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Infant-directed speech (IDS) is characterized by a range of register-typical characteristics. Many of those can be objectively measured, such as acoustic-prosodic and structural-linguistic modifications. Perceived vocal affect, however, is a socio-emotional IDS characteristic and is subjectively assessed. Vocal affect goes beyond acoustic-prosodic and structural-linguistic IDS features and includes a perceptive-subjective component in the listener. This study describes vocal affect valence in Swedish IDS during the first year of life, and compares vocal affect between mothers' and fathers' IDS and their adult-directed speech. Adult native speakers of Swedish (N = 16) rated affect valence in low-pass filtered IDS samples from free play interactions of mothers with infants at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (N = 10) and fathers with their 12-month-olds (N = 6). Across the first year, the trajectory of mothers' positive affect in Swedish IDS shows the highest affect scores toward the youngest infants and the lowest at 9 months of age. This follows a pattern comparable to that in Australian English IDS, showing that mothers express vocal affect similarly across different languages and cultures. Both mothers' and fathers' IDS to 12-month-olds have higher positive vocal affect valence than their adult-directed speech. There was no difference in positive affect valence between mothers' and fathers' IDS, that is, mothers and fathers express vocal affect to the same extent when talking to their infants. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that high positive vocal affect characterizes IDS across different languages and speakers.

The importance of engaging students with complex societal challenges has led to the adoption of various interdisciplinary teaching and learning practices in both K-12 and higher education. However, interdisciplinary learning is one of the most complex domains of contemporary educational practice, and, despite its significance, remains significantly undertheorized and under-researched. This Special Issue highlights empirical research efforts toward understanding interdisciplinary learning in its complexity. It simultaneously aims to (1) advance ecological perspectives that encompass concepts and methodologies for studying complex heterogeneous learning practices and (2) apply these perspectives to the research of interdisciplinary learning - of how people learn across and beyond disciplines. This introduction provides a historical context for interdisciplinary learning, introduces an ecological stance toward researching learning across and beyond disciplines, and reviews critical theoretical and methodological challenges within interdisciplinary learning, arguing that the field of the learning sciences is well-positioned to address these challenges. It discusses how the contributions presented in this special issue shed light on theoretical, methodological, empirical, and design aspects of interdisciplinary learning and offer a basis for further design work and research.

Employee turnover is the loss of talent in the workforce. High employee turnover is expensive and disruptive. Young employees are more likely to leave one job for a better one and are often less attached to an organisation while they are completing their education. The aquatics industry has been described as being in a crisis, experiencing unprecedented levels of turnover amongst lifeguards. A first important step is to understand the reasons for turnover amongst lifeguards. This study utilised semi-structured interviews with aquatic and recreation centre managers (N = 16; 69% female) to explore their insights about lifeguard turnover. A deductive content analysis determined that lifeguards leave their current position for four main reasons: lifeguarding being a temporary position, a negative working environment, pursuing employment in a higher paying lifeguard position and location. Consequently, centre managers need to consider short and long-term strategies to retain lifeguards.

Purpose: To examine practitioners', coaches', and athletes' perceptions of evidence-based practice (EBP) in professional sport in Australia. Methods: One hundred thirty-eight participants (practitioners n = 67, coaches n = 39, and athletes n = 32) in various professional sports in Australia each completed a group-specific online questionnaire. Questions focused on perceptions of research, the contribution of participants' own experience in implementing knowledge to practice, sources, and barriers for accessing and implementing EBP, preferred methods of feedback, and the required qualities of practitioners. Results: All practitioners reported using EBP, while most coaches and athletes believed that EBP contributes to individual performance and preparation (>85%). Practitioners' preferred EBP information sources were "peer-reviewed journals" and "other practitioners within their sport," while athlete sources were "practitioners within their sport" and "other athletes within their sport." As primary barriers to accessing and implementing research, practitioners highlighted "time constraints," "poor research translation," and "nonapplicable research." Practitioners ranked "informal conversation" as their most valued method of providing feedback; however, coaches prefer feedback from "scheduled meetings," "online reports," or "shared database." Both athletes and coaches value "excellent knowledge of the sport," "experience," and "communication skills" in practitioners disseminating EBP. Conclusion: Practitioners, coaches, and athletes believe in the importance of EBP to their profession, although practitioners reported several barriers to accessing and implementing research as part of EBP. Athletes place a high value on experienced practitioners who have excellent knowledge of the sport and communication skills. Collectively, these findings can be used to further stakeholder understanding regarding EBP and the role of research to positively influence athlete health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 20 years, the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) and its adaptations for languages other than English have been used as reliable measures of infants' and toddlers' early receptive and productive vocabulary size. This article introduces the OZI, the Australian English adaptation of the MacArthur-Bates CDI, now normed for 12- to 30-month-old children. The findings of two studies are presented: (1) a comparison study that demonstrated that toddlers (N = 64) acquiring Australian English (24- and 30-month-olds) obtain higher productive vocabulary scores on the OZI than the MacArthur-Bates CDI; and (2) an OZI norming study that included 12- to 30-month-old Australian infants and toddlers (N = 1496). These studies provide (i) evidence for the greater applicability of the OZI for infants and toddlers learning Australian English and (ii) productive vocabulary acquisition norms for Australian English for ages 12-30 months, a research and diagnostic tool highly anticipated by researchers and clinicians around Australia.

Timely speech-language pathology (SLP) involvement with dysphagic patients in the Emergency Department (ED) may improve patient outcomes. This study utilised qualitative interviews to understand current models and explore factors which have influenced establishment and current dysphagia service provision in Australian EDs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives from 12 acute hospital facilities with a SLP ED service. Interview transcripts were analysed using plain content analysis to identify key themes. Sub-analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) model was undertaken for facilities with more "expanded" models (n = 4). SLP ED service models ranged from referral-only services, to models with referral-only and proactive SLP-led screening procedures (classified as "expanded"). Patient-related factors, the ED setting, SLP service factors and perceptions of dysphagia management were key themes reported to impact service delivery. With expanded models, 14 CFIR constructs (innovation source, external policy and incentives, networks and communications, stakeholders and relative priority) were identified as facilitators, while four constructs (adaptability, cost, compatibility, available resources) were barriers to services. There are service-specific issues with providing SLP care within the ED. Factors related to the unique ED environment must be considered by SLP departments when establishing/optimising dysphagia management within the ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews the definition of standards in general, and proposes a definition of standards and global minimum essential requirements for use in medical education. Aims to serve as a tool for the improvement of quality and international comparisons of basic medical programs. Explains the IIME (Institute for International Medical Education) project established by the China Medical Board. Includes 12 references. (Author/YDS)

Floods are the most common and costliest natural disaster in Australia. Australian flood risk assessments (FRAs) are mostly conducted on relatively small scales using modelling outputs. The aim of this study was to develop a novel approach of index-based analysis using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method for FRA on a large spatial domain. The selected case study area was the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment (HNC) in New South Wales, which is historically one of the most flood-prone regions of Australia. The HNC's high flood risk was made distinctly clear during recent significant flood events in 2021 and 2022. Using a MCDM method, an overall Flood Risk Index (FRI) for the HNC was calculated based on flood hazard, flood exposure, and flood vulnerability indices. Inputs for the indices were selected to ensure that they are scalable and replicable, allowing them to be applied elsewhere for future flood management plans. The results of this study demonstrate that the HNC displays high flood risk, especially on its urbanised floodplain. For the examined March 2021 flood event, the HNC was found to have over 73% (or over 15,900 km2) of its area at 'Severe' or 'Extreme' flood risk. Validating the developed FRI for correspondence to actual flooding observations during the March 2021 flood event using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) statistical test, a value of 0.803 was obtained (i.e., very good). The developed proof-of-concept methodology for flood risk assessment on a large spatial scale has the potential to be used as a framework for further index-based FRA approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods are the most common and costliest natural hazard in Australia. However, the Flood Resilience Assessments (FReAs) employed to manage them lack a focus on adaptive capacity and tend not to be incorporated into established flood risk frameworks. This leaves potential for Australian FReAs to make better use of a methodology which holistically incorporates more accurate flood resilience characterisations into flood risk frameworks. In this study, a FReA and mapping for the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment (HNC), a flood-prone region in Australia, were conducted. Nine flood resilience indicators were selected to derive the Flood Resilience Index (FReI). Results demonstrated that Statistical Areas Level 2 (SA2s) on or near the floodplain, located near the eastern border of the HNC, present moderate to very high levels of resilience due to increased socio-economic development and urbanisation in the region. Ultimately, this novel FReI can contribute to knowledge bolstering flood resilience in the HNC, as well as assist in flood risk reduction. Additionally, the developed scalable and replicable methodology can be applied to other flood-prone regions of Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Several large registries have evaluated outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the USA, however there are no contemporary data regarding long-term outcomes after PCI, particularly comparing new generation drug-eluting stents (DES) with other stents in Australia. Additionally, approval of new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) is almost exclusively based on non-inferiority trials comparing outcomes with early generation DES, and there are limited data comparing safety and efficacy outcomes of new-generation DES with bare metal stents (BMS). This study reports in-hospital and long-term outcomes after PCI with the Xience DES from a large national registry, the GenesisCare Outcomes Registry (GCOR). Methods: The first 1500 patients consecutively enrolled from January 2015 to January 2019 and treated exclusively with either Xience DES or BMS and eligible for 1-year follow-up were included. Baseline patient and procedural data, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in-hospital, at 30 days and 1-year, and medications were reported and analysed with respect to Xience DES (n = 1000) or BMS (n = 500) use. Results: In this cohort the mean age was 68.4 ± 10.7 years, 76.9% were male, 24.6% had diabetes mellitus and 45.9% presented with acute coronary syndromes. Of the overall cohort of 4765 patients from this period including all DES types, and patients who received multiple DES or a combination of DES and BMS, DES were exclusively used in 3621 (76.0%) patients, and BMS were exclusively used in 596 (12.5%). In comparison to international cohorts, adverse clinical event rates were low at 30 days in terms of mortality (0.20%), target lesion revascularisation (TLR, 0.27%) and MACE (0.47%), and at 12 months for mortality (1.26%) TLR (1.16%) and MACE (1.78%). Conclusions: Clinical practice and long-term outcomes of PCI with the Xience DES in Australia are consistent with international series. Recent trends indicate DES use has increased in parallel with good outcomes despite an increasingly complex patient and lesion cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Unplanned cardiac readmissions in patients with percutaneous intervention (PCI) is very common and is seen as a quality indicator of in-hospital care. Most studies have reported on the 30-day cardiac readmission rates, with very limited information being available on 1-year readmission rates and their association with mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of biological sex at 1-year post-PCI on unplanned cardiac readmissions. Methods and results: Patients enrolled into the GenesisCare Cardiovascular Outcomes Registry (GCOR-PCI) from December 2008 to December 2020 were included in the study. A total of 13,996 patients completed 12 months of follow-up and were assessed for unplanned cardiac readmissions. All patients with unplanned cardiac readmissions in the first year of post-PCI were followed in year 2 (post-PCI) for survival status. The rate of unplanned cardiac readmissions was 10.1%. Women had a 29% higher risk of unplanned cardiac readmission (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.48; p = 0.001), and female sex was identified as an independent predictor of unplanned cardiac readmissions. Any unplanned cardiac readmission in the first year was associated with a 2.5-fold higher risk of mortality (HR 2.50, 95% CI 1.67 to 3.75; p < 0.001), which was similar for men and women. Conclusion: Unplanned cardiac readmissions in the first year post-PCI was strongly associated with increased all-cause mortality. Whilst the incidence of all-cause mortality was similar between women and men, a higher incidence of unplanned cardiac readmissions was observed for women, suggesting distinct predictors of unplanned cardiac readmissions exist between women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floods are one of the most destructive natural hazards to which Australia is exposed. The frequency of extreme rainfall events and consequential floods are projected to increase into the future as a result of anthropogenic climate change. This highlights the need for more holistic risk assessments of flood affected regions. Flood risk assessments (FRAs) are used to inform decision makers and stakeholders when creating mitigation and adaptation strategies for at-risk communities. When assessing flood risk, previous FRAs from Australia's most flood prone regions were generally focused on the flood hazard itself, and rarely considering flood vulnerability (FV). This study assessed FV in one of Australia's most flood prone regions—the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, and investigated indicator-based approaches as a proxy method for Australian FV assessment instead of hydrological modelling. Four indicators were selected with the intention of representing environmental and socio-economic characteristics: elevation, degree of slope, index of relative socio-economic disadvantage (IRSD), and hydrologic soil groups (HSGs). It was found that combination of low elevation, low degree of slope, low IRSD score, and very-low infiltration soils resulted in very high levels of vulnerability. FV was shown to be at its highest in the Hawkesbury-Nepean valley flood plain region on the outskirts of Greater Western Sydney, particularly in Blacktown, Penrith, and Liverpool. This actionable risk data which resulted from the final FV index supported the practicality and serviceability of the proxy indicator-based approach. The developed methodology for FV assessment is replicable and has the potential to help inform decision makers of flood-prone communities in Australia, particularly in data scarce areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to extend the consideration of distributed leadership in health-care settings. Leadership is typically studied from the classical notion of the place of single leaders and continues to examine distributed leadership within small teams or horizontally. The purpose is to develop a practical understanding of how distributed leadership may occur vertically, between different layers of the health-care leadership hierarchy, examining its influence on health-care outcomes across two hospitals. Design/methodology/approach: Using semi-structured interviews, data were collected from 107 hospital employees (including executive leadership, clinical management and clinicians) from two hospitals in Australia and the USA. Using thematic content analysis, an iterative process was adopted characterized by alternating between social identity and distributed leadership literature and empirical themes to answer the question of how the practice of distributed leadership influences performance outcomes in hospitals? Findings: The perceived social identities of leadership groups shaped communication and performance both positively and negatively. In one hospital a moderating structure emerged as a leadership dyad, where leadership was distributed vertically between hospital hierarchal layers, observed to overcome communication limitations. Findings suggest dyad creation is an effective mechanism to overcome hospital hierarchy-based communication issues and ameliorate health-care outcomes. Originality/value: The study demonstrates how current leadership development practices that focus on leadership relational and social competencies can benefit from a structural approach to include leadership dyads that can foster these same competencies. This approach could help develop future hospital leaders and in doing so, improve hospital outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]