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Across the globe, from the very wealthy continents of North America to Europe to Australia, the phenomenon of migrant and immigrant students outperforming native students are observed and documented. Even within the same race, achievement differences are being observed. What might account for the achievement success of one group of students over the other group? Are achievement differences among the migrant and non-migrant groups linked to only family dynamics or to socio-cultural or to psychological factors? Ogbu's (1998) "Cultural-Ecological Model" appears to be insufficient in completely and effectively accounting for these achievement differences. Therefore, the author is proposing a more comprehensive, "Interdisciplinary Theoretical Model of Migrant Schooling" to effectively account for the achievement differences seen across the globe.

Across the globe, from the very wealthy continents of North America to Europe to Australia, the phenomenon of migrant and immigrant students outperforming native students are observed and documented. Some migrants and immigrants from China, the Philippines, India, Russia, Africa, and the Caribbean are reportedly achieving higher test scores than their Native peers. Even within the same race, achievement differences are being seen; for example, African immigrant students seem to be outperforming Afro-Caribbean immigrants in the UK. What might account for the achievement success of one group of students over the other group? Are achievement differences among the migrant and non-migrant groups linked to only family (genetic) dynamics or to socio-cultural or to psychological factors? One major proponent of the "Socio-Cultural Debate" was Dr. John Ogbu, a former Nigerian-American Professor from the University of California at Berkeley who coined the term "Cultural-Ecological Theory" in 1998 to then explain the phenomenon he was seeing. But, can Ogbu's cultural-ecological model "effectively" and "totally" account for the persistent achievement differences observed between migrant and non-migrant student groups? The model appears to be insufficient in completely explaining or effectively accounting for the global picture seen. Therefore, in this current study, I am proposing a more comprehensive "Interdisciplinary Theoretical Model of Migrant Schooling" (see Figure 1) to effectively account for the achievement differences observed across the globe. To solidify the proposed model, I am looking to conduct (1) a quantitative meta-analytical study, and (2) a more detailed synthesis of the qualitative research literature. [This is the in press version of an article published in "International Journal of TESOL and Learning."]

The current study explored coach and athlete reactions and challenges leading up to the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, with a specific focus on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Games' postponement. Nine Australian Paralympic coaches (n = 3) and athletes (n = 6) shared their experiences in semistructured interviews. The thematic analysis highlighted how participants experienced the emergence of the pandemic in different ways, but all were relieved when the late but eventual decision to postpone the Games was made. Regarding lockdown periods (i.e., social-distancing restrictions), some coaches and athletes thrived under the new reality (i.e., training from home, online coaching) while others had more difficulty adjusting. Furthermore, results highlight the many uncertainties still remaining, which continue to influence participants' sport and personal lives. The experiences of coaches and athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic sheds light on strategies and resources that could support Paralympic coaches and athletes during current and future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skill acquisition is still a relatively new and emerging specialist discipline in the sport sciences. Like other disciplines, current service support in Paralympic sport is limited, often based on theory adapted from able-bodied sport, or findings from research programmes that are not representative of elite sport contexts. The application of skill acquisition principles and pedagogical research is an opportunity to support the development of practice task designs in para-sport contexts. Of interest is the individualised nature of athlete impairments, requiring a flexible and imaginative approach, particularly given potential barriers between theory and practice. The Constraints-Led Approach (CLA) provides one potential solution; a functional framework for understanding interacting factors on athlete performance and learning. Despite the advocacy for a broad application of this approach in recent years, this has still had limited impact or research situated in elite sport. Purpose: To begin to bridge the gap between theory and practice, we consider the experiences of a skill acquisition specialist (SAS) working with para-sport coaches and athletes. We highlight key issues and challenges in these contexts, and "how" and "why" a CLA has been central to skill acquisition support. Furthermore, we aim to demonstrate how the need to pay careful attention to individual and environmental constraints in para-sport can highlight universal recommendations for practitioners who work in physical education (PE) or able-bodied coaching. Design: These aims are achieved via a reflective 'conversation' between the two authors. Commentaries are provided to compare experiences of the first author with current understandings within the literature. A case-study is then used to provide insights to bring to life how the framework of a CLA was used to support task designs for an athlete preparing for the 2016 Rio Paralympic Games. Findings: Reflections highlight the importance of the SAS gathering knowledge "within" and "about" specific athletes and contexts by immersing themselves in the performance environment to fully understand the complexities of the coaching environment, and adapt support accordingly. Discussions highlight the importance of working closely with coaches to harness experiential knowledge and design truly individualised tasks that match the individual needs of athletes. Considering impairment as simply one of many interacting individual constraints can allow for more effective task designs and provide useful examples for practitioners across a wider range of contexts (e.g. able-bodied sport, PE). We demonstrate how a CLA should be considered as a flexible framework, and that implementation needs to be carefully designed based on a range of factors (e.g. socio-cultural, coaching contexts). We also stress that an effective CLA is not a 'hands-off' approach, but constant careful and considered manipulation, facilitation and appropriate instructional input. Examples and key reflections are provided for coaches across all sport and PE contexts to consider when looking to implement a CLA. Conclusions: A CLA can support the development of individualised learning programmes and integration of key skill acquisition principles. Practitioners should look to consider the individual constraints, socio-cultural and coaching context to adapt current frameworks and knowledge to support coaches to continually improve practice task designs.

This three-part investigation conducted a comprehensive analysis of 213 Australian and Canadian athletes' developmental trajectories, training histories, and experiences in organized sports from 18 Paralympic sports (PS). While athletes with early-onset impairments (i.e., congenital, preadolescent) reached milestones and commenced various types of training at a significantly younger age than athletes with later-onset impairments (i.e., early adulthood, adulthood), the latter groups progressed through their careers and incorporated various trainings at a faster pace (i.e., fewer years). Preferences to certain training conditions varied between groups. Eighty-two percent of the athletes with acquired impairments had experience in able-bodied sports before the onset of their impairment, with 70% noting involvement in sports similar to their current PS. The participation rates (38%) and sport similarity (53%) were lower in PS. The amalgamation of findings from this series of studies highlights the complexity associated with PS athletes' development and demonstrates the importance of taking an individualized approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine salinity tolerances in Coxiella gastropods from Australian salt lakes and whether different species exhibit characteristically different tolerances. Controlled gradual accumulation experiments were conducted to estimate both the maximum and minimum salinity levels at which 50% of individuals (IC50) remained active for 25 populations representing six species. All studied species showed remarkable euryhalinity and were tolerant of very high levels of salinity, some more than others, while minimum salinity tolerance varied little among populations and species. The experimental trends in salinity tolerances were consistent with the salinity distributions of species in the field, although the former were typically broader than latter. The findings suggest that Coxiella comprises some of the most salt tolerant gastropods globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many regions across the globe are shifting to more arid climates. For shallow lakes, decreasing rainfall volume and timing, changing regional wind patterns and increased evaporation rates alter water regimes so that dry periods occur more frequently and for longer. Drier conditions may affect fauna directly and indirectly through altered physicochemical conditions in lakes. Although many studies have predicted negative effects of such changes on aquatic biodiversity, empirical studies demonstrating these effects are rare. Global warming has caused severe climatic drying in southwestern Australia since the 1970s, so we aimed to determine whether lakes in this region showed impacts on lake hydroperiod, water quality, and α, β and γ diversity of lake invertebrates from 1998 to 2011. Seventeen lakes across a range of salinities were sampled biennially in spring in the Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions of Western Australia. Multivariate analyses were used to identify changes in α, β and γ diversity and examine patterns in physicochemical data. Salinity and average rainfall partially explained patterns in invertebrate richness and assemblage composition. Climatic drying was associated with significant declines in lake depth, increased frequency of dry periods, and reduced α and γ diversity (γ declined from ~300 to ~100 taxa from 1998 to 2011 in the 17 wetlands). In contrast, β diversity remained consistently high, because each lake retained a distinct fauna. Mean α diversity per‐lake declined both in lakes that dried and lakes that did not dry out, but lakes which retained a greater proportion of their maximum depth retained more α diversity. Accumulated losses in α diversity caused the decline in γ diversity likely through shrinking habitat area, fewer stepping stones for dispersal and loss of specific habitat types. Biodiversity loss is thus likely from lakes in drying regions globally. Management actions will need to sustain water depth in lakes to prevent biodiversity loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understanding the modalities of aquatic species introductions is important in predicting and preventing new invasions. Australia's Pilbara Province is an arid region with no naturally occurring freshwater crayfishes. We assessed the population demographics and reproductive potential of redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in Lake Poongkaliyarra, a major Pilbara water supply reservoir, in which public access and fishing are prohibited. We found the population to have a high relative abundance with a range of size-cohorts present. The species was believed to have first been introduced into the reservoir from at least 2010 and has subsequently been introduced and established in other lotic systems in the region, probably through deliberate releases from the lake for the purposes of providing fishing opportunities to areas where public access is permitted. Introductions of C. quadricarinatus in other parts of Australia and the world have also initially established in reservoirs before subsequently colonising natural systems. The study highlights the potential for reservoirs to act as primary stepping stones for invasion by freshwater crayfish. A self-maintaining population of redclaw crayfish is reported from a water supply reservoir in the Pilbara region in Western Australia. We suggest that reservoirs act as sources for invasion into rivers here and in other regions, and concerted management effort is required to halt the species' spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practice tasks that more closely represent the demands of competition are thought to augment skill learning and transfer. This study observed the serve and return performances of junior grand slam tennis and used this benchmark to evaluate the representativeness of serve and return practice among elite junior tennis players. The serve and return behaviour of 26 junior tennis players competing in junior Australian Open grand slam matches were observed and compared with the serve and return practice behaviours of 12 elite junior tennis players over an 8-week period. The variables measured included the number of serves/returns landing in, serve/return type, serve direction and the variability of practised skills. Serve and return practice contributed to <13% of total practice time, with each skill predominately practised in isolation. Compared to the matchplay benchmark, players typically had less success (i.e., fewer serves/returns landing in the court), were less variable in shot selection and hit fewer serves to the extremities of the service box. As task representativeness increased fewer differences between practice and matchplay were observed. Tennis serve and return practice could be improved by better simulating specific competition affordances, providing greater opportunities to practice serve/return tactics and/or increasing the variability of practised skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australian rules football structured increases in ball size during development end with the transition to the Size 5 (adult) ball at the Under-15 age group. This study assessed changes in kick technique and performance in experienced junior performers when using Size 4 and 5 Australian rules footballs. Participants (n = 22, 13.77 ± 0.61 years) performed drop punt kicks in 2 representative tasks; a Decision-Making Test (DMT) (n = 14) and Set-Shot Test (SST) (n = 14 + 8). Results indicate participants sustained their level of kick performance (accuracy and quality of ball spin) in both tests when using a Size 5 football. Sustained kick performance in the DMT primarily resulted from adaptations to time-point technical measures at ball release. No significant differences were detected for technical measures between ball sizes in the SST. A dynamic kicking task (DMT) in combination with ball size manipulation may have placed greater demand on skill execution in comparison to a self-paced kicking task (SST). Results provide initial support for the utility of challenging representative dynamic and self-paced tasks, such as the DMT and SST used here for Australian football, for skill testing and practice in sport [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Freshwater aquatic ecosystems are in decline due to intensifying land use, salinisation, water abstraction and climate change. Understanding compositional patterns in aquatic biota is a useful step towards better management of aquatic ecosystems., We used generalised dissimilarity modelling (GDM) to predict compositional turnover in riverine invertebrate fauna (primarily insects) as a function of environment. Conceptual understanding of major drivers of aquatic invertebrate species distribution helped decide which predictor variables to source and include. Five groups of environmental variables-waterscape, local habitat, climate, landscape and disturbance-were derived from either spatial layers or in situ (site) measurements., Predictive models and variance partitioning tests of variable groups demonstrated the importance of representing all conceptual drivers of ecological pattern and process. As expected, waterscape variables were independently the most important group, followed by local habitat and landscape variables; with complex interactions between groups. Climate variables independently contributed the least., To determine the information content for mapping patterns, we investigated the independent and combined contribution of site-measured and spatial predictors. Even though predictive models developed using only site-measured variables or only spatial variables explained around the same amount of deviance (DE), combined they increased explained model DE by 11.2%. Compositional dissimilarities between the 51 surveyed site pairs predicted by the model using only spatial variables were highly correlated ( r2 = .85) with dissimilarities predicted using site and spatial variables. These results support the use of the spatial model for conservation decisions., The spatial model was used to evaluate representativeness of both the conservation reserve network and biological monitoring locations. The location of aquatic monitoring sites was uneven, with comprehensive coverage south and coastward, and less representative of inland environments. Proportional protection of ecological environments (scaled by riverine invertebrate taxa) was found to vary between 20% and 30%, being higher in southern parts where more land has been allocated to reserves and less in northern and inland parts. This demonstrated local progress towards achieving the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11 for inland waters., These results provide a focus for improving the robustness of information used in decisions affecting the conservation of aquatic biodiversity, including places to target to fill gaps in the reserve network and additional aquatic monitoring locations (supporting Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 19). The GDM-based approach to characterising ecological environments, provided a first quantitative foundation for comprehensively evaluating the conservation status of freshwater ecosystems in south-western Australia. Potential future applications include assessing the ecological implications of land use and climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited recommendations of wheelchair configurations for court sports have been identified in the published literature. To accommodate the wide range of impairments in wheelchair rugby, players are given a point score that reflects their impairment. Players have regularly been grouped as high-, mid-, or low-point players in research, with high-point players having greater levels of muscle function compared with other classifications. This research documented the wheelchair configurations of elite Australian wheelchair rugby players across classification groups. Significant differences ( p < 0.05) were found for increased seat height and decreased seat depth for high-point players compared with low- and mid-point groups, respectively. Low-point players displayed reduced wheelchair mass compared with high- and mid-point players, as well as increased frame length. Camber angles showed no significant differences across the classification groups. The incorporation of anthropometric measures, such as the elbow angle at the top dead center, was also investigated. While elbow angle showed no significant differences, seat height-to-total arm length ratio was higher for high-point players. Participants also completed surveys detailing their perception of the effect of altering wheelchair configurations. It is suggested that wheelchair configurations should consider an individual's anthropometrics, impairment, training history, and court role to promote optimal performance, with predictive modeling having the potential to reduce the associated time and cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keys are provided to three families of aquatic Oligochaeta: Phreodrilidae, Lumbriculidae and Capilloventridae. There are currently 32 described phreodrilids known from Australia, out of 54 described worldwide, but there are at least 17 more undescribed. Three of the five described capilloventrids are known only from south-eastern Australia. There are only two species of Lumbriculidae in Australia, both of which are believed to be recent introductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia, and especially South-Western Australia, is a diversity hotspot for large branchiopod crustaceans. A significant proportion of this diversity is found in the anostracans (Crustacea, Anostraca) and particularly in the diverse genus Branchinella with at least 34 species. Members of this genus are found exclusively in temporary aquatic habitats which are increasingly threatened by secondary salinization and other anthropogenic pressures. The development of adequate conservation strategies is therefore considered a priority. To define conservation units, however, thorough knowledge of the taxonomy and phylogenetic position of extant lineages is essential. We reconstructed a large scale phylogeny of the Australian Branchinella by analyzing the 16S mitochondrial gene of 31 presumed species, complemented with analysis of morphological structures holding taxonomic information. Results revealed the presence of at least three new cryptic species. On the other hand, some Branchinella lineages, surviving in environments subjected to contrasting selection regimes, appeared to be conspecific. This suggests substantial physiological plasticity or important adaptive variation present in some species, potentially enabling them to better cope with environmental change, such as secondary salinization. Overall, these results further illustrate the benefits of combining molecular markers and classic morphological taxonomy and phylogeny to assess biodiversity and define conservation units in cryptic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose |!|#8211; The purpose of this paper is to test for managerial opportunism, specifically the backdating of executive options, in Australia. Design/methodology/approach |!|#8211; The paper analyses the return behaviour associated with a sample of 161 unscheduled options granted by Australian firms. Specifically, the authors test for differences between a subsample of grants that had late-filed notices (and hence may be subject to backdating) versus those that had notices filed on-time. Findings |!|#8211; Consistent with backdating, it is found that these abnormal post-grant returns persist for a sub-sample of late-filed grants but not for a sub-sample of grants with same-day filing. Furthermore |!|#8211; the authors find even stronger results for option grants made by firms with a history of late-filing but for which no notice was filed with the Australian Securities Exchange. This paper is the first to demonstrate these effects in a setting subject to the IFRS requirement that the fair value (rather than the intrinsic value) of executive options be expensed. Originality/value |!|#8211; This paper is the first to demonstrate these effects in Australia and further in a setting subject to the IFRS requirement that the fair value (rather than the intrinsic value) of executive options be expensed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Pinder and Brinkhurst (1994) produced a ‚preliminary‛ guide to identifying Australian limnic oligochaetes there have been numerous new species described and substantial insights made into oligochaete phylogenetics, the latter reflected in recent changes to oligochaete classification. This report updates Pinder and Brinkhurst (1994) by 1) updating the taxonomy, 2) better describing and illustrating the characters and methods required to identify aquatic oligochaetes and 3) providing keys to the major groups of marine and freshwater aquatic oligochaetes (and some allied worms) and of all species of the subfamily Naidinae known from Australia. The impetus for this report was a workshop on aquatic invertebrate identification organised by La Trobe University and the Taxonomic Research and Information Network (TRIN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), which announces a target cash rate at its monthly Board meetings. These announcements may be argued to be the most significant regular macroeconomic announcements made in the Australian market. The article examines how the 30-Day Interbank Cash Rate Futures Contract may be used as a prediction tool with respect to the monthly announcements made by the RBA. An analysis is also undertaken of the limitations of the Target Rate Tracker model used by the Sydney Futures Exchange. For example, the Target Rate Tracker model will perform particularly poorly during periods where uncertainty with respect to RBA action is high.

In the present paper, we examine the determinants and impact of target bid resistance on the wealth of target shareholders and the takeover process in Australia. We find that bid resistance increases target shareholder wealth in the post-announcement period and that the probability of bid hostility increases with the target's size, decreases with the target's performance and is unrelated to the size of the premium offered by the bidder. We also find that bid hostility decreases the probability of bid success, increases the probability of bid revision and has no effect on the probability of competing bidders entering the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wheatbelt region of Western Australia has been extensively cleared of indigenous vegetation for agriculture and is now severely affected by dryland salinity. Wetlands that were once freshwater are now saline and others are under threat, as are the animals and plants that inhabit them. Rising groundwater is also affecting the many naturally saline playas. To provide a framework for setting conservation priorities in this region a biological survey was undertaken, including sampling of aquatic invertebrates at 230 wetlands. In this paper, we have used data from the survey to summarise occurrence of species in relation to salinity. Total species richness at a wetland showed no response to salinity below 4.1 g l−1 and then declined dramatically as salinity increased. When halophilic species were excluded from consideration, species richness was found to decline from 2.6 g l−1. These patterns are compared to previous studies of richness-salinity relationships. There is some evidence that the freshwater invertebrate fauna of the wheatbelt may be comparatively salt tolerant, with 46% of freshwater species collected at salinities above 3 g l−1 and 17% above 10 g l−1, though these proportions differed between various invertebrate groups. While this tolerance will provide a buffer against the effects of mild salinisation, many species are at risk of regional extinction as salinisation becomes more widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary1. AusRivAS (Australian River Assessment Scheme) models were developed, using macroinvertebrates as indicators, to assess the ecological condition of rivers in Western Australia as part of an Australia-wide program. The models were based on data from 188 minimally disturbed reference sites and are similar to RIVPACS models used in Britain. The major habitats in the rivers (macrophyte, channel) were sampled separately and macroinvertebrates collected were identified to family level. 2. Laboratory sorting of preserved macroinvertebrate samples recovered about 90% of families present when 150 animals were collected, whereas live picking in the field recovered only 76%. 3. Reference sites clustered into five groups on the basis of macroinvertebrate families present. Using seven physical variables, a discriminant function allocated 73% of sites to the correct classification group. A discriminant function based on seven physical and two chemical variables allocated 81% of sites to the correct group. However, when the same reference sites were re-sampled the following year, the nine variable discriminant function misallocated more sites than the seven variable function, owing to annual fluctuations in water chemistry that were not accompanied by changes in fauna. 4. In preliminary testing, the wet season channel model correctly assessed 80% of reference sites as undisturbed in the year subsequent to model building (10% of sites were expected to rate as disturbed because the 10th percentile was used as the threshold for disturbance). Nine sites from an independent data set, all thought to be disturbed, were assessed as such by the model. Results from twenty test sites, chosen because they represented a wide range of ecological condition, were less clear-cut. In its current state the model reliably distinguishes undisturbed and severely disturbed sites. Subtle impacts are either detected inconsistently or do not affect ecological condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary1. The northern half of Western Australia is a large, sparsely populated area with a climate that ranges from monsoonal in the Kimberley to arid in the Gascoyne and Pilbara regions. The aquatic invertebrate fauna is poorly known. 2. Fifty-one sites located on 14 river systems were sampled three times between August 1994 and October 1995. A total of 90 taxa, most identified to family level, were collected. The fauna was dominated by insects, which constituted 74% of the total number of taxa collected. 3. Major habitats at each site were sampled separately and sites with more habitats tended to have a richer fauna. All habitats showed significant differences in taxonomic richness between regions. Family richness decreased with increasing latitude, being highest in the Kimberley region and lowest in the Gascoyne. 4. Despite the differences in taxon richness between regions, community composition of the aquatic invertebrate fauna at the family level did not differ greatly. Four major groups of sites were identified by cluster analysis, based on the invertebrate families present at each site, but differences between groups were small. 5. Significant temporal variation in taxon richness was found in channel habitat but not the three other habitats sampled (riffle, macrophyte, pool-rocks). Community composition in channel habitat varied temporally among groups of sites identified by cluster analysis but the pattern was not consistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a case of H1N1 influenza resistant to the drug oseltamivir in a renal transplant patient in Australia. The patient presented with coryzal symptoms and fever after transplantation. An oseltamivir resistance mutation was detected in the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the patient on the 30th day of taking the drug. The effectiveness of intravenous administration of the drug zanamivir as antiviral therapy for severely ill influenza patients is discussed.

Examines the initial pricing of all Australian government sector initial public offerings (IPOs). Statistical significance of a first-day average abnormal return of approximately eight percent; Absence of evidence that government sector IPOs were more underpriced than Australian private sector IPOs.

Provides a summary of the diversity and distribution of Australian naidid and phreodrilid oligochaetes. Areas where such species are found in the country; Features of these species.

Genetic and morphological data have suggested a Gondwanan connection between the three non-marine aquatic gastropod genera Coxiella Smith, 1894, Tomichia Benson, 1851 and Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911. These genera have recently been included in the family Tomichiidae Wenz, 1938, however, further assessment of the validity of this family is warranted. Coxiella is an obligate halophile that occurs in Australian salt lakes while Tomichia occurs in saline and freshwater environments in southern Africa and Idiopyrgus is a freshwater taxon from South America. Despite their novel evolutionary and ecological characteristics, Coxiella, Tomichia and Idiopyrgus are poorly studied, and the lack of a contemporary taxonomic framework restricts our ability to assess the risk of declining habitat quality to these gastropods. We used data from mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (28S and 18S) genes in 20 species from all three genera to undertake the most comprehensive phylogenetic test of the Tomichiidae to date. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated dataset (2974 bp) of all four genes strongly supported a monophyletic Tomichiidae. The COI analysis (n = 307) identified 14 reciprocally monophyletic lineages in Coxiella that comprised eight of the nine currently described species and at least six putative new species. Four distinct genetic clades of species with somewhat distinctive morphologies were found, each of which may constitute a distinct genera. In addition, four species of Tomichia were identified, including three described and one putatively new species. Current species descriptions of Coxiella do not account for the range of morphological variation observed within most described species, and although morphology is reasonably effective at delineating between clades, it is of limited use when trying to separate closely related Coxiella species. The improved understanding of the taxonomy and diversity of Tomichia and especially Coxiella will underpin future studies and conservation planning for these taxa., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)