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[Display omitted] • Deep amplicon sequencing of levamisole (LEV)-resistant S168T in Haemonchus spp. from Australia was undertaken. • A new approach was developed, enabling nemabiome and multi-drug surveillance in field populations. • Mixed amplicon sequencing was equivalent to individual amplicon sequencing. • LEV-resistant S168T was present in most ovine and caprine Australian field isolates. Anthelmintic-resistant parasitic nematodes present a significant threat to sustainable livestock production worldwide. The ability to detect the emergence of anthelmintic resistance at an early stage, and therefore determine which drugs remain most effective, is crucial for minimising production losses. Despite many years of research into the molecular basis of anthelmintic resistance, no molecular-based tools are commercially available for the diagnosis of resistance as it emerges in field settings. We describe a mixed deep amplicon sequencing approach to determine the frequency of the levamisole (LEV)-resistant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within arc -8 exon 4 (S168T) in Haemonchus spp., coupled with benzimidazole (BZ)-resistant SNPs within β -tubulin isotype-1 and the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) nemabiome. This constitutes the first known multi-drug and multi-species molecular diagnostic developed for helminths of veterinary importance. Of the ovine, bovine, caprine and camelid Australian field isolates we tested, S168T was detected in the majority of Haemonchus spp. populations from sheep and goats, but rarely at a frequency greater than 16%; an arbitrary threshold we set based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) of LEV-resistant Haemonchus contortus GWBII. Overall, BZ resistance was far more prevalent in Haemonchus spp. than LEV resistance, confirming that LEV is still an effective anthelmintic class for small ruminants in New South Wales, Australia. The mixed amplicon metabarcoding approach described herein paves the way towards the use of large scale sequencing as a surveillance technology in the field, the results of which can be translated into evidence-based recommendations for the livestock sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Males and swollen mature females of Achlysiella trilineata and Achlysiella magniglans were discovered for the first time in Australia. These life stages confirmed that both species show well-marked sexual dimorphism in the anterior region of the body, with the males having reduced cephalic frameworks, stylets, and oesophagi. Males of A. magniglans displayed an extreme reduction in the style such that only the cone could be seen, and the rest of the esophagus was barely visible. In both species, the swollen females had postmedian vulvae, and the anterior branch of the ovary was longer than the posterior branch. In A. magniglans, the disparity in length was more pronounced, and the vulva was more posterior. The finding of swollen females confirmed the classification of both species in Achlysiella rather than Radopholus. Vermiform females of both species have large dorsal oesophageal glands and short ovaries. Justifiably, other species of Radopholus with these latter features (R. brevicaudatus, R. capitatus, and R. vacuus) should also be moved to Achlysiella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hop cyst nematode, Heterodera humuli Filipjev, 1934 was found in soil samples collected from hop farms in Bushy Park, Tasmania and in Merriang, Victoria, Australia. Morphological and molecular characteristics were consistent with those described for this species in other parts of the world. Novel gene sequences of ITS rRNA, 28S rRNA and CO1 mtDNA generated from cysts were compared against sequences of H. humuli available on the NCBI GenBank database, demonstrating little to no genetic variation between Australian hop cyst nematode populations and those from other regions. This report provides the first molecular sequence data for H. humuli from Australia and reports a significant range extension of this cyst nematode from Tasmania to the Australian mainland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occurrence of cyst nematode Heterodera daverti Wouts and Sturhan 1978 (Wouts & Sturhan 1978) is reported from Australia for the first time. Cysts were recovered from soil samples collected from a hop farm in Merriang, Victoria. Morphological and morphometric characteristics of cysts and second stage juveniles match those described for this species reported from other parts of the world. Identification was further supported by molecular evidence through comparison of newly generated sequences of ITS rRNA, CO1 mtDNA and 28S rRNA gene regions with sequences previously available on NCBI GenBank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Canine soil-transmitted helminths (cSTHs) were found in 42.7% of parks in Australia. • Hookworms represent the most common cSTHs contaminating parks in Australia. • Contamination with cSTHs is strongly associated with socioeconomic-related factors. Dog parks provide an ideal urban space where dogs and their owners can exercise, play, and socialise in a safe environment. However, these parks can also increase the risk of exposure to a series of infectious agents including canine soil-transmitted helminths (cSTHs) such as hookworms, roundworms, Strongyloides stercoralis , and Trichuris vulpis , which are endemic to Australia. In this study, we collected 1581 canine faecal samples in 190 urban parks across Australia and subjected these to faecal floatation and multiplex real-time PCRs (qPCR) to detect a range of cSTHs. In total, 44.2% of the parks sampled were contaminated with at least one species of cSTH, with hookworms being the most prevalent parasites (10.2%) followed by Trichuris spp. (1.3%) and Strongyloides spp. (1.2%). This is the first large-scale study investigating the contamination of urban parks with cSTHs in Australia, and the first nation-wide study to demonstrate the occurrence of Strongyloides spp. in canine faecal samples from urban areas in the country. This study reveals a high rate of contamination with cSTHs in dog parks in urban Australia, most of which having proven zoonotic potential. Preventive measures, including awareness-raising educational programmes promoting responsible pet ownership, should be encouraged to minimise the health risks associated with cSTHs for both dogs and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzimidazoles resistance is widespread in strongyle parasitic nematodes and associated with polym orphisms in the codons 167, 198 and 200 of isotype 1 β-tubulin (tbb-1). In ascarids, benzimidazole (BZ) resistance has rarely been reported and in none of these cases were any of these polymorphisms detected. Here, available genome and transcriptome data from WormBase ParaSite were used to compare the complete β-tubulin reservoirs of Parascaris univalens, Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides. Adult Parascaris spp. specimens collected in Australia from horses after BZ treatment (susceptible, n = 13) or surviving BZ treatment and collected after ivermectin treatment (resistant, n = 10) were genotyped regarding codons 167, 198 and 200 using Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses clearly showed that there are no one-to-one ascarid orthologs of strongyle tbb-1 genes. In the reference genomes, as well as phenotypically susceptible and resistant Parascaris spp. from Australia, six out of seven β-tubulin genes showed a BZ-susceptible genotype (F167, E198, F200). The only exception were the testis-specific β-tubulin D genes from all three ascarid species that encode tyrosine at codon 200. This was observed independently of the BZ-susceptibility phenotype of Parascaris spp. These data suggest that different mechanisms lead to BZ resistance in ascarid and strongyle nematodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Presence of two unreported digenea and a nematode larva Krefftascaris sp. from freshwater snails. • Health impact of parasites on threatened endemic snails' health is an understudied topic. • Lower parasite burdens in most infected snails suggesting heavily infected snails unable to survive. • Freshwater turtles are final hosts of some snail parasites found in the present study. • These parasites may serve as contributor to their population decline. Freshwater snails are integral to local ecosystems as a primary food source for various vertebrate species, thereby contributing significantly to ecological food webs. However, their role as intermediate hosts also makes them pivotal in the transmission of parasites. In Australia, research on freshwater snails has predominantly focused on their role as intermediate hosts for livestock parasites, while there has been limited exploration of the impact of these parasites on snail health and population dynamics. The aim of this study was to determine parasitic infection in freshwater snails. This study was conducted in the south-eastern region of Australia, in 2022. A total of 163 freshwater snails from four different species were collected and examined in the Murrumbidgee catchment area in the southeastern part of Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer and autumn months (February to May). The species included Isidorella hainesii, Glyptophysa novaehollandica, Bullastra lessoni (endemic species), and Physella acuta (an introduced species). Through the analysis of sequence data from the various regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, we determined that the Digenea species in this study belonged to three distinct species, including Choanocotyle hobbsi, Petasiger sp. and an unidentified species belonging to Plagiorchioidea. Additionally, analysis of the sequences from Nematoda found in this study, revealed they could be categorized into two separate taxa, including Krefftascaris sp. and an unidentified nematode closely associated with plant and soil nematodes. This research holds significant implications for the future understanding and conservation of Australian freshwater ecosystems. Most parasites found in the present study complete their life cycle in snails and turtles. As many of freshwater snail and turtle species in Australia are endemic and face population threats, exploring the potential adverse impacts of parasitic infections on snail and turtle health, is crucial for advancing our understanding of these ecosystems and also paving the way for future research and conservation efforts. While none of the native snail species in the present study have been listed as endangered or threatened, this may simply be attributed to the absence of regular population surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematodes of the family Philometridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926 (Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907) are generally poorly known, and there are many taxonomic issues within the family. Philometrids are parasites of fish and are found in various locations throughout the host, including within the subcutaneous tissues and musculature, the abdominal cavity and gonads; vast sexual dimorphism often means the males are not collected, leading to many species being described solely on female characteristics. Although there have been a number of studies utilising molecular data, the vast majority of species are yet to be sequenced. This study undertook genetic sequencing of 15 recently described species of philometrids across 4 genera, many of which were from specimens collected from waters off Australia. All of the sequences obtained were closely related with representatives of the family Philometridae. Species were found to be distributed in the phylogenetic trees within 4 clades based on a combination of site of infection within the host and host habitat. Family of host and geographical location was not as important for position within the trees. Clade A contained philometrids collected from the abdominal cavities and head tissues of South American freshwater fish. Clade B contained philometrids primarily from the abdominal cavities of freshwater European cyprinids. Clade C contained philometrids primarily from the ovaries of marine fish. Clade D contained philometrids from the body tissues of marine and freshwater fish. The potential co-evolutionary patterns between philometrids and their fish hosts are highlighted as an area of future research. This research also highlighted the importance of correct identification of any sequenced specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Control of human hookworm infection would be greatly aided by the development of an effective vaccine. We aimed to develop a live attenuated human hookworm vaccine.Methods: This was a two-part clinical trial done at Q-Pharm in Brisbane (QLD, Australia) using a live ultraviolet C (UVC)-attenuated Necator americanus larvae vaccine. Part one was an open-label, dose-finding study using 50 L3 larvae suspended in water to a volume of 200 μL, attenuated with UVC exposure of 700 μJ (L3-700) or 1000 μJ (L3-1000). Part two was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, challenge study, in which participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to the vaccine group or placebo group. Healthy hookworm-naive adults aged 18-65 years with body-mass index 18-35 kg/m2 received two doses of either placebo (Tabasco sauce) or vaccine (50 L3-700) on day 1 and day 42, followed by challenge with 30 unattenuated L3 larvae to both groups. All participants received a single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole 4 weeks after each inoculation and a 3-day course (400 mg orally daily) initiated on day 161 after the challenge phase, to eliminate any remaining infection. The primary outcome of part 1 was the level of larval attenuation the resulted in a grade 2 or 3 dermal adverse event. The primary outcome of part 2 was safety and tolerability, assessed by frequency and severity of adverse events in all randomly assigned participants. Prespecified exploratory outcomes in the challenge study were faecal N americanus DNA concentration, the number of N americanus larvae recovered per g of faeces cultured, hookworm antigen-specific serum IgG antibody responses, and hookworm antigen-specific peripheral blood cytokine responses. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617001007325).Findings: Between Sept 19, 2017, and Oct 24, 2018, seven participants were enrolled into three cohorts in part one (two participants in cohort 1, who received L3-700; two participants in cohort 2, who received L3-700; and three participants in cohort 3, who received L3-1000) and a further 15 were enrolled into part two. There were no serious adverse events in part one or part two. In part one, a greater number of skin penetration sites were observed after administration of L3-700 than L3-1000 (mean 15·75 [95% CI 11·18 to 20·32] with L3-700 vs 4·33 [-1·40 to 10·07] with L3-1000). Similarly, greater erythema (median 225 mm2 [IQR 150 to 325] vs 25 mm2 [12·5 to 80]) and a longer duration of the dermal reaction (median 8·0 days [IQR 3·5 to 11·5] vs 2·0 days [2·0 to 4·5]) were observed after L3-700 than L3-1000. The mean number of adverse events per participant did not differ between the groups (3·25 [95% CI 1·48 to 5·02] vs 3·00 [1·04 to 4·96]). Thus, L3-700 was used for vaccination in part two. In part two, ten participants were randomly assigned to receive L3-700 and five to placebo. Significantly more adverse events occurred after vaccination with attenuated larvae than with placebo (incident rate ratio [IRR] 2·13 [95% CI 2·09 to 5·51]; p=0·0030). There was no difference between groups in the frequency of adverse events after challenge (IRR 1·25 [0·78 to 2·01]; p=0·36). Most adverse events were mild in severity, with only one severe adverse event reported (erythematous and indurated pruritic rash >100 mm in a vaccine group participant after challenge). The eosinophil count increased in all participants after challenge, with a significantly greater increase among vaccinated participants than placebo participants (1·55 × 109 cells per L [IQR 0·92 to 1·81] in the vaccine group vs 0·49 × 109 cells per L [0·43 to 0·63] in the placebo group; p=0·014). Vaccinated participants had an IgG response to larval extract after challenge that was higher than that in placebo participants (increase in IgG titre 0·22 [IQR 0·10 to 0·41] vs 0·03 [-0·40 to 0·06]; p=0·020). Significantly fewer larvae per g of faeces were recovered in the vaccine group than in the placebo group after challenge (median larvae per g 0·8 [IQR 0·00 to 3·91] vs 10·2 [5·1 to 18·1]; p=0·014). The concentration of N americanus DNA in faeces was not significantly different between the vaccinated group and the placebo group (log10 DNA intensity 4·28 [95% CI 3·92 to 4·63] vs 4·88 [4·31 to 5·46]; p=0·14). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated participants exhibited significantly greater cytokine production at day 112 than placebo participants for IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 (p<0·05), but not IL-10.Interpretation: Vaccination with UVC-attenuated N americanus larvae is well tolerated, induces humoral and cellular responses to hookworm antigens, and reduces larval output after challenge with unattenuated larvae. Larger studies are required to confirm protective efficacy.Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions and genes associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in Australian Merino sheep in Uruguay, using the single-step GWAS methodology (ssGWAS), which is based on genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) obtained from a combination of pedigree, genomic, and phenotypic data. This methodology converts GEBVs into SNP effects. The analysis included 26,638 animals with fecal egg count (FEC) records obtained in two independent parasitic cycles (FEC1 and FEC2) and 1700 50K SNP genotypes. The comparison of genomic regions was based on genetic variances (gVar(%)) explained by non-overlapping regions of 20 SNPs. For FEC1 and FEC2, 18 and 22 genomic windows exceeded the significance threshold (gVar(%) ≥ 0.22%), respectively. The genomic regions with strong associations with FEC1 were located on chromosomes OAR 2, 6, 11, 21, and 25, and for FEC2 on OAR 5, 6, and 11. The proportion of genetic variance attributed to the top windows was 0.83% and 1.9% for FEC1 and FEC2, respectively. The 33 candidate genes shared between the two traits were subjected to enrichment analysis, revealing a marked enrichment in biological processes related to immune system functions. These results contribute to the understanding of the genetics underlying gastrointestinal parasite resistance and its implications for other productive and welfare traits in animal breeding programs.

We describe a case of imported ocular dirofilariasis in Australia, linked to the Hong Kong genotype of Dirofilaria sp., in a migrant from Sri Lanka. Surgical extraction and mitochondrial sequences analyses confirmed this filarioid nematode as the causative agent and a Dirofilaria sp. not previously reported in Australia.

Our understanding of anthelmintic resistance in the gastrointestinal nematodes of Australian cattle relies exclusively on small-scale phenotypic reports utilising traditional faecal egg count reduction tests. This approach is not readily scalable to establish the national prevalence of resistance, nor is it conducive of routine longitudinal surveillance for the emergence of resistance in its early stages. This study introduces the benefits of applying mixed amplicon metabarcoding longitudinally for timely and cost-efficient molecular surveillance of multiple anthelmintic resistance mutations, as they emerge on farms. Using opportunistically collected faecal samples from a cattle herd in central west New South Wales (2019-2023), we detected the early emergence of Haemonchus spp. levamisole-resistant S168T shortly after levamisole introduction, while benzimidazole-resistant allele frequencies remained constant. Additionally, we observed the possible spill-over of resistant Haemonchus contortus from sheep, along with variations in faecal burdens and species diversity influenced by climate stochasticity and host immunity. This study emphasises the power of molecular diagnostics for farm-level anthelmintic resistance management, providing essential evidence to support its integration into routine surveillance programmes., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Editorial Board of Veterinary Parasitology (JŠ)., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil‐transmitted helminth, endemic in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in northern Australia with estimates of prevalences up to 60%. Hyperinfection in the setting of immunosuppression is a rare, but well recognised cause of significant morbidity and mortality. However, the morbidity associated with chronic uncomplicated infection is less well characterised. Aims: To measure the prevalence of symptoms potentially attributable to S. stercoralis infection and their association with seropositivity. Methods: This retrospective matched case‐control study reviewed records of primary healthcare presentations for symptoms in the 12 months before and after an ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA) in a remote Aboriginal community. Results: One hundred and seventy‐five S. stercoralis seropositive cases were matched with 175 seronegative controls. The most frequently reported symptom overall in the 12 months prior to the MDA was cough followed by abdominal pain, weight loss/malnutrition, diarrhoea and pruritis. Seropositive cases were not more likely than matched controls to have symptoms typically attributed to strongyloidiasis. In the seropositive cohort, we found no difference in symptoms in the 12 months before and after an ivermectin MDA despite a reduction in seroprevalence. Conclusion: We found no evidence to suggest that S. stercoralis seropositivity was associated with increased symptoms when compared to matched seronegative controls. Treatment with ivermectin did not reduce symptoms in seropositive cases. Without evidence to support that population‐based screening or treatment programmes reduce symptoms, the emphasis must remain on identifying and managing those few individuals with immunosuppression that predisposes them to potentially life‐threatening hyperinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the spatial and temporal distribution of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in Thoroughbred horses by age category across different climatic zones in Australia over an 18-month period. Faecal samples (n = 2046) from individual horses were analysed using the modified McMaster technique for faecal egg counts (FECs). Strongylids were identified using PCR-directed next-generation sequencing of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Yearlings had the highest prevalence (82%) of strongyle eggs followed by weanlings (79%), foals (58%), wet mares (49%) and dry mares (46%). For Parascaris spp., foals had the highest prevalence (35%) followed by weanlings (21%) and yearlings (10%). The highest mean FECs for Parascaris spp. were observed in foals (525 eggs per gram [EPG] of faeces) while those for strongyles were in yearlings (962 EPG). Among horses that were classified as adults at the time of sampling, 77% (860 of 1119) of mares were low (i.e., <250 EPG) strongyle egg-shedders. Mean strongyle FEC counts were highest in the Mediterranean (818 EPG) followed by summer (599 EPG), winter (442 EPG), and non-seasonal (413 EPG) rainfall zones. Twenty-six nematode species were detected, with Cylicostephanus longibursatus (26.5%), Cylicocyclus nassatus (23.7%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (20.5%) being the most frequently detected species. Their richness and relative abundance varied with horse age, season and climatic zone. In addition, Strongylus equinus and Triodontophorus spp. (T. brevicauda and T. serratus) were also detected. This comprehensive study elucidates spatial (climatic zone) and temporal (i.e., seasonal) trends in prevalence and burdens of intestinal nematodes in Australian horses using non-invasive conventional and molecular methods. The information presented in this study is crucial for developing integrated management strategies to control horse parasites in farmed horses. [Display omitted] • A longitudinal approach was used to study intestinal nematodes of horses using the McMaster technique and nemabiome approach. • The farm-level prevalence of ascarid and strongylid nematodes ranged from 0–29% and 46–95%, respectively. • Only up to 17% of the adult horses were classified as high egg shedders (>500 eggs per gram). • The climate (Mediterranean type), season (autumn) and horse age (younger horses) had significant effect on egg shedding. • Nemabiome results showed higher abundance of selected species, affected by horse age, season and climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nematodes were found in the digestive tracts of 15 short-beaked echidnas Tachyglossus aculeatus (Shaw, 1792) collected from southwestern Australia between August 1964 and March 2020. Methods: Specimens were prepared for microscopic examination as temporary wet mounts, measurements were made, figures prepared using a drawing tube and light micrographs taken. All nematodes were identified to at least genus level and a bootstrap analysis of the helminth community was carried out. Results: Two previously described species, one species identified to genus and one new nematode species were recovered, including Nicollina ridei (Nicollinidae), Parapharyngodon anomalus (Pharyngodonidae), Parastrongyloides sp. (Strongyloididae) and Echidnonema coronorum n. g., n. sp. (Subuluridae, Echidnonematinae n. sf.). Echidnonema coronorum n. sp. can be distinguished from all other subulurids in having a mouth encircled by six leaf-like elements separated by six small pointed elements. The buccal complex is also unique to this species and is composed of three parts, including an anterior buccal capsule and a posterior pharyngeal portion divided into two; the proximal part contains lobes which are ornamented with numerous irregular teeth. A bootstrap estimate of species richness of 99.9% indicated that there were few, if any, additional species to be discovered in the southwestern Australian population of short-beaked echidnas. Conclusion: Morphological analysis supports the status of E. coronorum as a new species and the erection of the Echidnonematinae as a new subfamily to accommodate it. The helminth community of the population of short-beaked echidnas studied appears to be depauperate and contains species unique to the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forage brassicas are currently widely used in temperate–humid livestock systems; however, they offer potential to diversify crop rotation and forage options in the drier, mixed crop–livestock zone of Australia. A literature review highlighted that in these hotter and more arid environments, forage brassicas are more likely to fit as autumn-sown forage crop where they offer an energy-rich, highly digestible feed source that could be used during periods of low production and nutritive value of other forage sources. However, brassicas can also accumulate several anti-nutritional compounds that require gradual introduction to livestock diets, thereby reducing potential health risks and optimising animal performance. Preliminary experimental and commercial evaluations in subtropical Australia found high production of some forage brassica genotypes (>5 t DM/ha with growth rates of 50–60 kg DM/ha.day), comparable or superior to widely used forage cereal or forage legume options. Several forage brassicas showed moderate to high resistance to the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei , and hence are likely to provide break-crop benefits compared with susceptible species (e.g. wheat). Together, this evidence suggests that forage brassicas have significant potential for wider use in crop–livestock farming systems in Australia. However, research is needed to identify genotypic adaptation and to match different forage brassica genotypes to production environments or system niches, especially some of the new genotypes that are now available. There is also a need to develop regionally-relevant recommendations of agronomic and grazing management that optimise forage and animal production, and mitigate potential animal health risks. Forage brassicas are widely used to provide high-quality forage in temperate, high-rainfall livestock systems but are rarely used in crop–livestock systems in drier regions. We find that forage brassicas have several attributes suited to wider use in crop rotations, and preliminary experiments demonstrate favourable productivity compared with other forage options. This work demonstrates the wider potential and research needs for forage brassicas to be used throughout Australia's mixed crop–livestock systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root lesion nematode (RLN) species Pratylenchus thornei and P. neglectus are widely distributed within cropping regions of Australia and have been shown to limit grain production. Field experiments conducted to compare the performance of cultivars in the presence of RLNs investigate management options for growers by identifying cultivars with resistance, by limiting nematode reproduction, and tolerance, by yielding well in the presence of nematodes. A novel experimental design approach for RLN experiments is proposed where the observed RLN density, measured prior to sowing, is used to condition the randomization of cultivars to field plots. This approach ensured that all cultivars were exposed to consistent ranges of RLN in order to derive valid assessments of relative cultivar tolerance and resistance. Using data from a field experiment designed using the conditioned randomization approach and conducted in Formartin, Australia, the analysis of tolerance and resistance was undertaken in a linear mixed model framework. Yield response curves were derived using a random regression approach and curves modeling change in RLN densities between sowing and harvest were derived using splines to account for nonlinearity. Groups of cultivars sharing similar resistance levels could be identified. A comparison of slopes of yield response curves of cultivars belonging to the same resistance class identified differing tolerance levels for cultivars with equivalent exposures to both presowing and postharvest RLN densities. As such, the proposed design and analysis approach allowed tolerance to be assessed independently of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Over a period of 15 years, Schistonchus was collected from sycones of Ficus subgenus Urostigma section Malvanthera in eastern Australia, and was found to occur widely. Here, Schistonchus macrophylla macrophylla is redescribed from F. macrophylla and F. superba , and a new subspecies, Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., from F. rubiginosa and F. superba. Schistonchus m. lightfooti subsp. n., is characterised by having a long post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) with thickened walls and a narrowly rounded or pointed distal tip, procorpus which is usually longer than the stylet length, pyriform metacorpus, trapezoid-shaped head capsule, papillae arranged as one large pair adcloacal, a large pair at mid-tail length, and a small pair near the tail tip, no caudal alae, and a spatulate tail tip in females; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales (NSW) to southern Queensland. Schistonchus m. macrophylla is characterised by having a procorpus shorter than or equal to the stylet length, an ovoid metacorpus, rectangular-shaped head capsule, long PUS with thickened wall only at its distal tip, caudal alae, and papillae arranged as one pair precloacal, one small pair adcloacal, and a large pair at mid-tail length. It was collected in NSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ficophagus from collecting trips in eastern Australia, made over 15 years, are summarised and show that species of the genus occurred widely in sycones of Ficus , subgenus Urostigma , section Malvanthera. Two new species (based on morphological differences and molecular sequencing) are described: Ficophagus elizabethae sp. n. from Ficus macrophylla , F. rubiginosa and F. obliqua , and Ficophagus richardi sp. n. from Ficus obliqua ; and a morphospecies, Ficophagus Morphospecies malandicus from Ficus obliqua. Ficophagus elizabethae sp. n. is characterised by having the excretory pore (EP) opening from the level of the junction of the conus and shaft of the stylet to that of the knobs, a relatively long procorpus (1.0-2.5 times length of stylet), female tail with an obliquely truncate tail with a hyaline area and a finely to broadly rounded tip which may be mucronate; post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) ca one vulval body diam. (VBD) in length; rose-thorn-shaped spicule with distinct rostrum and prominent condylus; and genital papillae arranged as largest pair adcloacal, second pair posterior to mid-tail length, and third small pair near tail tip; and was collected from Sydney in New South Wales, to Bundaberg in Queensland (QLD). Ficophagus richardi sp. n. is characterised by having the EP opening at the level of the junction of the stylet shaft and conus, a labial cap which is raised around the opening for the stylet; procorpus 0.8-1.7 times length of the stylet, PUS <1 VBD in length, long uterus, and female tail with a V-shaped hyaline area at the bluntly rounded tip; rose-thorn-shaped spicule with a small rostrum and prominent condylus, three pairs genital papillae, first and largest on anterior cloacal lip, second at 70% of tail length measured from cloacal aperture, and third near tip, and was collected from Ban Ban Springs in the south to the Bundaberg region in the mid-north of QLD. In addition, in the absence of pertinent molecular sequences, a morphospecies is described. Ficophagus Morphospecies malandicus is characterised by having the EP opening anterior to the junction of the stylet conus and shaft, procorpus 0.9-2 times length of stylet, a short PUS usually <1 VBD long, short uterus, rose-thorn-shaped spicule with a raised condylus and prominent rostrum, and three pairs of subventral papillae on the tail (one adcloacal, one posterior to mid-tail and one near tail tip); and was collected from the Atherton Tableland, QLD. A table comparing morphological characteristics is provided to help with identification of Ficophagus nematodes from figs of the section Malvanthera in eastern Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine toad Rhinella marina (Linnaeus) (Anura, Bufonidae) is a notorious, exotic amphibian species in Australia. However, our present knowledge of the composition of the nematode fauna of R. marina is still not complete. In the present study, a new cosmocercid nematode, Cosmocerca multipapillata sp. nov., was described using both light and scanning electron microscopy, based on specimens collected from R. marina in Australia. Cosmocerca multipapillata sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the body size, the presence of lateral alae and well sclerotized gubernaculum, the number and arrangement of plectanes and rosettes and the length of spicules, oesophagus and tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the results of a cross-sectional survey to describe the epidemiology of ascarid and strongylid nematodes in horses, the impact of diverse climatic conditions on parasite diversity and the levels of faecal egg shedding in different age groups of managed Thoroughbred horses. Individual faecal samples (n = 1377) collected from 62 Thoroughbred farms across four climatic zones in Australia were analysed using the modified McMaster technique for faecal egg counts (FECs) and strongylid nematodes were identified utilising PCR-directed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the second internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS-2). Across all age groups, the prevalence of ascarid and strongylid nematodes was 12% (95% confidence interval 10–14%) and 72% (70–74%), respectively. Based on strongylid FECs, yearlings had the highest prevalence (89%) followed by weanlings (83%), foals (79%), wet mares (61%), dry mares (59%) and stallions (54%). However, for Parascaris spp., foals had the highest prevalence (46%) followed by weanlings (32%) and yearlings (13%). The highest mean FECs for Parascaris spp. were observed in foals (418 eggs per gram [EPG] of faeces) while those for strongylids were in yearlings (1002 EPG). Of the adult horses (mares and stallions), 67% (489 of 729) and 11% (77 of 729) were low (i.e., ≤250 EPG) and moderate (i.e., 251–500 EPG) strongylid egg-shedders, respectively. Strongylid egg shedding varied across climatic zones, with the highest mean FECs in the summer rainfall (723 EPG) followed by non-seasonal rainfall (629 EPG), winter rainfall (613 EPG), and Mediterranean (606 EPG) rainfall zones. Twenty-three nematode species were detected using NGS, with Cylicostephanus longibursatus (28%), Cylicocyclus nassatus (23%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (23%), being the most abundant species. Three species of Strongylus (i.e., S. vulgaris, S. equinus and S. edentatus) were also detected. The nemabiome composition, species richness and relative abundance varied within horse age and between climatic zones. These empirical findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of parasites within horse populations and the multifaceted factors that influence their occurrence, thereby allowing for the formulation of tailored strategies aimed at parasite control in domestic horses. [Display omitted] • A cross-sectional study of 62 Thoroughbred farms revealed a high prevalence of ascarid and strongylid nematodes. • Majority of the adult horses were low strongylid egg shedders (i.e., < 250 eggs per gram). • Horse age and diverse climatic conditions impacted the parasite diversity and egg shedding patterns. • Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Coronocyclus coronatus and Cylicocyclus nassatus were the most abundant species. • Study provided insights for tailoring parasite control strategies in horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of research on the safety of marine edible fish has primarily focused on anisakid nematodes, neglecting the potential risks posed by other parasites, including those belonging to the family Gnathostomatidae. In Australia, there have been few reported cases of human infections with gnathostomatid parasites since 2011. However, due to the absence of a standardized diagnostic test in the country, it is believed that the actual number of infections is higher than reported. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and prevalence of infectious gnathostomatid parasites in selected commercial fish species in Australia. A total of 1947 marine fish from northern Australia, representing 9 families, 16 genera, and 30 species, were examined for gnathostomatid nematode infections. Overall, 12.3 % of the fish were found to be infected with at least one gnathostomatid larva. Among the species examined, the yellow-dabbled flounder (Branchypleura novaezeelandiae) exhibited the highest prevalence (83.3 %; n = 6) and the largest number of gnathostomatid larvae. The identification of the gnathostomatid larvae was confirmed as belonging to the genus Echinocephalus based on both morphological characteristics and sequence data. No significant correlation was observed between the prevalence, mean abundance, and mean intensity of infection with the length or weight of the examined fish species. Notably, several of the infected fish species are considered popular choices in the Australian market. Hence, it is imperative to raise awareness among relevant food safety authorities regarding the occurrence of these parasites. The findings from this study should be taken into consideration for the revision of current seafood safety protocols in the country. • A total of 1947 marine fish were examined for the infection with gnathostomatid nematodes. • Infectious stage of the parasite was found in 12.3 % of the examined fish. • Some of the examined fish such as snapper are among high value and popular fish. • The results are important for revising the current seafood safety protocols in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Data on helminth parasites in hammerhead sharks are scarce and, therefore, new examinations of these hosts are needed to recognize the species composition of their parasites, including nematodes. Methods: Helminthological examinations of hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini (Griffith et Smith) (209 specimens) and Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell) (57 specimens) (Sphyrnidae, Carcharhiniformes), from off the northern coast of Australia revealed one new and one insufficiently known species of intestinal nematode parasites. These were studied with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Both nematode species are described. Piscicapillaria bursata sp. nov. (Capillariidae) from S. mokarran (type host) and S. lewini differs from its congeners mainly in the spicule length (330 µm), body length of gravid females 12.80–21.26 mm and in possessing a subterminal female anus. The specimens of Parascarophis sphyrnae Campana-Rouget, 1955 (Cystidicolidae) (type species of Parascarophis Campana-Rouget, 1955) collected from S. lewini made it possible to redescribe the female and, for the first time, to describe the male; the same species was also found in S. mokarran. Amended diagnosis of Parascarophis is provided. Parascarophis is mainly characterized by the presence of lateral alae, a unique feature within the Cystidicolidae, and by the cephalic structures (presence of a cuticular hood and a pair of anterolateral plate-like structures in the mouth). Conclusions: In addition to the discovery of a new nematode species, Pi. bursata sp. nov., the finding of Pa. sphyrnae in Australian waters represents a new geographical record of this parasite outside the Atlantic Ocean. The species of Parascarophis previously described from teleosts, P. bharatii Agrawal, 1965, P. oteroi Arya, 1992 and P. mulloidi Imam, Tawfik et Abdel Hady, 1982, are designated as species inquirendae and incertae sedis. The finding of P. sphyrnae in Australian waters represents a new geographical record of this parasite outside the Atlantic Ocean. Pa. sphyrnae had not been reported previously from beyond the Atlantic Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terranova pectinolabiata n. sp. is described from the great hammerhead, Sphyrna mokarran, from Australian waters. This represents the first report of a species of Terranova from the host species. The new species is characterised by the morphology of the caudal plates and labia. ITS sequences were obtained for 20 specimens which were identical, despite morphological variation that has traditionally been indicative of separation of species. Additionally, genetic analyses confirmed the identification of the larval Terranova Type II previously reported in Australian and New Caledonian waters as Terranova pectinolabiata n. sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved a national cross-sectional survey of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of alpacas in Australia. A total of 1545 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of nematodes using the multiplexed tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 66% while that for strongyles was 59%. The overall mean FEC was 276 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 17,415 EPG. Male alpacas had a higher prevalence (68%, 334/490) as well as mean FEC (328 ± 60 EPG) of GINs than females (63%, 602/954; 227 ± 26, respectively). Weaners had the highest prevalence (80%) whereas tuis had the highest FEC (402 EPG) of nematodes. The highest prevalence (77%, 293/383) and FEC (630 EPG) of GINs were observed in the summer rainfall zone followed by the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The characterisation of nematode DNA isolated from faeces revealed the occurrence of seven different GINs, including Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. Besides, Nematodirus spp. and Trichuris spp. were also found during FECs. The prevalence of Haemonchus spp. was highest in the summer rainfall zone while that of C. mentulatus was highest in the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The findings of this study revealed that alpacas harbour many of the same nematodes as sheep and cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a longitudinal survey on 13 alpaca farms in four climatic zones of Australia to understand the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of alpacas. A total of 1688 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas from May 2015 to April 2016 and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of eggs using the multiplexed-tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 61% while that for strongyles was 53%. The overall mean FEC was 168 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 15,540 EPG. Weaners had the highest prevalence (73%) and mean FEC (295 EPG) of GINs followed by tuis, crias and adults. Alpacas in the winter rainfall zone had the highest prevalence (68%) as well as FEC (266 EPG) followed by Mediterranean-type, non-seasonal and summer rainfall zones. Trichostrongylus spp. (83%, 89/107), Haemonchus spp. (71%, 76/107) and Camelostrongylus mentulatus (63%, 67/107) were the three most common GINs of alpacas across all climatic zones. The mixed-effects zero-inflated negative binomial regression model used in this study showed that it could help to design parasite control interventions targeted at both the herd level and the individual alpaca level. The findings of this study showed that the epidemiology of GINs of alpacas is very similar to those of cattle and sheep, and careful attention should be paid when designing control strategies for domestic ruminants co-grazing with alpacas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Spirinia parasitifera is a common nematode species recorded from coastal habitats of the White, North and Barents Seas, the Northwest Atlantic, the Maldives and Australia, and exhibits a high degree of variability in some morphological characters. For these reasons it has been suggested that S. parasitifera is a species complex comprised of several distinct but potentially cryptic species. However, no study has yet combined molecular and morphological approaches to verify this assertion. Here, we describe S. antipodea n. sp., a species morphologically very similar to S. parasitifera , from the coast of New Zealand. Spirinia antipodea n. sp. differs from the original description of S. parasitifera as well as subsequent descriptions by other authors in at least one body dimension, but no single trait differs consistently between the New Zealand specimens and all descriptions of S. parasitifera. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the new species is distinct from other species of the genus, including S. parasitifera specimens sampled near the type locality. The S. antipodea n. sp. SSU sequence differed from other Spirinia sequence by 2.1-5.3%, whilst D2-D3 of LSU sequences differed by 12.5-18.9%. The consensus SSU tree also recovered three distinct S. parasitifera clades, which provides support for the existence of a species complex. Because it is not possible to determine whether the variability in morphological characters observed among descriptions of S. parasitifera is intra- or interspecific, and therefore to determine which trait can reliably be used to differentiate between S. antipodea n. sp. and S. parasitifera , the new species is best differentiated from S. parasitifera and other closely related species based on SSU sequences rather than morphological characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifteen Gehyra dubia and 15 Gehyra punctata from Australia were examined for helminths. One species of Cestoda and 6 species of Nematoda were found. Gehyra dubia harbored Oochoristica australiensis, Maxvachonia chabaudi, and Skrjabinodon smythi. Gehyra punctata harbored Parapharyngodon fitzroyi, Pharyngodon kartana, Physalopteroides filicauda, and Abbreviata sp. (larva in cyst). Both species of Gehyra are parasitized by generalist helminths that also infect other species of lizards.All findings represent new host records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dog roundworm Toxocara canis (Nematoda: Toxocaridae) is an important zoonotic parasitic nematode and cause toxocariasis in human with a worldwide distribution. Herein, the complete mitochondrial genome of a representative of this nematode from USA was determined through next generation sequencing platform. The whole genome was 14,309 bp in size and encoded 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs. Phylogeny showed that although T. canis from USA and Australia were more closely related to each other than to that from Chinese, three T. canis isolates clustered together and formed paraphyletic relationships with T. cati and T. malayensis, supporting them as sister species among the family Toxocaridae. These cumulative mitochondrial DNA data should contribute to a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationship of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing many fields including taxonomy, ecology, pathology and epidemiology, and with participants from extremely disparate scientific fields. In addition, the organisms studied are highly dissimilar, ranging from platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans to insects, arachnids, crustaceans and protists. This review of the parasites of wildlife in Australia highlights the advances made to date, focussing on the work, interests and major findings of researchers over the years and identifies current significant gaps that exist in our understanding. The review is divided into three sections covering protist, helminth and arthropod parasites. The challenge to document the diversity of parasites in Australia continues at a traditional level but the advent of molecular methods has heightened the significance of this issue. Modern methods are providing an avenue for major advances in documenting and restructuring the phylogeny of protistan parasites in particular, while facilitating the recognition of species complexes in helminth taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. The life cycles, ecology and general biology of most parasites of wildlife in Australia are extremely poorly understood. While the phylogenetic origins of the Australian vertebrate fauna are complex, so too are the likely origins of their parasites, which do not necessarily mirror those of their hosts. This aspect of parasite evolution is a continuing area for research in the case of helminths, but remains to be addressed for many other parasitic groups. Wildlife parasitology is a highly diverse area of research encompassing disparate scientific disciplines and practitioners investigating highly dissimilar organisms. This review highlights advances made to date and identifies current significant gaps which exist in our understanding. Modern molecular methods are providing major advances in documenting and re-structuring the phylogeny of parasitic groups and facilitating recognition of species complexes in taxa previously defined by traditional morphological methods. Photo courtesy of Ian Beveridge, Australian Society for Parasitology and Lee Skerratt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Australian and New Zealand D. siricidicola populations have unexpectedly high genetic diversity. • A novel lineage of D. siricidicola is dominant in Australia. • New Zealand and North American nematode populations share a common origin. • Genetic patterns may reflect original introductions and selection over biocontrol releases. • Newly found D. siricidicola diversity may improve biological control programs globally. The nematode Deladenus siricidicola is used for the biocontrol of the invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, that infests Pinus globally. In New Zealand, D. siricidicola was accidentally introduced along with S. noctilio , after which its potential for biological control was realized in the 1960s. Additional strains of the nematode were collected from across its Eurasian distribution for the development of a biological control program in Australia in the 1970s. A strain from Hungary (Sopron) was originally selected for large-scale releases and later replaced by a strain that was collected from previously released populations in Tasmania (Kamona). The Kamona strain is still used today in biological control programs in Australia, South Africa and South America. Despite the long history of biocontrol, the nematode's genetic diversity has not been studied in Australia and New Zealand. We assessed the population genetic diversity and structure of D. siricidicola in these countries using mitochondrial COI sequence data and 12 microsatellite markers. We also compared our data to that of a recent global diversity study. The results show a higher than expected diversity of the nematode in these Australasian countries, especially Australia. Three lineages previously defined from North America (A), Southern Hemisphere (B) and Spain (C) were identified in Australia (A, B, C) and New Zealand (A, B). A previously undescribed lineage (D), was identified in both Australia and New Zealand. Despite the evidence of admixture with other lineages, including the widely distributed biocontrol lineage (B; Kamona), lineage D remained distinguishable and dominant in these populations, even where Kamona has been released intensively for decades. Surprisingly, the results also revealed a shared history between populations in New Zealand and North America. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and monitoring genetic diversity in biological control programs and hold opportunities to improve both the selection and deployment of this nematode for the management of diverse populations of S. noctilio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Biological control of Sirex noctilio in North America with Deladenus is explored. • The woodwasp's symbiotic fungus can impact nematode parasitism. • Amylostereum fungus species and strain affected nematode reproduction. • Mycophagous Deladenus juveniles never avoided non-host fungi. • Deladenus proximus could produce some eggs on non-host fungi. Dimorphic nematodes in the genus Deladenus have been used or are being considered for use in biological control of the invasive Eurasian woodwasp, Sirex noctilio , which threatens pine (Pinus spp.) trees. Deladenus species that are parasitic on Sirex can kill woodwasp eggs and occupy these same eggs for their own dispersal. These nematodes also have mycophagous phases that feed on the white rot fungal symbionts of Sirex , Amylostereum species. The mycophagous stage of the Hungarian strain of Deladenus siricidicola developed for control of S. noctilio in Australia feeds exclusively on A. areolatum. The mycophagous stage of a North American Deladenus species being evaluated for biological control, D. proximus , feeds on either A. chailletii, or A. areolatum. Amylostereum species and strains associated with Sirex have differential impacts on survival and growth of these nematodes. We investigated whether differences in species and strains of Amylostereum influence the numbers of Deladenus juveniles adjacent to cultures, as this would impact potential parasitism of Sirex. Fungal species or strain did not influence persistence of juveniles in the fungal vicinity although retention could be influenced by the fungal strain consumed by parents. Investigating D. proximus , we tested whether the most common invasive strain of A. areolatum associated with S. noctilio in North America (IGS D) impacted nematode growth, compared with the common native Amylostereum chailletii. Deladenus proximus increased very slowly when feeding on A. areolatum IGS D, compared with A. chailletii ; when provided A. areolatum IGS D, 55 eggs were produced after 4 weeks compared with 8.1 × 104 eggs after 2 weeks when A. chailletii was provided. In summary, behavior of Deladenus juveniles resulted in no or low avoidance of Amylostereum species and strains, regardless of poor growth when mycophagous forms fed on fungi on which growth was poor.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 12-year-old non-Indigenous girl from Central Australia with a linear, pruritic maculopapular rash that extended from the left lateral malleolus to the posterior aspect of her calf and her posteromedial thigh. Strongyloides stercoralis serology was done via an immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. She was treated with weekly oral ivermectin until her symptoms resolved. Household contacts and pet dogs were treated with oral ivermectin.

We report a case of myositis in a male patient in Australia who had progressive weakness and wasting in his left lower limb. Although clinical, pathologic, and laboratory assessments were inconclusive, a new, nested PCR-coupled sequencing method enabled the unequivocal diagnosis of myositis caused by the enigmatic nematode Haycocknema perplexum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In eastern Australia, small ephemeral soft-sediment pools are common on sheltered sand- and mudflats, and are occupied by the juveniles of fishes of economic and ecological importance. To address the question of whether these pools are merely refugia or whether they constitute a hitherto unrecognised nursery feeding habitat for small obligate meiobenthivorous fishes, we surveyed the meiofaunal communities of ephemeral soft-sediment pools within three intertidal shores of Moreton Bay, Australia. Highest mean meiofaunal abundances occurred at Godwin Beach and differed significantly throughout the year. Nematodes and copepods were the most abundant taxa while all other taxa contributed to <10% of the total meiofaunal abundance. Pool characteristics (i.e. volume and surface area) did not correlate with the abundance of benthic faunal assemblages. Overall, ephemeral soft-sediment pools of Moreton Bay support meiofaunal communities that are likely to provide prey resources for juvenile and small fish that use them as nurseries at low tide. To assess the viability of soft-sediment tidepools as nurseries, we assessed the abundance of benthic meiofauna food sources found in the sediment. Nematodes and copepods were the most abundant prey and the pools supported persistent meiofaunal communities that are likely to provide prey resources for juvenile and small fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gastrointestinal parasites are a major problem for sheep graziers and anthelmintic resistance has been reported worldwide. Given that in experimental circumstances, sheep helminths are able to develop in rabbits and hares, and that hares are very mobile and sympatric with sheep in many regions of Australia, free-living lagomorphs were investigated regarding carriage of ovine nematode parasites under field conditions. We performed specific worm counts in the gastrointestinal tracts of 88 rabbits and 110 hares. We revealed that ruminant worms are common in hares (prevalence 79%) and that they are occasionally found in rabbits (9%). Statistical analyses showed that the ruminant worm Trichostrongylus colubriformis occurred frequently in hares whilst rabbits were commonly infected with lagomorph-specific Trichostrongylus retortaeformis. Detection of the ovine worm Trichostrongylus rugatus is reported for the first time in wild lagomorphs. The potential for cross-transmission between hares and sheep in the natural environment is much more prevalent than previously believed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Parasitic nematodes can cause substantial clinical and subclinical problems in alpacas and anthelmintics are regularly used to control parasitic nematodes in alpacas. Although anthelmintic resistance has been reported in ruminants worldwide, very little is known about anthelmintic resistance in alpacas. The present study was carried out to confirm a suspected case of anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus in alpacas in Australia. Methods: Post mortem examination of an alpaca was conducted to determine the cause of its death. To confirm a suspected case of macrocyclic lactone (ML) resistance in H. contortus in alpacas, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was performed using closantel (7.5 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg). Nematode species were identified by morphological and molecular methods. Results: Post mortem examination of a 1-year-old female alpaca that had died following a brief period of lethargy, anorexia and recumbency revealed severe anaemia, hypoproteinaemia and gastric parasitism by adult Haemonchus contortus, despite recent abamectin (0.2 mg/kg) treatment. Based on these findings and the exclusive use of MLs in the herd over the preceding six years, ML resistance in parasitic nematodes of alpacas on this farm was suspected. FECRT revealed that the efficacy of closantel was 99% (95% CI 93-100), whereas that of ivermectin was 35% (95% CI 0-78), indicating that the treatment failure was likely due to the presence of ML-resistant nematodes. Larval culture of faecal samples collected following ivermectin treatment consisted of 99% H. contortus and 1% Cooperia oncophora, a result confirmed using a PCR assay. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence of ML resistance in H. contortus in alpacas in Australia. Based on the extent of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes in Australia, veterinarians and alpaca owners should be encouraged to implement integrated parasite management strategies to improve nematode control in alpacas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nematodes belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium (family Raphidascarididae) infect various species of marine fish in both the larval and adult stages. Humans can be accidentally infected upon eating infected seafood. In spite of their importance, relatively little is known of their occurrence and systematics in Australia. An examination of various species of marine teleosts in Australian waters revealed a high prevalence of Hysterothylacium larval types. In the present study, seven previously undescribed Hysterothylacium larval morphotypes (V to VII and IX to XII) were discovered. In total we found 10 different morphotypes and we genetically characterised nine morphotypes identified. A morphological dichotomous identification key has been established to differentiate these morphotypes. Since some larvae of Hysterothylacium from marine fishes cannot be differentiated morphologically from other nematode larvae, such as Paraheterotyphlum, Heterotyphlum, Iheringascaris and Lapetascaris, the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of these larvae were characterised to confirm their taxonomic status. This genetic characterisation implied that some distinct morphotypes belong to different developmental stages of the same species. In addition, it revealed that some morphotypes can comprise distinct genotypes. No match was found between ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences obtained from larvae in the present study and those from adults available in the GenBank, highlighting the lack of knowledge on occurrence of adult nematodes infecting Australian fish. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article aims to study whether the geographical separation of the three species of Saltuarius: cornutus, swaini, and moritzi, are manifested in their nematode fauna. It offers information on the materials and methods used in which nematodes from 28 leaf-tailed geckos were collected and examined. Tables showing the prevalence and intensity of nematodes recovered from Saltuarius species, and measurements of Skrjabinodon barrinae, swainii, and oedurae are presented.

A new species of nematode, Heth baudini sp. n. from a diplopod (Spirostreptida: Iulomorphidae Verhoeff, 1924) collected in Queensland, Australia, is described and illustrated. The cephalic and cervical cuticular ornamentation of females of H. baudini sp. n. is similar to those of South-East Asian and Australasian Heth species. Heth baudini sp. n. females are particularly close to Heth taynguyeni from Vietnam but can be distinguished by the shape of the lateral lappets, which in H. taynguyeni limit the trapezium-shaped region of smooth cuticle unlike the elliptical region in H. baudini sp. n., and by the presence of lateral spines only half the size. The cuticle of the H. baudini sp. n. is finely annulated along the entire body, whereas H. taynguyeni has broader rings behind the first pair of lateral spines, each consisting of five or six narrower rings separated from each other by deeper furrows. Males of H. baudini sp. n. are characterised by the presence of a bursa-like fold on the tail and can be distinguished from other species of the genus by the presence of somatic papillae embedded into the bursal fold. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Travassosinema dalei sp. n. (Thelastomatidae, Oxyuromorpha, Rhabditida), a new species of pinworms, is described from the posterior gut of a scarabaeid larva collected at Mount Glorious, Queensland, Australia. Numerous males of T. dalei sp. n. were discovered together with females bearing cephalic umbraculum, a set of six cephalic wings, which is characteristic for the genus Travassosinema Rao, 1958. The conspecificity of males with females was proven by sequencing of the LSU rDNA D2D3 segment and observed mating of males and females. Description is illustrated by drawings and SEM images. Relationships between three genera of umbraculum-bearing nematodes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Harry Wallace was born in Lancashire, England on 12 September 1924 and died at Murray Bridge, South Australia on 26 July 2011. He had a distinguished career, as a scientist at the University of Cambridge, Rothamsted Experimental Station and CSIRO's Division of Horticulture, and as Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Adelaide. He was internationally recognised for his pioneering work on the movement of nematodes and for his work on the interactions between nematodes, the environment and the plant. He made a major contribution to Australian agriculture by providing a blueprint for research needed to understand cereal cyst nematode, which was a major pest that significantly reduced yield. The blueprint led to efficient methods of disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to manipulate species abundances can have unforeseen consequences. Our studies suggest that community-group efforts to cull cane toads ( Rhinella marina) invading Australia may interfere with the toad's local enemies. Abundance of the toad parasite Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala and the ant Iridomyrmex reburrus (a toad predator) may decrease when community groups spray antiseptic (Dettol) at pond edges to kill toads. Our trials show that Dettol kills parasitic larvae and repels predatory ants; thus, community-group control efforts may reduce natural toad regulation. Conversely, volunteer 'toad-busters' traversing isolated localities to collect toads may spread parasitic larvae via muddy footwear. Our trials show that larvae can remain alive in muddy boot-treads for at least a week, and our field data reveal changed parasite dynamics in areas where community groups are most active. Thus, the impacts of culling activities on this invasive species may be exacerbated or undermined by inadvertent interference with host-parasite and predator-prey interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a report on intestinal helminths discovered in nine species of endemic Australian lizards. Some of the examined species include Ctenotus grandis, Ctenotus helenae, Cyclodomorphus branchialis, and Egernia depressa. In this study, two species of Cestoda and nine species of Nematoda were discovered from the lizards. Specific information about the helminths are presented.

Abstract: The study of the anthelmintic properties of plants rich in plant secondary metabolites can provide ecologically sound methods for the treatment of parasites on grazing animals. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of five tropical native Australian plant species rich in plant secondary metabolites on adult Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in experimentally infected goats. Thirty young, nematode-free goats were infected with 2500 H. contortus and 5000 T. colubriformis infective larvae thrice weekly for a week (day 1–7 of the experiment). On day 27 after first infection, the goats were allocated into six groups of five animals per group. From day 28 to day 35, fresh leaves from Acacia salicina, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus corymbia, Casuarina cunninghamiana and Eucalyptus drepanophylla were included in the goats diet. Five groups were offered leaves from one of these plant species and one group, the untreated control, received only the basal diet formulated with 20% Medicago sativa and 80% Avena sativa. Following plant material administration, the goats were monitored daily until day 40 and then slaughtered on day 41. Total faecal worm egg output, total production of larvae recovered from faecal cultures, total post-mortem worm burdens and the per capita fecundity of female worms were estimated. The toxicity of the plant species for the goats was measured by histopathological analyses of liver and kidney samples. Results showed that goats feeding on the plant material rich in plant secondary metabolites had significantly lower egg output compared to the control goats (P <0.05). A similar response was found for larval production in both H. contortus and T. colubriformis supporting that egg output was affected in both species. Although the total worm burdens were not affected by the plant material (P >0.05), the per capita fecundity was significantly reduced by E. corymbia, A. nilotica and A. salicina (P <0.05). No signs of toxicity were detected in the liver or kidney samples. It is concluded that goats can benefit from the short-term ingestion of plant secondary metabolites, which reduce the total faecal egg output and thus decrease the potential for re-infection from the pasture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]