitudes negatively correlated with overall PMC, r(60) = -0.36, p = 0.004, and object control perception, r(60) = -0.36, p = 0.004. These associations remained evident in linear regression analysis. No other associations were found. Conclusions: Girls with more gender-stereotyped attitudes have lower motor skill perceptions, which may impact negatively on physical activity and sport participation. Future interventions aimed at reducing sociocultural gender stereotypes in children may improve girls' motor skill perception and positively impact physical activity.

Purpose: Recent research on the potential of using eye-tracking to measure reading comprehension ability suggests that the relationship between standard eye-tracking measures and reading comprehension is influenced by differences in task demands between comprehension assessments. We compared standard eye-tracking measures and scanpath regularity as predictors of reading comprehension scores. Method: We used a dataset in which 79 participants (mean age: 22 years, 82% females, 76% monolingual English speakers) were administered three widely-used reading comprehension assessments with varying task demands while their eye movements were monitored: the "York Assessment of Reading for Comprehension"; (YARC), the "Gray Oral Reading Test"; (GORT-5), and the sentence comprehension subtest of the "Wide Range Achievement Test"; (WRAT-4). Results: Results showed that scanpath regularity measures, similarly to standard eye-tracking measures, were influenced by differences in task demands between the three tests. Nevertheless, both types of eye-tracking measures made unique contributions as predictors of comprehension and the best set of predictors included both standard eye-tracking measures and at least one scanpath measure across tests. Conclusion: The results provide evidence that scanpaths capture differences in eye-movement patterns missed by standard eye-tracking measures. Overall, the results highlight the effect of task demands on eye-movement behavior and suggest that reading goals and task demands need to be considered when interpreting eye-tracking data.

Improving schooling outcomes is a preoccupation facing school leaders globally. At the heart of such an agenda is the school leader's capacity to make professional learning decisions that best support the professional learning needs of their teachers. Thus, this paper investigates the extent to which principals' control to make professional learning decisions for the teachers in their schools is influenced by confidence in their understanding of professional learning and by four decision-making influences. To achieve such ends, 73 principals who were members of a large state-based cross-sectorial professional association for school leaders accepted an invitation to be surveyed concerning professional learning for teachers in their school regarding control, confidence in understanding professional learning, accountability, organisational constraints and school system influences. Key among the findings were that principals' sense of control to provide their teachers with effective professional learning was positively predicted by three factors: their own engagement in ongoing professional learning; the experience of fewer organisational constraints; and confidence in their understanding of what constitutes efficacious professional learning. School system influences such as regional office priorities were found to predict a negative impact on control. The article concludes by offering three recommendations to improve principals' control regarding the provision of professional learning for their teachers.

Despite adolescent girls' superior school achievement and high career aspirations, fewer women than men achieve career eminence. Understanding early influences on the development of gifted girls' career-related values and aspirations may help to explain this discrepancy in career outcomes. This article reports findings from a qualitative, cross-sectional study of influences on career development for 18 girls in eighth, 10th, and 12th grades in selective entry high school programs in three Australian schools. Data from two rounds of interviews were analyzed thematically in relation to the career development theories of Gottfredson and Savickas. Findings highlighted the interrelated influence on career values, goals, and choices of (a) perceived personal traits, strengths, and interests, and (b) relationships and experiences grounded in home, school, and community contexts. Key findings are discussed for research and educational practice related to supporting career development in gifted girls.

The goal of this study was to determine the significance of variable order when it comes to using child and parent reports of parental support to predict delinquency. It was hypothesized that a social context variable (parental support as rated by the parent) would precede a perceptual variable (perceived parental support competence as rated by the child) in predicting delinquency, but a perceptual variable preceding social context would not. This hypothesis, based, in part, on social cognitive theory, was tested in a sample of 3,490 adolescent Australian youth (1,742 boys, 1,690 girls) using a three-wave path analysis. As predicted, the parental support to perceived parental support competence sequence led to delinquency, but the perceived parental support competence to parental support sequence was non-significant. These results indicate that a social context variable is capable of affecting behavior indirectly, in this case, by shaping the affected child's perception of the social context.

Teachers' assessment practices are invariably related to their knowledge, skills, and beliefs or their assessment literacy. While teachers' assessment literacy continues to gain attention, there is limited empirical research on the relationship between assessment literacy and teachers' practices and beliefs, in particular junior secondary school teachers. Drawing from a larger project, this paper employs a synthesised conceptual framework on assessment literacy to interrogate the assessment practices of eight teachers. The findings reveal that teachers' conceptual knowledge and their conceptions of assessment are influenced by government policies. Teachers acknowledged the importance of effectively interpreting and communicating assessment data in order to support student learning. Finally, the study found that the ways in which teachers meaningfully engaged students in the feedback process created opportunities for building assessment literacy in both teachers and students. This article highlights the gap in how teachers draw upon their conceptual knowledge and how that contextual knowledge allows them to enact assessment within their varied school contexts.

Gender equity is an area of concern within STEM, where women are underrepresented in education and career roles. Increasing the representation of women in STEM and removing negative gender stereotypes are necessary actions, both of which can be fostered during formal education through employability initiatives and in the workplace. This study focused on the university setting and explores the perceived employability beliefs of students in STEM (including medicine), particularly their career identity and commitment, learning mindset, awareness of career and how their learning relates to their future career. The 12,708 student responses to an online questionnaire illustrate significant gendered differences in employability beliefs. Female students in STEM have significantly higher confidence in career identity and commitment, and relevance of learning compared to males, although they feel less confident in their reconsideration of career commitment and occupational mobility. In comparison to non-STEM students, women in STEM report higher confidence in career identity and commitment, reconsideration of career commitment, willingness and ability to learn, relevance of learning, career exploration and awareness and occupational mobility. Employability interventions are needed within the STEM educational context to promote long-term equal opportunities for all genders in the workplace.

This study aimed to determine the effects of the Active Early Learning (AEL) childcare center-based physical activity intervention on early childhood executive function and expressive vocabulary via a randomized controlled trial. Three-hundred-and-fourteen preschool children (134 girls) aged 3-5 years from 15 childcare centers were randomly assigned to the intervention (8 centers; n = 170 children) or control group (7 centers, n = 144 children) in May 2019. Participants were mostly Australian (85%) and from slightly higher areas of socio-economic status than the Australian average. There was an AEL intervention effect on inhibition ([Beta] = 0.5, p = 0.033, d = 0.29) and expressive vocabulary ([Beta] = 1.97, p = 0.001, d = 0.24). Integration of the AEL physical activity intervention into the daily childcare routine was effective in enhancing children's executive function and expressive language development.

Middle leaders play a central role in the Christian leadership of their school. This research explores how nine middle leaders in three distinct Anglican Schools in Australia enact their roles, and the conditions that influence faith expression within their schools. Findings demonstrate that middle leaders shape and are shaped by school culture and community. Our theory of Christian middle leadership, derived from four key themes, shows how school middle leaders navigate the personal and institutional dimensions of faith expression, through three distinct discourses. Their responses and the responses of their school enable them to interpret their role, career and calling.

This study evaluated the effect of the Dads And Daughters Exercising and Empowered (DADEE) program on daughters' social-emotional well-being when delivered by trained facilitators. Fathers (n = 158; M[subscript age] = 41.95 ± 5.32 years; 86% Australian born) and daughters (n = 193; M[subscript age] = 8.35 ± 1.85 years) from Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, were randomized into: (1) the DADEE intervention; or (2) a wait-list control. At baseline and 3 months, fathers, daughters, and mothers completed validated scales of daughters' social-emotional well-being (main outcome of interest), daughters' self-esteem, and other family-related outcomes. Intervention daughters improved their social-emotional well-being from father and mother perspectives compared to the control group (d = 0.51-0.64). Intervention effects were observed for the father-daughter relationship, indicators of father involvement, fathering warmth, coparenting, and family-related well-being, but not daughters' self-reported self-esteem and family-related well-being.

Group model building is a participatory workshop technique used in system dynamics for developing community consensus to address complex problems by consensus building on individual assumptions. This study examines changes in individual mental models of the complex problem of childhood obesity following participation in group model building (GMB), as part of a larger community-based system dynamics project. Data are drawn from GMB participants across six community sites in the Whole of Systems Trial of Prevention Strategies for Childhood Obesity (WHO STOPS) in rural and regional Victoria, Australia. Each community participated in two GMB sessions resulting in a causal loop diagram (CLD) of drivers of childhood obesity for each community. Presurvey and postsurvey captured participants' perspectives before and after (n = 25) participation in both GMB sessions and a blend of inductive and deductive qualitative content analysis was used to code individual responses. Three calculations were used to determine the number of responses, whether responses were a result of persuasion from others, and comparison of responses to those found in the CLD. Our study found participant mental models shifted during the course of the GMB sessions, with some responses persuaded by others and 75% of new insights identified in CLDs created by communities. The GMB process created a platform for participants to share ideas and learn from each other. In addition, participants listed new insights about childhood obesity in their community through developing CLDs.

This study aimed to examine associations between gross motor skills and executive functions (EF) in a large sample of Australian preschool-aged children. Of 566 children (mean age = 3.2 ± 0.4 years, 51.2% girls), locomotor, object control, and total skill competence were significantly associated with visual spatial working memory and inhibition (p < 0.05). Total skill competence was associated with shifting and locomotor skills were significantly associated with self-regulation (p < 0.05). Static balance was significantly associated with inhibition and shifting (p < 0.05). In boys, an association between object control skills and visual spatial working memory was observed. In girls, an association between static balance and visual spatial working memory, phonological working memory, and shifting was observed. The identification of significant associations between gross motor skills and different EFs is an important contribution to the growing evidence on the relationship between motor skills and EFs in early childhood.

Children need rich language learning experiences in school to build language and reading skills. Research suggests that various effective ways to support teacher provision of these experiences. The Classroom Promotion of Oral Language cluster randomized controlled trial (n = 1,360 students; 687 intervention, 673 control) examined whether a teacher professional learning intervention targeting oral language in the first years of school led to improved student outcomes compared to usual teaching practices. The intervention comprised face-to-face professional learning and ongoing support. The primary outcome was student reading ability at Grade 3; secondary outcomes included oral language, reading, and mental health at Grades 1 and 3. No differences were detected between the intervention and control arms. Implications of results and future directions are explored.

The aim of this study is to examine the professional identities of the academic staff of the faculties of education in Turkey. The study employed the Q methodology, in which both quantitative and qualitative data can be used. The qualitative data were collected and analysed by interviewing seven academics working in the faculty of education in the first stage of the study, which was conducted in two sequential stages. The analysis of the qualitative data showed that the academic staff of the faculty of education defined their professional identities as a "Practitioner", "Researcher", "Instructor", "Coach", "Counsellor" and a "Preparer". In the second stage of the study, the Q measurement tool was developed by the researchers based on the specified definitions for professional identities. The quantitative data were collected from 21 academics working in the faculty of education and analysed with the Q measurement tool. According to the analysis of the quantitative data, the academic staff of the faculties of education were seen to adopt six professional identities defined in general. In addition, the professional identity as a "Researcher" was found to be the most preferred, while the professional identity as a "Preparer" was the least preferred of the given identities. According to the findings obtained in the study, it was concluded that the educational experience of the academic staff of education faculties significantly differentiate the preferences and attitudes towards professional identities. Based on the findings and results obtained in this study, it is highly recommended to examine the role of the educational experience of the academic staff of education faculties in the change and transformation of their professional identities.

Widespread tropical deforestation and biodiversity loss in Southeast Asia due to the oil palm industry can be addressed by encouraging consumers to purchase sustainable palm oil (SPO). An online experiment was conducted to assess whether addressing barriers relating to education, motivation and product availability would increase purchasing of SPO. Australian adults (n = 628) were randomly assigned to either: (1) a newly developed interactive educational website on palm oil and SPO; (2) an existing educational video on SPO; or (3) an interactive website on differentiating between real and fake news (an attentional control condition). All participants completed pre-intervention and immediate post-intervention measures. Most participants (n = 403) completed follow-up measures two weeks later. Multivariate analysis revealed that the interactive website and educational video increased both knowledge and the intention to purchase SPO (compared to the attentional control), but neither significantly impacted follow-up self-reported SPO purchasing behaviour. Low perceived product availability might help explain the intention-behaviour gap. Our results suggest that, in addition to increasing consumer knowledge and motivation, promoting sustainable consumption requires creating opportunities for people to engage in the desired behaviour.

Due to the lack of tools that can be easily used by practitioners, there is a need to develop acceptable embedded ways to assess children's fine motor skill development within early childhood education and care settings. This study examined the validity and reliability of a brief and ecologically valid fine motor assessment tool for preschool-aged children; the fine motor growth assessment (i.e., FINGA). Children's fine motor performance on FINGA was compared with widely-used and validated performance-based (Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2nd edition) and informant-based (Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd edition) fine motor assessments. Ninety-one children [mean age (y) ± SD = 4.50y ± 0.68] were assessed within seven early childhood education and care services in New South Wales, Australia. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) and linear regression analyses showed that FINGA had good internal consistency (EFA of 73%) and age sensitivity (B[subscript std] = 0.69, p < 0.001), and bivariate correlation analyses demonstrated good concurrent validity (rs from 0.69 to 0.84, ps < 0.001) against the two comparison assessments. Because of its brevity and ecological validity, the FINGA tool should be further examined as a routine fine motor skills assessment administered within the context of universal early childhood education and care service provision.