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Premise: Bracken (Pteridium, Dennstaedtiaceae) is a cosmopolitan genus of aggressive disturbance colonizers that are toxic to agricultural livestock. The taxonomy of Pteridium has been treated in multiple schemes, ranging from one to six species worldwide, with numerous subspecies and varieties. Recent work has focused on the worldwide distribution and systematics of the bracken fern, but South America has been poorly represented. We present the first continent‐wide sampling and analysis of Pteridium esculentum, a Southern Hemisphere diploid species. Methods: Within South America, P. esculentum has several morphotypes, distinguished into subspecies by variation in indument and lamina architecture. We used double digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) to assess the phylogenetic relationships of P. esculentum subspecies. Results: We found a striking genetic homogeneity in the species, being able to support only two morphotypes from molecular data: P. e. arachnoideum and P. e. campestre. We had high confidence for shallow and deep phylogenetic relationships, but less support for relationships among crown groups. Conclusions: We describe an east‐west geographic pattern that would explain the relationships between populations; and, in contrast to previous studies, we detected differences with P. esculentum from Australia. These results will lay the foundations for studying variations in this species' behavior as a weed, as well as its impact on the production of agricultural livestock in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leafless Bossiaea species are a unique group of plants endemic to Australia that present intriguing challenges in taxonomy and conservation because of their morphological simplicity and often small, disjunct populations. We employed whole genome reduced representation sequencing (DArTseq) to enhance our understanding of the population dynamics, diversity and taxonomy of leafless Bossiaea species. Our dataset comprised 52,539 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 283 samples from 7 leafless Bossiaea species, including 6 listed threatened species. We examined population structure, phylogenetic relationships, kinship and gene flow within and among populations. On the basis of our population-genomic analyses, we propose recognition of the novel taxon Bossiaea vombata subsp. orientalis and a change in status from species (B. milesiae) to subspecies for B. fragrans subsp. milesiae. Additionally, we show extensive clonal reproduction across species and limited gene flow at distances of >1 km, shedding light on the challenges faced by these species. We advocate a coordinated approach to conservation, focusing on restoring self-sustaining populations and leveraging genetic rescue strategies. By addressing the population dynamics of multiple species simultaneously in taxonomically challenging lineages, we can make informed choices to safeguard biodiversity and evolutionary potential. This study investigates the population dynamics, diversity and taxonomy of leafless Bossiaea species, a distinctive group of Australian plants, by using whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism data. The findings suggest recognition of a new subspecies, Bossiaea vombata subsp. orientalis , and a change in status for B. milesiae to B. fragrans subsp. milesiae. We also highlight challenges in reproduction and gene flow among Bossiaea populations, emphasising the need for coordinated conservation efforts. (Image credit: Keith McDougall.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylella fastidiosa is a plant‐pathogenic bacterium that poses a serious threat to the production of economically important plant species including grapes, almonds, olives and a broad range of amenity plants, causing significant economic losses worldwide. While multiple molecular detection assays have been developed for X. fastidiosa, there is a lack of molecular tools available for detection and differentiation of the closely related pear pathogen, Xylella taiwanensis. In this study, we present a novel conventional PCR assay with primers that can amplify both Xylella species. The amplified product could be sequenced and used for discrimination between the two species and the subspecies within the fastidiosa species. This PCR assay was designed using a genome‐informed approach to target the ComEC/Rec2 gene of both Xylella species, ensuring a higher specificity than other previously developed PCR assays. A test performance study across five national plant diagnostic laboratories in Australia and New Zealand demonstrated this assay's high sensitivity and specificity to all known species and subspecies within the Xylella genus. This PCR assay can be used for Xylella identification at the species and subspecies level and is compatible with Sanger sequencing and nanopore sequencing for rapid turnaround time. The newly developed conventional PCR assay presented here offers rapid detection and accurate identification of both Xylella species from plant, insect vector or bacterial samples, enabling timely implementation of biosecurity measures or disease management responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree-kangaroos (genus Dendrolagus) are a morphologically distinctive genus of specialized, arboreal macropodids confined to the wet forests of New Guinea and northeast Australia. A distinct Goodfellow’s group, containing up to four species, has long been recognized. Resolving the relationships of taxa within the group has been hampered by limited samples of most taxa. Here we supplement published genetic data from high quality tissue samples with molecular data generated from museum specimens to improve taxon and geographic coverage. This includes specimens of the previously unsampled D. g. goodfellowi, the holotype and paratype of D. deltae, and additional specimens of D. matschiei, D. spadix and D. g. buergersi. DNA sequence data were generated from three mitochondrial loci. Phylogenetic analysis improved the resolution of relationships within the Goodfellow’s group, with the morphologically similar D. g. goodfellowi and D. g. buergersi being recovered as sister taxa, while D. pulcherrimus was the sister to the closely related, but morphologically and ecologically distinct, D. spadix and D. matschiei. Despite being sister to D. g. buergersi, D. g. goodfellowi was highly divergent. However, the two are morphologically very similar and we recommend retaining the taxonomic status quo (recognizing them as two subspecies of a single species) until improved sampling and a more thorough analysis is possible. The problematic D. deltae was confirmed as a junior synonym of D. matschiei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subalpine forests worldwide face the synergistic threats of global warming and increased biotic attack, and the collapse or transition of subalpine forests is predicted in south‐eastern Australia under future climates. The recent widespread dieback of subalpine snow‐gum forests due to increased activity of a native wood‐boring longicorn beetle, Phoracantha mastersii, suggests this process may already be underway. We investigated how variation in tree tissue traits and environmental conditions correlated with elevation‐dependent spatial patterns of forest mortality. We hypothesized that increased vulnerability of subalpine snow gums to wood‐borer‐mediated dieback at intermediate elevations was associated with poorly resolved differences in traits between montane (Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. pauciflora) and subalpine (E. pauciflora subsp. niphophila) snow‐gum subspecies. We first sought to characterize variation and elevation‐dependent transitions in 20 structural and drought‐related functional traits among 120 healthy trees distributed along a 1000 m elevation transect that spanned the subspecies transition zone. Secondly, we surveyed 774 trees across 53 sites between 1280 and 1980 m a.s.l. to explore associations between borer‐damage severity, elevation, subspecies and a subset of traits that differed between subspecies. We observed evidence for both continuous trait variation in response to changing elevation (10/20 traits) and discrete shifts in mean trait values across the transition between subspecies distributions (5/20 traits). Increased borer‐damage severity across the montane‐to‐subalpine subspecies transition was correlated with lower bark thickness, whereas reduced borer damage at the highest elevations was associated with greater precipitation and lower temperatures. Our results suggest that due to possessing distinct traits associated with increased borer susceptibility, subalpine snow‐gum forests may be subject to an increased risk of severe borer‐mediated forest dieback under warmer and drier future climates. Identifying traits contributing to species' distribution limits and biotic‐agent vulnerability remains critical for predicting, monitoring and possibly mitigating forest and vegetation declines under future climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian genus Isopogon (Proteaceae) consists of approximately 39 species, most of which occur in southwestern Australia, a region of considerable endemism and biodiversity. Unresolved taxonomic issues exist for two species complexes (nine suspected taxa) allied to I. spathulatus and I. polycephalus. There is uncertainty in how to delimit species in these two complexes due to unclear or overlapping morphological characters, although recognition of four phrase‐named taxa provide starting hypotheses for potential new taxa. We used a genomic approach (ddRAD) to generate SNPs for 146 samples from 32 populations across the two complexes to evaluate the genomic distinction of taxa and delimit species. We used an optimised ipyrad assembly of the sequenced libraries, followed by custom filtering of samples and SNPs for ordination, genetic structure, distance and concatenation and coalescent phylogenetic analyses. Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses consistently supported three geographically overlapping yet genomically distinct groups, two of which showed additional genomic divergence consistent with multiple distinct species. Existing morphological hypotheses were congruent with genomic groupings in some cases but discordant in others, where genomic admixture suggested existing taxa were conspecific. Evaluating morphological characters, geographic distribution and genomic distinction, we recognise five species and three subspecies from nine original taxa. We provide a key to species in the complexes and related taxa, updated descriptions for existing taxa, and describe two new species, I. elatus sp. nov. and I. pallidus sp. nov., and two new subspecies, I. spathulatus subsp. obovatus stat. nov. and I. spathulatus subsp. elongatus subsp. nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note updates the list of extinct Australian terrestrial mammal species and subspecies and, from published scientific literature, reports 40 species and six subspecies that are presumed to have become extinct since European settlement of Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lucilia cuprina and L. sericata (family Calliphoridae) are globally significant ectoparasites of sheep. Current literature suggests that only one of these blowfly subspecies, L. cuprina dorsalis, is a primary parasite causing myiasis (flystrike) in sheep in Australia. These species and subspecies are difficult to distinguish using morphological features. Hence, being able to accurately identify blowflies is critical for diagnosis and for understanding their relationships with their hosts and environment. Methods: In this study, adult blowflies (5 pools of 17 flies; n = 85) were collected from five locations in different states [New South Wales (NSW), Queensland (QLD), Tasmania (TAS), Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)] of Australia and their mitochondrial (mt) genomes were assembled. Results: Each mt genome assembled was ~ 15 kb in size and encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a control region. The Lucilia species mt genomes were conserved in structure, and the genes retained the same order and direction. The overall nucleotide composition was heavily biased towards As and Ts—77.7% of the whole genomes. Pairwise nucleotide diversity suggested divergence between Lucilia cuprina cuprina, L. c. dorsalis and L. sericata. Comparative analyses of these mt genomes with published data demonstrated that the blowflies collected from sheep farm in TAS clustered within a clade with L. sericata. The flies collected from an urban location in QLD were more closely related to L. sericata and represented the subspecies L. c. cuprina, whereas the flies collected from sheep farms in NSW, VIC and WA represented the subspecies L. c. dorsalis. Conclusions: Phylogenetic analyses of the mt genomes representing Lucilia from the five geographic locations in Australia supported the previously demonstrated paraphyly of L. cuprina with respect to L. sericata and revealed that L. c. cuprina is distinct from L. c. dorsalis and that L. c. cuprina is more closely related to L. sericata than L. c. dorsalis. The mt genomes reported here provide an important molecular resource to develop tools for species- and subspecies-level identification of Lucilia from different geographical regions across Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wet Tropics (WT) population of the yellow-bellied glider Petaurus australis Shaw, 1791 in North Queensland is listed as Endangered at the state and national level, but its taxonomic classification is currently uncertain. Here we expand on previous genetic and morphological analyses of the WT population with additional samples and genetic loci to re-assess its subspecific status. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4) gene showed that the WT population formed a reciprocally monophyletic group relative to a group comprising P. australis from its remaining distribution in Australia. The genetic distinction of the WT population was further corroborated by analyses of the nuclear gene von Willebrand factor. Molecular clock analyses of combined ND2 – ND4 data suggested that the WT population has been isolated from neighbouring populations in southern Queensland over multiple ice age cycles. Morphological analyses show that the WT gliders are smaller, with proportionally shortened faces, and have paler bellies compared to southern yellow-bellied gliders. We, therefore, propose that the WT population be recognised as a distinct subspecies which we herein describe. This taxonomic reassessment of P. australis has important implications for the ongoing conservation management of the WT population and yellow-bellied gliders throughout Australia. The yellow-bellied glider Petaurus australis Shaw, 1791 population in North Queensland is listed as Endangered at the national level, but its taxonomic classification is uncertain. Here we apply new morphological and genetic analyses and propose that it represents a unique, currently undescribed subspecies. Resolving the taxonomy of P. australis has important implications for its ongoing conservation management. Photograph by Rupert Russell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report observations of the Plumed Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus plumiferus from Bulburin National Park, the largest subtropical rainforest remnant in central Queensland located at the northern limit of the Southeast Queensland bioregion. By documenting the currently understood northern limits of this subspecies of the Marbled Frogmouth Podargus ocellatus, we briefly discuss the broader biogeographical significance of Bulburin National Park in understanding the distribution of other rainforest-inhabiting species that occur in naturally and anthropogenically fragmented ranges along Australia's eastern seaboard. Among species we discuss are Russet-tailed Thrush Zoothera heinei and Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major aridification events in Australia during the Pliocene may have had significant impact on the distribution and structure of widespread species. To explore the potential impact of Pliocene and Pleistocene climate oscillations, we estimated the timing of population fragmentation and past connectivity of the currently isolated but morphologically similar subspecies of the widespread brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). We use ecological niche modeling (ENM) with the current fragmented distribution of brushtail possums to estimate the environmental envelope of this marsupial. We projected the ENM on models of past climatic conditions in Australia to infer the potential distribution of brushtail possums over 6 million years. D‐loop haplotypes were used to describe population structure. From shotgun sequencing, we assembled whole mitochondrial DNA genomes and estimated the timing of intraspecific divergence. Our projections of ENMs suggest current possum populations were unlikely to have been in contact during the Pleistocene. Although lowered sea level during glacial periods enabled connection with habitat in Tasmania, climate fluctuation during this time would not have facilitated gene flow over much of Australia. The most recent common ancestor of sampled intraspecific diversity dates to the early Pliocene when continental aridification caused significant changes to Australian ecology and Trichosurus vulpecula distribution was likely fragmented. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the subspecies T. v. hypoleucus (koomal; southwest), T. v. arnhemensis (langkurr; north), and T. v. vulpecula (bilda; southeast) correspond to distinct mitochondrial lineages. Despite little phenotypic differentiation, Trichosurus vulpecula populations probably experienced little gene flow with one another since the Pliocene, supporting the recognition of several subspecies and explaining their adaptations to the regional plant assemblages on which they feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying mechanisms that drive population divergence under varying geographic and ecological scenarios can inform our understanding of evolution and speciation. In particular, analysis of genetic data from island populations with known colonisation timelines allows us to identify potential source populations of diverging island subspecies and current relationships among populations. Silvereyes (Zosterops lateralis) are a small passerine that have served as a valuable study system to investigate evolutionary patterns on both large and small geographic scales. We examined genetic relatedness and diversity of two silvereye subspecies, the mainland Z. l. cornwalli and island Z. l. chlorocephalus, and used 18 077 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to compare locations across southeast Queensland, Australia. Although silvereyes are prolific island colonisers our findings revealed population divergence over relatively small spatial scales was strongly influenced by geographic isolation mediated by water barriers. Strong genetic connectivity was displayed between mainland sites, but minimal inter-island connectivity was shown despite comparable sampling distances. Genetic diversity analysis showed little difference in heterozygosity between island and mainland populations, but lower inbreeding scores among the island populations. Our study confirmed the range of the Z. l. chlorocephalus subspecies throughout the southern Great Barrier Reef. Our results show that water barriers and not geographic distance per se are important in driving incipient divergence in island populations. This helps to explain the relatively high number of phenotypically differentiated, but often geographically proximate, island silvereye subspecies compared to a lower number of phenotypically less well-defined Australian continental subspecies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Morphological and molecular studies have consistently suggested that Sminthopsis , as currently defined, is rendered paraphyletic by the kultarr (Antechinomys laniger). They have also suggested a sister relationship between the kultarr and the long-tailed dunnart. Based on DNA sequence data from multiple mitochondrial and nuclear gene loci we reassign the long-tailed dunnart (formerly Sminthopsis longicaudata) to Antechinomys. Although there is good evidence of genetic structure within the kultarr (A. laniger), it does not correspond to the two currently recognised subspecies, viz A. laniger laniger and A. l. spenceri. We conclude that Antechinomys consists of two species, A. laniger and A. longicaudatus , consistent with morphology. We suggest that the observed genetic and morphological variation within A. laniger merits a more thorough investigation of more samples from across its range to resolve the taxonomy. Kultarrs are widespread over much of inland Australia. Although only two subspecies are currently recognised, we show that a third may be present in Western Australia. We also suggest that the long-tailed dunnart be recognised as a second species of Antechinomys as A. longicaudata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of Telicota paceka affinis Rothschild from Torres Strait, Queensland is clarified, with new Australian records from Dauan and Saibai Islands. Both sexes are illustrated and compared with the Australian mainland subspecies T. paceka mesoptis Lower. Material based on previous records of T. paceka mesoptis from Mer Island (a male in 1989) and Erub Island (four specimens in 1973 and 1984) were examined and have been incorrectly identified: these specimens are Telicota augias krefftii (W.J. Macleay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcoptic mange is an infectious disease impacting over 100 mammalian species around the world, including Australia's common wombat (Vombatus ursinus). A 94% decline in a localised population attributed to mange has raised concerns for the status of the two subspecies endemic to the island state of Tasmania, Australia. We provide the first broad-scale assessment of sarcoptic mange distribution and prevalence in wombats in Tasmania. Mange-affected wombats are widespread in Tasmania from sea level to 960 m above sea level, although there are no confirmed cases from the western region of Tasmania or Maria Island. It has been recorded in most major vegetation groups, but particularly in agricultural areas. Mange prevalence estimated from night-time spotlight observation and camera surveys varied between regions (0.0–17.6%) with an overall prevalence of 4.4% for observation surveys and 0.6% for camera surveys. Time of day, survey method, and distance from observer can influence mange assessments. Local reductions in wombat numbers and animal welfare impacts due to sarcoptic mange are concerning and warrant on-going monitoring of wombats and mange, and the development and trials of effective disease management options. A reduction in a localised population of common wombats due to sarcoptic mange in Tasmania, Australia raised concerns for the status of the state's two endemic subspecies. This study showed that mange in wombats is widespread in Tasmania, with prevalence estimates based on night-time observational surveys ranging from 0 to 17.6% (average 4.4%). The potential for occasional mange epizootics and local population declines warrants on-going monitoring of mange and wombats. Advice to inform future monitoring is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic review of Indo-Pacific species of the scorpionfish genus Scorpaena resulted in the recognition of 21 valid species (including 2 subspecies and 2 new species) and 13 synonyms. The new species, Scorpaena longaecrista and Scorpaena sororreginae, were described on the basis of 50 and 23 specimens, respectively, from the west coast of Australia. Updated definitions of both the genus and species of Indo-Pacific Scorpaena, based on previously published characters and confirmed by examination of type and non-type specimens in this study, are provided. A diagnosis, synonymy, distribution, and list of specimens examined (or appropriate citation if previously published in detail) are given for each species, together with an identification key for all valid Indo-Pacific species of Scorpaena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia, the nominate subspecies of the Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles miles usually occurs in northern Australia. There have been only two reports of this taxon in Victoria: at Mildura, in 1968; and at the Eastern Treatment Plant at Bangholme, from 1 January to 24 May 1981. This paper details, with a photograph and field notes, the latter record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic history of the atyid shrimp Paratya in Australia has been one of confusion due to the high morphological variability in material collected from its wide range of distribution. Early research concluded that all material should be considered a single species, P. australiensis Kemp, pending an acceptable revision. After morphological examination of material throughout the known distribution, others concluded that only a single species occurred in Australia. Molecular studies have recognised at least 10 distinct lineages. In the current study, fresh material was collected, and molecular sequencing was undertaken from a single leg from each specimen. Having confirmed the 10 lineages, the specimens were dissected for morphological examination. These lineages are recognised as distinct species and morphological descriptions are provided for seven new species: Paratya walkeri n. sp., P. spinosa n. sp., P. williamsi n. sp., P. whitemae n. sp., P. strathbogiensis n.sp., P. gariwerdensis n. sp. and P. rouxi n. sp. A new combination, P. arrostra Riek, is raised from sub-species to species, P. tasmaniensis Riek is reinstated and P. australiensis Kemp is redescribed. A key based on morphology is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the impact of recognized biogeographic barriers on genetic differentiation of grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana), a common and widespread tree species of the family Myrtaceae in eastern Australian woodlands, and its previously proposed four subspecies moluccana, pedicellata, queenslandica, and crassifolia. A range of phylogeographic analyses were conducted to examine the population genetic differentiation and subspecies genetic structure in E. moluccana in relation to biogeographic barriers. Slow evolving markers uncovering long term processes (chloroplast DNA) were used to generate a haplotype network and infer phylogeographic barriers. Additionally, fast evolving, hypervariable markers (microsatellites) were used to estimate demographic processes and genetic structure among five geographic regions (29 populations) across the entire distribution of E. moluccana. Morphological features of seedlings, such as leaf and stem traits, were assessed to evaluate population clusters and test differentiation of the putative subspecies. Haplotype network analysis revealed twenty chloroplast haplotypes with a main haplotype in a central position shared by individuals belonging to the regions containing the four putative subspecies. Microsatellite analysis detected the genetic structure between Queensland (QLD) and New South Wales (NSW) populations, consistent with the McPherson Range barrier, an east‐west spur of the Great Dividing Range. The substructure was detected within QLD and NSW in line with other barriers in eastern Australia. The morphological analyses supported differentiation between QLD and NSW populations, with no difference within QLD, yet some differentiation within NSW populations. Our molecular and morphological analyses provide evidence that several geographic barriers in eastern Australia, including the Burdekin Gap and the McPherson Range have contributed to the genetic structure of E. moluccana. Genetic differentiation among E. moluccana populations supports the recognition of some but not all the four previously proposed subspecies, with crassifolia being the most differentiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OCBIL theory provides a basis for understanding of the evolution and ecology of biota on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs) worldwide. Here, we test a genetic hypothesis presented in OCBIL theory that predicts highly differentiated intraspecific population systems on OCBILs vs. more limited differentiation on young, often disturbed, fertile landscapes (YODFELs). We examined patterns of genomic and morphological divergence in Banksia seminuda across OCBILs and YODFELs in south-western Australia. We also used these data to determine whether these OCBIL and YODFEL populations represent distinct subspecific lineages, a point of previous contention among taxonomists. As hypothesized, genomic analyses based on 3466 SNP loci revealed strong structuring within B. seminuda , with high differentiation across narrow geographic scales among OCBIL populations vs. lower differentiation across much larger geographic scales among YODFEL populations. In addition, genomic and morphological divergence was found between OCBIL and YODFEL populations, providing comprehensive quantitative evidence for two subspecies. These findings have taxonomic implications for the species and provide support for OCBIL theory and its insights into the evolution, ecology and conservation of biota on ancient landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploration of hybrid zones and the intergenomic conflicts exposed through hybridization provide windows into the processes of divergence and speciation. Sex chromosomes and mitonuclear incompatibilities have strong associations with the genetics of hybrid dysfunction. In ZW sex‐determining systems, maternal co‐inheritance of the mitochondrial and W chromosomes immediately exposes incompatibilities between these maternal contributions of one species and the Z chromosome of another. We analyze mitochondrial and Z chromosome admixture in the long‐tailed finch (Poephila acuticauda) of Australia, where hybridizing subspecies differ prominently in Z chromosome genotype and in bill color, yet the respective centers of geographic admixture for these two traits are offset by 350 km. We report two well‐defined mitochondrial clades that diverged ∼0.5 million years ago. Mitochondrial contact is geographically co‐located within a hybrid zone of Z chromosome admixture and is displaced from bill color admixture by nearly 400 km. Consistent with Haldane's rule expectations, hybrid zone females are significantly less likely than males to carry an admixed Z chromosome or have mismatched Z‐mitochondrial genotypes. Furthermore, there are significantly fewer than expected mitonuclear mismatches in hybrid zone females and paternal backcross males. Results suggest a potential for mitonuclear/sex chromosome incompatibilities in the emergence of reproductive isolation in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybridization, introgression, and reciprocal gene flow during speciation, specifically the generation of mitonuclear discordance, are increasingly observed as parts of the speciation process. Genomic approaches provide insight into where, when, and how adaptation operates during and after speciation and can measure historical and modern introgression. Whether adaptive or neutral in origin, hybridization can cause mitonuclear discordance by placing the mitochondrial genome of one species (or population) in the nuclear background of another species. The latter, introgressed species may eventually have its own mtDNA replaced or "captured" by other species across its entire geographical range. Intermediate stages in the capture process should be observable. Two nonsister species of Australasian monarch‐flycatchers, Spectacled Monarch (Symposiachrus trivirgatus) mostly of Australia and Indonesia and Spot‐winged Monarch (S. guttula) of New Guinea, present an opportunity to observe this process. We analysed thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from ultraconserved elements of all subspecies of both species. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of Australian populations of S. trivirgatus form two paraphyletic clades, one being sister to and presumably introgressed by S. guttula despite little nuclear signal of introgression. Population genetic analyses (e.g., tests for modern and historical gene flow and selection) support at least one historical gene flow event between S. guttula and Australian S. trivirgatus. We also uncovered introgression from the Maluku Islands subspecies of S. trivirgatus into an island population of S. guttula, resulting in apparent nuclear paraphyly. We find that neutral demographic processes, not adaptive introgression, are the most likely cause of these complex population histories. We suggest that a Pleistocene extinction of S. guttula from mainland Australia resulted from range expansion by S. trivirgatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound taxonomy is important for providing a scientific basis for the listing of threatened taxa and allowing informed decisions for conservation management. The Australian fieldwrens (Acanthizidae: Calamanthus spp.), small passerines of shrublands across mesic to arid southern Australia, have been challenging in this respect. Difficulties in interpreting the variation in morphology and colouration across their geographic range have resulted in taxonomic controversy for a century; multiple arrangements of species and subspecies have been proposed, including a prevailing view that there are two species and seven subspecies in the Rufous Fieldwren, Calamanthus campestris complex. Two island subspecies (C. campestris hartogi and C. c. dorrie) are currently listed as Vulnerable. We hypothesised that C. campestris is monotypic (including C. montanellus) and that variation is clinal across mainland populations. Results of our genetic, morphological and colour pattern analyses are largely consistent with this hypothesis. However, we did find evidence of genetic divergence between eastern and western populations and some genetic support for recognition of C. c. hartogi (Dirk Hartog Island) based on divergence in nuclear allele frequencies. Together, our results provide a strong case for the hypotheses that C. montanellus is a synonym of C. campestris, and that rather than consisting of seven subspecies, C. campestris comprises two mainland subspecies C. c. campestris and C. c. rubiginosus east and west, respectively, of 133 degrees longitude, and only one island subspecies, C. c. hartogi. In this regard, the currently recognised C. c. dorrie is nominated for removal from threatened species lists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal vocalisations can signify diverse behavioural contexts, knowledge of which can be applied in bioacoustic monitoring programs. Australia's endemic black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus sp., family Cacatuidae) are highly vocal species that are threatened in many locations. In this study, we describe the nest‐associated vocal behaviours of two endangered subspecies of black cockatoo, the south‐eastern red‐tailed black cockatoo, C. banksii graptogyne and the Kangaroo Island glossy black cockatoo, C. lathami halmaturinus. Breeding success is limiting their recoveries and nest monitoring is challenging, but vocal recordings might provide valuable long‐term information hard to obtain otherwise. We recorded daily vocal activity at wild nests of both cockatoos using autonomous sound recorders. Combined with behavioural observations and video footage, we identified vocalisations characteristic of six behavioural contexts at nests: birds in flight, while perched, during begging (adult females), during courtship displays (adult males), when entering or sitting near to the nest hollow entrance (adult females), and from nestlings. Linear discriminant analysis on 12 acoustic measurements correctly classified 58.4% of calls of the red‐tailed black cockatoo (n = 907 calls from eight nests) and 62.9% of calls of the glossy black cockatoo (n = 1632 calls from 11 nests). In both subspecies, the female nest call and nestling calls are the most conspicuous vocal indicators of active nesting, and therefore should be considered for their bioacoustic potential. Other adult vocalisations indicate a range of behavioural contexts that could be informative for monitoring nesting behaviour, and its association to habitat features, in these endangered subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Over a period of 15 years, Schistonchus was collected from sycones of Ficus subgenus Urostigma section Malvanthera in eastern Australia, and was found to occur widely. Here, Schistonchus macrophylla macrophylla is redescribed from F. macrophylla and F. superba , and a new subspecies, Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., from F. rubiginosa and F. superba. Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., is characterised by having a long post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) with thickened walls and a narrowly rounded or pointed distal tip, procorpus which is usually longer than the stylet length, pyriform metacorpus, trapezoid-shaped head capsule, papillae arranged as one large pair adcloacal, a large pair at mid-tail length, and a small pair near the tail tip, no caudal alae, and a spatulate tail tip in females; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales (NSW) to southern Queensland. Schistonchus m. macrophylla is characterised by having a procorpus shorter than or equal to the stylet length, an ovoid metacorpus, rectangular-shaped head capsule, long PUS with thickened wall only at its distal tip, caudal alae, and papillae arranged as one pair precloacal, one small pair adcloacal, and a large pair at mid-tail length. It was collected in NSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim to solve long-standing problems of taxonomic delimitation within the E. obovatus species complex (E. obovatus G.Don, E. arnhemicus F.Muell., E. sp. Mt Bellenden Ker (L.J.Brass 18336) Qld Herbarium and E. coorangooloo J.F.Bailey & C.T.White), diversity and relatedness were assessed using a combined population genetics and morphometric approach among 181 and 102 individuals respectively. Simple sequence-repeat (SSR) markers were analysed with clustering methods, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and STRUCTURE. The morphometric data were analysed using cluster and classification and regression tree (CART) methods. The morphometric and genetic analyses together resolve discrete groups corresponding to E. arnhemicus , E. coorangooloo , E. obovatus and E. sp. Mt Bellenden Ker. Elaeocarpus arnhemicus is clearly distinct from all other entities on most of the morphometric and genetic analyses. By contrast, E. sp. Mt Bellenden Ker and E. obovatus were not clearly separated from each other in many morphometric analyses, but can be distinguished clearly by the strongly curved pedicels in early bud and hairy ovary, and, to a lesser extent, by the frequent occurrence of two racemes per axil and cuneate leaf bases, and on the results of the genetic analyses. Elaeocarpus coorangooloo exhibits considerable genetic admixture with the other entities, but it is morphologically distinct. SSR profiles suggested that E. arnhemicus and E. obovatus may be tetraploid, whereas the other entities are diploid. This study has clarified the taxonomic limits of the currently recognised species E. arnhemicus , E. obovatus and E. coorangooloo and supports recognition of E. sp. Mt Bellenden Ker at subspecies rank, described herein as E. obovatus subsp. umbratilis Y.Baba & Crayn. A key to all taxa and revised accounts of E. arnhemicus , E. obovatus subsp. obovatus and E. coorangooloo are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Utricularia dichotoma Labill. complex is a morphologically and ecologically variable group of closely related taxa with a mostly temperate distribution across New Zealand, New Caledonia and Australia. Taxonomic boundaries within the complex have been the subject of speculation, with several previously recognised species being synonymised after a nomenclatural revision. We sampled 296 populations representing all known taxa; 223 accessions were used in the full phylogenetic analysis based on two non-coding chloroplast regions (rps 16, trn D–T) and two nuclear ribosomal spacers (external transcribed spacer, ETS; internal transcribed spacer-1, ITS-1), whereas the remaining accessions were identified by using ITS-1 barcodes. We found strong support for a paraphyletic U. dichotoma , with accessions matching the type material of that name grouped within a polytomy that includes clades containing accessions of U. monanthos Hook.f and U. novae-zelandiae Hook.f. Specific statuses for five recently described species previously included in U. dichotoma s.l. do not fall within this polytomy, nor do the two species U. oppositiflora R.Br. and U. speciosa R.Br. resurrected from synonymy of U. dichotoma. All sampled accessions from New Zealand form a single clade within U. dichotoma as recognised here. We here propose that seven clades recovered here be recognised as subspecies, and describe eight new subspecies, including two new combinations. We also propose that the monophyletic clade sister to U. beaugleholei Gassin be assigned to subspecies rank under that name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subspecies are often less well-defined than species but have become one of the basic units for legal protection. Evidence for the erection or synonymy of subspecies therefore needs to be founded on the best science available. Here we show that there is clear genetic disjunction in the Sarus Crane Antigone antigone, where previously the variation had appeared to be clinal. Based on a total sample of 76 individuals, analysis of 10 microsatellite loci from 67 samples and 49 sequences from the mitochondrial control region, this research establishes that the Australian Sarus Crane A. a. gillae differs significantly from both A. a. antigone (South Asia) and A. a. sharpii (Myanmar and Indochina). A single sample from the extinct Philippine subspecies A. a luzonica clustered with A. a. gillae, hinting at the potential for a more recent separation between them than from A. a. antigone and A. a. sharpii, even though A. a. sharpii is closer geographically. The results demonstrate that failure to detect subspecies through initial genetic profiling does not mean discontinuities are absent and has significance for other cases where subspecies are dismissed based on partial genetic evidence. It could also be potentially important for sourcing birds for reintroduction to the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful conservation of threatened species requires judicious allocation of limited resources. The threatened Black-throated Finch southern subspecies (Poephila cincta cincta), endemic to north-eastern Australia, has suffered an 80% contraction in its historical range. Stemming ongoing habitat loss is the main priority in its conservation, but remaining areas where habitat has been degraded require active management. However, the scarce information about the subspecies' ecology has inhibited effective conservation planning. In this paper, we gather and review current knowledge on the Black-throated Finch southern subspecies' ecology and threats and propose a list of research priorities aimed to support conservation management. We highlight how available knowledge could lead to false assumptions due to the limited temporal scope of most studies and their focus on a substantially modified area within its current range. There is a shortage of information on the present population size and distribution of the subspecies, which creates uncertainty about its conservation status. Our top three priority actions are focused on monitoring the remaining populations and evaluating the effects of management practices in pastoral land. We expect this paper to serve as a first step to create a cohesive framework for researchers and stakeholders when deciding to invest in the conservation of this iconic finch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis is widely distributed in eastern Asia, New Zealand and Australia, and is well-known as a vector of multiple zoonotic pathogens. This species exhibits two reproductive strategies, bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic reproduction. Hence, in the current study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations were assembled and analyzed, and the expression of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes was evaluated and compared between the two reproductive populations. The results indicated that the length of the mitochondrial genomes of the two reproductive populations is 14,694 and 14,693 bp in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations, respectively. The AT content in the mitochondrial genome of the bisexual and obligate parthenogenetic population reached 77.22 and 77.34%, respectively. The phylogenetic tree was constructed combining 13 protein-coding genes, which showed that the genetic distance between the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations was less than that between the subspecies. The expression of the mitochondrial protein-coding genes was quantitatively analyzed at different feeding status for the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations, and the results showed significant differences in the expression patterns of these genes, suggesting that they might trigger specific energy utilization mechanisms due to their different reproductive strategies and environmental pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The White-shouldered Fairywren (Malurus alboscapulatus) is a tropical passerine bird distributed across much of New Guinea. White-shouldered Fairywrens are among few species of fairywren with exclusively tropical distributions and differ from better studied congeners in Australia because subspecies vary by female, but not male, coloration and morphology. As with many bird species in New Guinea, basic demographic, social, morphological, and breeding data are limited. From 2011 to 2018 we documented the basic biology of two subspecies representing extremes of the female ornamentation spectrum. Both subspecies form groups having an even operational sex ratio and appear to breed year-round. Extra-pair paternity occurs in the subspecies with female ornamentation; comparable data are lacking for the subspecies having unornamented females, but the greater scaled cloacal protuberance volume of males suggests similar or higher extra-pair paternity rates. Females of the ornamented subspecies are generally larger than those lacking ornamentation, but exhibit reduced tail lengths, which is thought to serve as a signal of social dominance in other fairywrens. After first achieving adult-like plumage, males and ornamented females retain ornamented plumage year-round; however, only males in the subspecies with unornamented females appear to exhibit delayed plumage maturation. Our discussion highlights similarities and differences between White-shouldered Fairywren life histories and those of better studied Australian Malurus species; we focus on tropical vs. temperate environments and variable female ornamentation, and we identify priorities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia has lost two species and one subspecies of ratite due to historical persecution and anthropogenic changes to their habitats. Two additional ratites, the Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) and Coastal Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), are following this trajectory and will require human intervention to prevent further population decline or extinction. Advanced reproductive technologies offer promising avenues for the management of genetic and demographic diversity, both in-situ and ex-situ. Here, we review two important techniques and their efficacy in the conservation management of Australian ratites. The first is the sexing of an embryo in-ovo. This technique is central to developing technologies, however, is presently problematic in species producing thick and heavily pigmented eggs (i.e. Cassowary and Emu). Developments including the reduction of the shell membrane may promote light refraction and thus render the technique able to be used safely with developing embryos of Australian ratites. The supplementation of natural hormone during early embryonic development is another tool for sex regulation in ratite embryos. This was previously trialled in the Ostrich to influence a preferred gonadal sex, however, it will be trialled in the Emu and Cassowary for the first time. The use of these advanced reproductive technologies will complement current conservation efforts for Australian ratites, and facilitate the establishment and maintenance of robust captive populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern brown (Isoodon obesulus) and golden (Isoodon auratus) bandicoots are iconic Australian marsupials that have experienced dramatic declines since European settlement. Conservation management programs seek to protect the remaining populations; however, these programs are impeded by major taxonomic uncertainties. We investigated the history of population connectivity to inform subspecies and species boundaries through a broad-scale phylogeographic and population genetic analysis of Isoodon taxa. Our analyses reveal a major east–west phylogeographic split within I. obesulus / I. auratus , supported by both mtDNA and nuclear gene analyses, which is not coincident with the current species or subspecies taxonomy. In the eastern lineage, all Tasmanian samples formed a distinct monophyletic haplotype group to the exclusion of all mainland samples, indicative of long-term isolation of this population from mainland Australia and providing support for retention of the subspecific status of the Tasmanian population (I. o. affinis). Analyses further suggest that I. o. obesulus is limited to south-eastern mainland Australia, representing a significant reduction in known range. However, the analyses provide no clear consensus on the taxonomic status of bandicoot populations within the western lineage, with further analyses required, ideally incorporating data from historical museum specimens to fill distributional gaps. Southern brown and golden bandicoots are iconic Australian marsupials that have experienced dramatic declines since European settlement, but their conservation management is impeded by major taxonomic uncertainties. We carried out genetic analyses of these bandicoots, which indicate that the subspecies Isoodon obesulus obesulus is restricted to south-eastern mainland Australia, and is evolutionarily distinct from the Tasmanian subspecies I. o. affinis and from bandicoot populations in southern/western regions of Australia. Our analyses have major implications for the conservation status and management of bandicoot populations. Photo by Casey O'Brien. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, Limosa limosa melanuroides was thought to be the only subspecies of Black-tailed Godwit in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. For this reason, all previous occurrences and counts of Black-tailed Godwits in the flyway have been assigned to melanuroides. However, a larger-bodied subspecies, bohaii , has recently been discovered in the flyway. As a result, the occurrence of Black-tailed Godwits in the flyway needs to be reconsidered such that the specific distribution of each subspecies becomes known. To this end, we developed a simple discriminant function to assign individuals to subspecies based on their bill and wing length. Cross-validation with individuals known to be bohaii or melanuroides , based on molecular analysis, showed the developed function to be 97.7% accurate. When applied to measurements of godwits captured at 22 sites across 9 countries in East–Southeast Asia and Australia, we found that bohaii and melanuroides occurred at most sites and overlapped in their distribution from Kamchatka to Australia. We examined photos from all along the flyway to verify this surprising result, confirming that both subspecies co-occur in most locations. Based on these results, we hypothesise that bohaii and melanuroides from the west of their breeding ranges mostly migrate over Chinese mainland. Birds of both subspecies from the east of their ranges are expected to migrate along the Pacific Ocean. We encourage ringing groups in East–Southeast Asia and Australia to use this simple method to keep adding knowledge about Black-tailed Godwits in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shingleback lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) are among the most trafficked native fauna from Australia in the illegal pet trade. There are four morphologically recognised subspecies of shinglebacks, all with differing overseas market values. Shinglebacks from different geographic locales are often trafficked and housed together, which may complicate identifying the State jurisdiction where the poaching event occurred. Additionally, shinglebacks can be housed and trafficked with other species within the same genus, which may complicate DNA analysis, especially in scenarios where indirect evidence (e.g. swabs, faeces) is taken for analysis. In this study, a forensic genetic toolkit was designed and validated to target shingleback DNA for species identification and geographic origin. To do this, field sampling across Australia was conducted to expand the phylogeographic sampling of shinglebacks across their species range and include populations suspected to be poaching hotspots. A commonly used universal reptile primer set (ND4/LEU) was then validated for use in forensic casework related to the genus Tiliqua. Two additional ND4 primer sets were designed and validated. The first primer set was designed and demonstrated to preferentially amplify an ∼510 bp region of the genus Tiliqua over other reptiles and builds on existing data to expand the available phylogeographic database. The second primer set was designed and demonstrated to solely amplify an ∼220 bp region of T. rugosa ND4 over any other reptile species. Through the validation process, all primers were demonstrated to amplify T. rugosa DNA from a variety of sample types (e.g. degraded, low quality and mixed). Two of the primer sets were able to distinguish the genetic lineage of T. rugosa from the phylogeographic database. This work provides the first forensically validated toolkit and phylogeographic genetic database for Squatmate lizards. • Validated mitochondrial DNA toolkit for Shingleback lizard trafficking casework. • Established Shingleback phylogeographic genetic database. • Identified five Shingleback phylogeographic lineages. • Identified lineages of Shinglebacks confiscated from the illegal wildlife trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molecular phylogeny for the cicada tribe Thophini (Thopha + Arunta) is provided together with a cladistic analysis based on morphological data. A new subspecies, Thopha sessiliba clamoris, is described from the eastern fringe of the Pilbara region of Western Australia, based on molecular, morphological, and behavioral evidence. All described species of Thopha are figured and a revised key to the five species and two subspecies provided. A discussion on the biogeography of the genus is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A morphological study of living plants and herbarium specimens has here resulted in the formal recognition of two parapatric subspecies in Grevillea laurifolia Sieber ex Spreng., the autonymic subsp. laurifolia, and the novel subsp. caleyana P.M.Olde. Some critical phenetic characters show a strong morphological approach in specimens collected around Wentworth Falls which suggests that this area is a narrow geographic zone where the two subspecies intergrade. Notwithstanding the morphological approach all specimens examined were classifiable in one or other subspecies on the basis of their pistil lengths. A key to the subspecies of Grevillea laurifolia, descriptions of all taxa discussed, notes on conservation status and distributional information are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • We used single nucleotide polymorphisms mitochondrial sequences, and morphological data to infer the evolutionary history of ridge-tailed monitor lizards. • We identified nine populations which we propose belong to four species. • The geographic distribution of the populations and admixture patterns reflect the aridification of Australia and highlight the importance of rocky escarpments as mesic refugia. • We identified and described a new species from a region that has been recognized as a historical refugium in northern Australia. Genomic data are a powerful tool for the elucidation of evolutionary patterns at the population level and above. The combined analysis of genomic and morphological data can result in species delimitation hypotheses that reflect evolutionary history better than traditional taxonomy or any individual source of evidence. Here, we used thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms, mitochondrial sequences, and comprehensive morphological data to characterize the evolutionary history of the ridge-tailed monitors in the Varanus acanthurus complex (V. acanthurus , V. baritji , and V. storri), a group of saxicolous lizards with a wide distribution in Australia, the driest vegetated continent. We found substantial genetic structure in the group and identify nine geographically clustered populations. Based on admixture patterns and species delimitation analyses we propose a taxonomic scheme that differs from current taxonomy. We consider V. acanthurus as monotypic, synonymize V. baritji with V. a. insulanicus (as a redefined V. insulanicus), elevate the subspecies of V. storri to full species (V. storri and V. ocreatus), and describe a new species from a previously identified center of endemism. The relationships among the species remain unresolved, likely as a result of fast speciation. Our study highlights the capability of large datasets to illuminate admixture patterns, biogeographic history, and species limits, even when phylogeny is not completely resolved. Furthermore, our results highlight the impact that the Cenozoic aridification of Australia had on saxicolous taxa and the role of mesic rocky escarpments as refugia. These habitats apparently allowed the persistence of lineages that became sources of colonization for arid environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rye, B.L. A revision of the south-western Australian genus Astartea (Myrtaceae: Chamelaucieae). Nuytsia 23: 189-269 (2013). Astartea DC. is a long-established, taxonomically difficult genus closely related to Cyathostemon Turcz. and Hypocalymma (Endl.) Endl. It is restricted to damp habitats of the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia. In this revision of the genus, 22 species are recognised, including 11 new species (A. cicatricosa Rye & Trudgen, A. decemcostata Rye, A. eobalta Rye, A. graniticola Rye & Trudgen, A. middletonii Rye, A. montana Rye, A. onycis Rye & Trudgen, A. schaueri Rye & Trudgen, A. reticulata Rye, A. transversa Rye and A. zephyra Rye & Trudgen) and one new subspecies (A. aspera Schauer subsp. riparia Rye). A presumed hybrid between A. arbuscula (R.Br. ex Benth.) Rye and A. corniculata Schauer is also described. Distinguishing characteristics, insect associations and other aspects of the biology of Astartea are discussed and illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of population structure and patterns of connectivity is required to implement effective conservation measures for the purple-crowned fairy-wren (Malurus coronatus), a threatened endemic of northern Australia. This study aimed to identify barriers to dispersal across the distribution of M. coronatus, investigate the impact that the recent declines may have on population connectivity, and propose conservation actions to maintain natural patterns of gene flow. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from 87 M. coronatus identified two phylogenetic clusters that corresponded with the phenotypically defined western (M. c. coronatus) and eastern (M. c. macgillivrayi) subspecies. The genetic divergence between these subspecies was consistent with isolation by a natural barrier to gene flow, and supports their separate conservation management. Within the declining M. c. coronatus, the lack of genetic divergence and only slight morphological difference between remnant populations indicates that populations were recently linked by gene flow. It is likely that widespread habitat degradation and the recent extirpation of M. c. coronatus from the Ord River will disrupt connectivity between, and dynamics within, remnant populations. To prevent further declines, conservation of M. coronatus must preserve areas of quality habitat and restore connectivity between isolated populations. Genetic and morphological divergence between the two subspecies of Malurus coronatus provides support for their separate conservation management. Historically high levels of dispersal between catchments, indicated by a lack of genetic structure and slight morphological difference between remnant populations of the western subspecies, may be disrupted by recent habitat degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes Thick-billed Grasswrens Amytornis modestus (A.m.) in the Northern Territory occurring as two subspecies separated by up to 200 kilometers and in separate habitats. A.m. modestus is extinct but occurred in a limited area of central Australia in valley floors of the upper Fink River drainage, while A.m. indulkanna occurs near the Northern Territory-South Australia border. A.m. indulkanna subspecies occupies an area of the western Lake Etre drainage basin in South Australia and occurs around 100 kilometer south of the population.

Background: Around the turn of this century, the oil yield and chemical composition of Australian Leptospermum species was analysed. Since that time, research has been focused on their use as phytomedicines. The oil yield and composition of essential oils from Australian Leptospermum species directly impacts their commercialisation for medicinal use. Results: The essential oils from Leptospermum (L.) juniperinum, L. laevigatum, L. liversidgei, L. polygalifolium,L. semibaccatum, L. speciosum, L. trinervium and L. whitei have been examined from specimens in the Sunshine Coast (Queensland) and Northern Rivers (New South Wales) Regions. Both chemotypes of L. liversidgei were observed. However, only chemotype II of L. semibaccatum and chemotype I of L. trinervium were identified. The only subspecies observed of L. polygalifolium was L. polygalifolium wallum. Conclusions: L. liversidgei chemotypes I and II have the potential for phytomedical use as antibacterial or anti-inflammatory agents. Chemotype I has the potential for use as an insect repellent and chemotype II may provide antifungal activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides is one of the five most invasive macroalgae worldwide. We compared epiphytic assemblages between native (ssp. tasmanicum and ssp. novae-zelandiae combined) and non-indigenous (ssp. tomentosoides) subspecies of Codium fragile on three rocky intertidal shores in southeast Australia. Twelve species of epiphytes covered up to 20% of the surface of both native and non-indigenous Codium subspecies, but none were unique to either subspecies. For C. fragile subspecies, epiphytic cover declined from the lower (older) parts of the thallus to the branch tips. The abundance and species composition of epiphytes differed significantly between native and non-indigenous C. fragile, but differences varied among rocky shores. Results demonstrate that non-indigenous C. fragile does not play a functionally similar role to closely related native Codium subspecies. Spatial differences in epiphytic assemblages between Codium subspecies among rocky shores demonstrate that effects of non-indigenous species may be strongly location specific. Thus, our study emphasises the need to investigate variation in the effects of invaders across the regional landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the predation and the diet of Mardo Antechinus flavipes leucogaster by a Southern Boobook and subspecies of the Yellow-footed Antechinus in Australia. It states that Mardo is considered as the large mammal to be taken by a Boobook wherein the prey was an adult-sized and its mass ranges 26 to 79 grams for males and 21 to 52 grams for females. The author has observed that the Boobook took the Mardo in Wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo woodland and it flew to a mid-canopy and ate the prey that usually happens during the breeding seasons of birds.

Large fruited spotted gum eucalypt Corymbia henryi occurs sympatrically with small fruited spotted gum Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata over a large portion of its range on the east coast of Australia. The two taxa are interfertile, have overlapping flowering times and share a common set of insect and vertebrate pollinators. Previous genetic analysis of both taxa from two geographically remote sites suggested that the two were morphotypes rather than genetically distinct species. In this study we further explore this hypothesis of genic species by expanding sampling broadly through their sympatric locations and examine local-scale spatial genetic structure in stands that differ in species and age composition. Delineation of populations at five microsatellite loci, using an individual-based approach and Bayesian modelling, as well as clustering of individuals based on allele frequencies showed the two species to be molecularly homogeneous. Genetic structure aligned largely with geographic areas of origin, and followed an isolation-by-distance model, where proximal populations were generally less differentiated than more distant ones. At the stand level, spotted gums also generally showed little structure consistent with the high levels of gene flow inferred across the species range. Disturbances in the uniformity of structuring were detected, however, and attributed to localised events giving rise to even aged stands, probably due to regeneration from a few individuals following fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the stork species Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus, or commonly known as the Black-necked stork. Found in some Australian regions including Sydney, New South Wales and described as a large and iconic bird species, its Asian and Australasian subspecies are genetically different enough to be regarded separate species. The characteristics and conservation conditions of various stork species around the world are outlined. Details regarding the feeding behaviour, population size and habitat utilisation of the Black-necked stork are also described.

The article discusses a study on the phylogeography of the Eudyptula minor species, also known as the Little Penguin, in New Zealand and Australia. The study subject has a regional variation in breeding phenology, coloration, and morphology. Results showed a consistency in the genetic data gathered, suggesting the existence of a single subspecies in Australia but not in New Zealand.

Subspecies are traditionally defined using phenotypic differences associated with different geographical areas. Yet patterns of morphological and genetic variation may not coincide and thereby fail to reflect species' evolutionary history. The division of the shrub Banksia nivea Labill. into one widespread (B. nivea subsp. nivea) and two geographically localized subspecies (B. nivea subsp. uliginosa (A.S. George) A.R. Mast & K.R. Thiele and B. nivea subsp. Morangup (M. Pieroni 94/2)) in south-west Australia has been based mainly on variation in leaf shape and pistil length, although flowering time and habitat differences are also evident, and subsp. uliginosa occurs on a different substrate. To assess the genetic divergence of B. nivea subspecies, we genotyped representatives from each subspecies for nuclear microsatellite and non-coding chloroplast sequence variation. We used distance and parsimony-based methods to assess genetic relatedness. Patterns were consistent with the existing taxonomy of subsp. nivea and uliginosa but not subsp. Morangup. Phylogenetic analyses revealed evidence for a more recent divergence of subsp. uliginosa associated with expansion from dryer sandy soils into the winter-wet ironstone soils in the southwest of Western Australia, consistent with progressive long-term climatic drying. Nuclear microsatellites showed low to moderate diversity, high population differentiation overall, and genetic structuring of subspecies in different biogeographical areas. We propose this pattern reflects the predicted impact of a patchy distribution, small populations, and restrictions to gene flow driven by both distance and biogeographic differences in subspecies' habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]