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Background: Breastfeeding is beneficial to both mother and infant. However, overlap of lactation with pregnancy and short recuperative intervals may impact mothers nutritionally. We aimed to investigate the possible effects of pregnancy during breastfeeding.Methods: In October 2018, we searched systematically in nine electronic databases to investigate any association of breastfeeding during pregnancy with fetal and/or maternal outcomes. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD41017056490). A meta-analysis was done to detect maternal and fetal outcomes and complications during pregnancy. Quality assessment was performed using the Australian Cancer Council bias tool for included studies.Results: With 1992 studies initially identified, eight were eligible for qualitative analysis and 12 for quantitative analysis. Our results showed no significant difference in different abortion subtypes between lactating and non-lactating ones. In delivery, no difference between two groups regarding the time of delivery in full-term healthy, preterm delivery and preterm labor. No significant difference was detected in rates of antepartum, postpartum hemorrhage and prolonged labor between two groups. The women with short reproductive intervals may have higher supplemental intake and greater reduction fat store. The present studies showed that breastfeeding during pregnancy does not lead to adverse outcomes in the mother and her fetus in normal low-risk pregnancy, although it may lead to the nutritional burden on the mother.Conclusion: The present studies showed that breastfeeding during pregnancy did not lead to the adverse outcomes in the mother and her fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation, population growth and climate change, among other challenges, have put pressure on urban infrastructure systems, prompting a shift from large-scale centralised infrastructure to localised nature-based solutions. Mainstreaming nature-based solutions requires a change in the planning and governance systems, and mediating new relationships and configurations between different actors through collaborative governance. Yet, limited guidance exists on how to design collaborative governance for delivering nature-based solutions. This has led to collaboration processes that are established on an ad-hoc basis, relying on the experiences, skills and viewpoints of their champions to endure. This paper synthesises and extends a suite of theoretical frameworks with the practice-based knowledge of urban practitioners across Australia (n = 42), to develop a framework for designing collaborative governance. The framework offers key principles and considerations for designing collaborations on nature-based solutions. It emphasises upfront planning that carefully considers the desired outcomes (the 'why'), assesses the operating environment/context (the 'what'), engages the right actors at the required level of influence (the 'who'), and uses fit-for-purpose structures and process for interaction (the 'how'). The framework also highlights that all those elements need to be considered with the intended level of impact in mind. To illustrate the application of our framework, we will use empirical examples from major urban development programs across Australia that have adopted water sensitive urban design (as part of the broader family of nature-based solutions) through cross-sectoral collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing global consensus around the pressing need for decarbonisation to avert uncertain climate futures has accelerated the transition away from fossil fuels, towards widespread experimentation with distributed energy systems and practices. An investigation of four different microgrid-related experiments in Victoria, Australia revealed a number of commonalities and differences in relation to the drivers and challenges that supported and constrained these innovative projects. Despite differences in the types of microgrid projects examined, the case studies presented similar internal challenges, particularly in relation to organisational and individual risk aversion. External challenges arising from the broader regime were also present, particularly in relation to securing regulatory approvals, limitations in workforce capacity, and lack of industry acceptance. The empirical data suggests that the majority of challenges identified speak to the socio-institutional context rather than technological feasibility. Drawing on niche management framings, seven critical strategies for policy development aimed at s hielding, nurturing and empowering future microgrid projects to move beyond experimentation and achieve more widespread decarbonisation are presented. • Microgrid trials across Australia are challenging conventional modes of energy production, distribution and consumption. • Need for greater orchestration and knowledge sharing across disjointed experiments. • Seven process-related factors revealed relating to expediting future replication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]