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Following the gradual post-COVID-19 return of international student flows, it is important to examine how higher education institutions and international students are reacting to their new environment and how they relate to each other. Central to this relationship is the concept of "belonging"; what it means for international students, as newcomers and temporary residents in their host environment, to feel as if they belong. To address this question, and as a springboard from which further research into the topic can be undertaken, we examined the question of "belonging" within contemporary academic literature. We examined a broad range of literature to determine the key findings, as well as gaps in the implications for theory and practice. Our findings indicate that "belonging" is seldom clearly defined in the scholarly research. We also found that a proactive approach to student integration was the most common thread across the studies examined.

The objective of the research is to explore the aim, application and strategy perceived as important in the development of an outbound open innovation policy for exploitation of intellectual creation, design and creativity in Malaysian public universities (MPUs). Under existing intellectual property, innovation and commercialization policies, a large portion of intellectual design, creation and creativity in MPUs remain unexploited. Hence, the need to develop a new set of aim, application and strategy to promote the exploitation of intellectual design, creation and creativity in MPUs. The research conducts a survey involving respondents representing the Technology Licensing Office of 15 MPUs. The research also analysed outbound open innovation policies from five universities in Australia, UK, US and South Africa. These policies provide the basis in the development of the survey instrument of the research. The survey instrument contains nine items outlining the aim, application and strategy for exploitation of an outbound open innovation policy. The survey findings indicate that eight of the items are perceived as important for the development of the policy. The findings of the survey provide a beneficial input for the development of an outbound open innovation policy for exploitation of intellectual design, creation and creativity in MPU.

This paper responds to calls for renewal in Islamic schooling and education. In doing so, it provides insight into educators' views on Islamic Studies (IS) in five Australian Islamic schools, with a focus on senior years (years 10, 11 and 12). The study offers a 'dialogic alternative' of 'speaking with' rather than 'speaking for' educators in Islamic educational research, planning, and renewal within K-12 Australian Islamic schools. It privileges educators' voice and enables an insight into their experience with one of the most important and distinct features of Islamic schools -- IS. Using phenomenology as a methodological framework, educators' voice was elicited through focus groups where eighteen educators provided information describing their experience with IS. The study identified "strengths" and "challenges" of IS. Strengths includes parents' desire for IS, educators' personal connection with learner, knowledge of subject-matter, autonomy in teaching IS and unity among IS educators. The challenges outweigh the strengths and include insufficient time for IS, lack of resources, absence of a clear vision leading to a tokenistic and fragmented approach to the teaching of IS, low-level respect and recognition of IS educators and more.

Background: Sleep is a fundamental prerequisite for physical and mental health. Poor quality of sleep is common among post‐cardiac surgery patients and leads to serious health conditions. Objective: To conduct a systematic review that investigates the effectiveness of eye masks, earplugs and deep‐breathing exercise on sleep quality among post‐cardiac surgery patients. Design: A systematic review of interventional studies was established to meet the PRISMA guidelines. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were used to assess the findings of 11 selected studies that met the inclusion criteria, published between 2007 and 2023 across four databases: CINAHL, JDNR, MEDLINE and PubMed. The search was conducted on 23 November 2023. Results: The 11 most eligible studies were analysed. All of them were interventional, encompassing a total of 787 participants. Randomised controlled trials were the most common design. Interventions included eye masks, earplugs and deep‐breathing exercises. The Richards‐Campbell Sleep Questionnaire was the most used assessment scale. Most of the reviewed studies found that the use of non‐pharmacological interventions (eye masks, earplugs and deep‐breathing exercise) significantly improves the quality of sleep. These interventions were also found to have potentially positive effects on reducing pain and delirium experienced by patients after undergoing cardiac surgery. Conclusions: Non‐pharmacological interventions (eye masks, earplugs and deep‐breathing exercise) were found to be cost‐effective interventions that could be easily applied in the clinical setting and are effective in improving the quality of sleep among patients after cardiac surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graduate employability has become an issue since there are broad mismatches between the acquired graduate skills from university and the required skills by employers. While previous researches have outlined the salient skills that need to be embedded in graduate education, to date no studies have attempted to methodically identify and synthesize the literature on graduate attributes. In this paper a total of 39 relevant studies on graduate skills and attributes in the subject areas of business and management, accounting, and computer science were extracted from Scopus® (database). This revealed a total of 53 graduate attributes, with some being highly used, such as communication, teamwork, problem solving, technological skills, creativity, interpersonal skills, leadership skills, self-management and flexibility/adaptability. The majority of studies used a quantitative survey method to collect and rank graduate attributes, and Australia emerged as the most active country in researching the domain.

Marine and coastal biodiversity is crucial to the planet's functioning and offers ecosystem services that guarantee the health, wealth, and well-being of the entire humanity. This is why, evaluating the current body of research on coral reefs is essential for understanding the unprecedented growth of this field, which covers many topics including climate change, biotic interactions, bioresources, future bioprospecting, and biodiversity in general. Such an evaluation requires both descriptive summaries and co-citation analyses to understand the expansive nature of this particular research and identify research gaps. Given the importance of the topic and the fact that it is insufficiently addressed, this study fills in a gap regarding coral reefs studies. We analyzed coral reef research published in the Web of Science Core Collection database between 1970 and 2021, using the CiteSpace software. This gave a total of 20,362 records, focusing on variables including the list of contributors (author, affiliation, and country), total publications over time, dual map overlay, co-citation analysis (co-cited author and documents), cluster networks, and popular keywords and their burstness. We found that coral reef publications increased over time, with coastal countries (the USA, Australia, and Japan) being among the highest contributors. Researchers from Australia, New Zealand, and the USA are the top producers of coral reef research worldwide. Unsurprisingly, the journal Coral Reefs was the most productive journal. Interestingly, we found that keywords such as "great barrier reef," "climate change," and "predation" were among the top cited and most influential in coral reef science. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify trends in coral reef research using scientometric analyses based on the CiteSpace software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on a study that investigated the collaborative interaction patterns exhibited by five-year-old preprimary children in a multimedia educational computer environment in Perth, Australia. Discusses software appropriateness; preexisting computer competency and computer attitudes; friendship between collaborators; social goals; learning environment structure; understanding turn-taking; and nonisolated physical settings. (Author/LRW)

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a causative agent of melioidosis that can infect humans and animals in endemic countries, specifically in Southeast Asia and tropical Australia. A fundamental component for the pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei is the capability of the bacterium to enter, survive, replicate, and cause disease in a host cell by inducing the host cell fusion. Cell fusion results in multinucleated-giant cell formation, thus enabling the dissemination of Burkholderia pseudomallei intracellularly. cGAS reacts to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection by activating the cGAS-STING pathway and subsequently limiting host's aberrant cell division and cellular replication by inducing autophagic cell death. In this review, we discuss the host-pathogen interactions between the type VI secretion system 5 (T6SS-5) of Burkholderia pseudomallei and human cGAS pathway in melioidosis infections. Since T6SS- 5 is a main virulent factor in Burkholderia pseudomallei and the cGAS pathway is vital for host immune response, elucidating their functions is important for better understanding the pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing evidence that the COVID‐19 pandemic has had substantial mental health impacts for adolescents. Yet, few definitive studies have investigated which adolescents were at higher risk of poor mental health and well‐being during the pandemic. Data were drawn from the Childhood to Adolescence Transition Study, a prospective cohort study of students in Australia (N = 1211). Prevalence of mental health outcomes (depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, self‐harm and good subjective well‐being) was estimated in school Years 5–12, where Years 11 (2020) and 12 (2021) coincided with the pandemic. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted relative risk of each mental health outcome for each priority group during the pandemic were estimated. During the pandemic, over 50% of study participants reported depressive symptoms, and one quarter reported anxiety symptoms. There was a decrease in good subjective well‐being compared with pre‐pandemic years, while self‐harm prevalence remained similar. History of mental health problems, school disengagement and frequent peer victimisation increased the risk of experiencing mental health problems during the pandemic. Schools play a central role in maintaining the mental health and good subjective well‐being of students, and this is particularly important during periods of social disruption, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the motivation and engagement of adolescent non-Arab Muslim learners of Arabic (a-MLA) enrolled at Australian Islamic Schools (AIS). To this end, the 'L2 Motivational Self System' was used as a theoretical lens. This research gives 'voice' to learners and is dialogic, 'speaking with' rather than 'speaking for' learners in Islamic schools. It also responds to calls for the 'renewal' of Islamic Schools in the Western context, including in Australia, through a focus on Arabic learning. A basic interpretive qualitative approach was used, and data were collected from 40 participants using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were supplemented by classroom observations. In keeping with the emphasis placed on learners' voices, the data presented focus on the students' own words and perspectives. The findings suggest the presence of predominantly religious orientations to learning Arabic, but that a subset of other orientations also exists. The findings also indicate that several contextual factors can lead to disengagement and that the L2 Motivational Self System might not fully explain the situation of these learners. Nonetheless, these findings can inform the practice of teachers engaged with a-MLA and provide grounds for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of sunscreens is recommended to limit the impact of sun exposure on the skin. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between sunscreen sales and melanoma in 4 different countries with diverse sunscreen regulations. Data from publicly available databases were examined for Sweden, England, Australia, and the USA from 1999 to 2018. The association between incidence of melanoma and sunscreen sales was estimated using a generalized estimating equation, and modelling was used to predict melanoma cases. Incidence of melanoma was positively associated with sunscreen sales in England, Australia, and the USA, and negatively associated with sunscreen sales in Sweden. Growth rates in melanoma cases of 0.42%, 16.7%, 19.1% and 12.2% were predicted for Sweden, England, Australia, and the USA, respectively. The differences observed between England, Australia, and the USA, on the one hand, and Sweden, on the other hand, are consistent with the adoption of strong regulations requiring the use of ultraviolet A blocking agents in sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on various sectors of the Australian stock market. Market capitalization and equally weighted indices were formed for eleven Australian sectors to examine the influence of the pandemic on them. First, we examined the financial contagion between the Chinese stock market and Australian sector indices through the dynamic conditional correlation fractionally integrated generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (DCC-FIGARCH) model. We found high time-varying correlations between the Chinese stock market and most of the Australian sector indices, with the financial, health care, information technology, and utility sectors displaying a decrease in co-movements during the pandemic. The Modified Iterative Cumulative Sum of Squares (MICSS) analysis results indicated the presence of structural breaks in the volatilities of most of the sector indices around the end of February 2020, but consumer staples, industry, information technology and real estate indices did not display any break. Markov regime-switching regression analysis depicted that the pandemic has mainly affected three sectors: consumer staples, industry, and real estate. When we considered the firm size, we found that smaller companies in the energy sector exhibited gradual deterioration, whereas small firms in the consumer staples sector experienced the largest positive impact from the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) outlines the right to self-determination for indigenous peoples. To what extent this right to self-determination is practised in Malaysia and Australia is the focus of this study. Therefore, this article examines to what degree indigenous peoples' rights to self-determination are encompassed in the formulation and development of indigenous education policy that has been recognised and supported. In-depth interviews were conducted with 24 respondents consisting of policy makers, educators, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) personnel in Malaysia and Australia, including indigenous scholars. The findings show that Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were more actively involved in charting their educational policies than indigenous peoples in Malaysia. Among Malaysia's Orang Asli, there was limited negotiation as a facilitating component of self-determination and there was also limited recognition of indigenous rights in determining education policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sepsis following transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided prostate biopsy is a major complication. With the emergence of multidrug‐resistant organisms, empirical use of carbapenem antibiotics has been increasing. This study, conducted in the Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), Australia, quantifies how much we can spare carbapenem use. Methods: A retrospective audit of patients who underwent TRUS prostate biopsy and were admitted post‐operatively with proven bacteraemia between January 2007 and April 2016. Results: Of 2719 TRUS procedures, 50 (1.84%) cases had bacteraemia. The most common isolate was Escherichia coli in 44 of 50 (88%) of which six of 50 (12%) were extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing. Sixteen different empirical antimicrobial regimens were used, to which 42 of 50 (84%) of isolates were susceptible. Eight (16%) isolates were resistant to the chosen empiric combination, with five switched over to appropriate treatment once antimicrobial sensitivity results became available. Empirical carbapenem was utilized in 12 of 50 (24%) patients with only two of the ESBL isolates covered. A further 10 of 50 patients received carbapenems during their admission. Carbapenems could have been avoided in 18 of 22 (82%). A total of 86% of organisms (n = 43) were susceptible to the combination of amoxicillin–clavulanate and gentamicin. Conclusion: Although the rates of bacteraemia with ESBL‐producing organisms post‐TRUS biopsy are increasing, use of carbapenem‐free combination antimicrobials as empirical therapy appears to be safe and effective in our setting. Clinicians can utilize local resistance patterns to inform targeted and appropriate therapy for septic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chlamydiae are globally widespread obligate intracellular bacteria, which several species are a well‐recognized threat to human and animal health. In Australia, the most successful chlamydial species are the infamous koala pathogen C. pecorum, and C. psittaci, an emerging pathogen associated with zoonotic events. Little is known about infections caused by other chlamydial organisms in Australian livestock or wildlife. Considering that these hosts can be encountered by humans at the animal/human interface, in this study, we investigated genetic diversity of chlamydial organisms infecting Australian domesticated and wild ungulates. A total of 185 samples from 129 domesticated (cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs) and 29 wild (deer) ungulate hosts were screened with C. pecorum and C. psittaci species‐specific assays, followed by a screen with pan‐Chlamydiales assay. Overall, chlamydial DNA was detected in 120/185 (65%) samples, including all ungulate hosts. Species‐specific assays further revealed that C. pecorum and C. psittaci DNA were detected in 27% (50/185) and 6% (11/185) of the samples, respectively, however from domesticated hosts only. A total of 46 "signature" 16S rRNA sequences were successfully resolved by sequencing and were used for phylogenetic analyses. Sequence analyses revealed that genetically diverse novel as well as traditional chlamydial organisms infect an expanded range of ungulate hosts in Australia. Detection of the C. psittaci and C. pecorum in livestock, and novel taxa infecting horses and deer raises questions about the genetic make‐up and pathogenic potential of these organisms, but also concerns about risks of spill‐over between livestock, humans, and native wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweed has garnered increasing interest due to its capacity to mitigate climate change by curbing carbon emissions from agriculture, as well as its potential to serve as a supplement or alternative for dietary, livestock feed, or fuel source production. Moreover, seaweed is regarded as one of the earliest plant forms to have evolved on Earth. Owing to the extensive body of literature available and the uncertainty surrounding the future trajectory of seaweed research under evolving climate conditions, this review scrutinizes the structure, dynamics, and progression of the literature pertaining to seaweed and climate change. This analysis is grounded in the Web of Science Core Collection database, augmented by CiteSpace software. Furthermore, we discuss the productivity and influence of individual researchers, research organizations, countries, and scientific journals. To date, there have been 8047 articles published globally (after a series of filters and exclusions), with a notable upswing in publication frequency since 2018. The USA, China, and Australia are among the leading countries contributing to this research area. Our findings reveal that current research on seaweed and climate change encompasses 13 distinct research clusters, including "marine heatwave", "temperate estuary", "ocean acidification", and "macroalgal bloom". The most frequently cited keywords are "climate change", "biomass", "community", and "photosynthesis". The seaweed species most commonly referenced in relation to climate change include Gracilaria sp., Sargassum sp., Ecklonia maxima , and Macrocystis pyrifera. These results provide valuable guidance for shaping the direction of specialized topics concerning marine biodiversity under shifting climate conditions. We propose that seaweed production may be compromised during prolonged episodes of reduced water availability, emphasizing the need to formulate strategies to guarantee its continued viability. This article offers fresh perspectives on the analysis of seaweed research in the context of impending climate change. • Linking a global trends of seaweed and climate change literature. • Five countries with 60% of publications, USA, Australia, China, France, Spain. • Collaboration networks actively occurred in the last five years. • Keywords analysis revealed "Growth", "macroalgae" and climate change" are previous focus study. • Four keywords - "blue carbon", "tolerance", "yield" and "marine heatwave" are recently receiving strongest attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 30 years 'Islamic' or Muslim schools have sprung up in Europe, North America and Australia. Reasons for the establishment of these schools generally pertain to Islamic faith and quality of education. Parents desire their children to be positive participants in, and contributors to, society while at the same time maintaining their faith. However, a number of researchers question the effectiveness of Islamic schools in achieving these goals. Driessen and Merry (2006) and Walford (2002) note that matters of Islamic faith are mainly confined to formalities expressed as rules and codes and Qur'an recitation. Moes (2006) and Shamma (1999) express concern that formalisation of religious education leads to negative consequences. Often, these schools devote their energies to the 'what' and 'why' of Islam without the 'how'. Memon (2007) proposes that to achieve the intents and purposes of Islamic education in a western context, teachers need to be guided by the pedagogical principles of the Islamic tradition in a fertile synthesis with the pedagogical principles of contemporary educational thought. Such a pedagogical framework would enable a curriculum to be embedded that is both faithful to Islamic principles and relevant to contemporary society. While there is some limited international research in this area, there is a dearth of research in the Australian context. This paper critically surveys and evaluates the existing research material and proposes a Prophetic Pedagogical Framework that may be used in a fertile synthesis with the Productive Pedagogies framework underpinning the Queensland public education system. It is contended that an Islamic extension of the Productive Pedagogies framework would have considerable value for the on-going quality of teaching in Australian Islamic schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As life expectancy has increased, the age at which people are dying has also increased. There is limited knowledge of the experience of dying of the very old. We sought to examine the last 3 days of life for the very old, dying in a palliative care unit, focusing upon symptom burden and medications prescribed. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of consecutive patients who died in two inpatient palliative care units. Information collated included demographic and medical information, symptom data, and medications (opioids, benzodiazepines and antipsychotics) administered. Analysis comparing patients aged 80 years and older (cases) and those in the median age range of the treating palliative care units, that is, those aged 50 to 70 years (comparators) were conducted. Results: One hundred five cases and 100 comparators were identified. Analysis revealed a significantly shorter length of stay in the cases (13 days) compared to comparators (19 days; p≤0.01).) In the last 3 days, cases received significantly less parenteral morphine equivalents (82.8 versus 170.5 mg, p<0.05), midazolam (12.1 versus 19.1 mg, p<0.05), and lorazepam equivalents (0.9 versus 2.4 mg, p<0.01). Overall, symptom profiles between the groups were similar. Implications: The very old appear to have a distinct experience of palliative inpatient care with shorter admissions, and lower requirements for medication. Reasons for lower medication requirements are discussed, and the need for future prospective studies in this area is highlighted. A better understanding of the needs of this population at end of life will enable adequate service planning and improved care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, issues concerning Islam and Muslims have featured prominently in public and media discourse. Much of this discourse is stereotypical, anecdotal and often unsubstantiated. Indeed, relative to the extent of comment on Islam and Muslims, few factual data exist on what Muslims really think. This article presents the views and opinions of the Queensland Muslim community based on the findings of a survey conducted at the 2009 Muslim Eid Festival in Brisbane. The findings of this research contradict many of the assumptions made about Australia’s Muslims concerning their views and opinions on a range of social and political issues. The research shows that Muslims highly value Australia’s key social and political institutions, including its democracy, judiciary, education and health-care systems. However, Muslims do express a lack of trust in certain institutions, namely the mass media. Also, consistent with the views of people globally, Muslims are deeply concerned about conflicts in the Middle East as well as the environmental crisis. This article suggests the need for a shift in public discourse to more accurately reflect the commonality, rather than incongruity, between Muslim views, opinions and concerns and those of the wider society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides insight into senior secondary learners' views on Islamic Studies (IS) in three large Australian Islamic schools. This study offers a 'dialogic alternative' of 'speaking with' rather than 'speaking for' learners in Islamic educational research, planning, and renewal within K-12 Islamic schools. The study privileges learners' voice and enables an insight to their experience with one of the most important features of Islamic schools—Islamic Studies. Using phenomenology as a methodological framework, learner voice was elicited through focus groups where 75 learners (years 10, 11, and 12) provided information describing their experience with Islamic Studies. Thematic content analysis of the textual data suggests that learners' dissatisfaction far outweighs their satisfaction with Islamic Studies. The findings of this paper can benefit Islamic schools in Australia and other Western contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the increasing power of the ultimate test through pre-testing the uncertain nonsample prior information (NSPI) in Australia. It states that the experiment is carried out using the four types of regression models such as the simple regression model, the multivariate simple regression model, the parallelism model and the multiple linear regression model. The research shows that there is a correlation between the unrestricted test (UT) and pre-test (PT) in all the regression model, but there is no correlation between the restricted test (RT) and PT.

Melastoma is a genus that belongs to the Melastomataceae family and consists of 50-70 species distributed around India, Southeast Asia, Australia and the Pacific Island. Numerous species of this plant show potential therapeutic purposes. This review summarizes the scientific findings on the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Melastoma sp. The leaves of Melastoma sp. was widely used by Asian as decoction for the remedy of gastrointestinal disorder apart from root, which was consumed as juice for skin diseases, fever and pain. Majority of the scientific studies focused on M. malabathricum showing high antimicrobial activity towards selected gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria from different parts of the plant. In vitro studies showed that Melastoma sp. possessed anti-coagulant, antioxidant, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities. Apart from in vitro, various in vivo studies have been conducted involving methanolic leaf extracts using Sprague Dawley rats for inhibition of anti-ulcer, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-diabetic activities. Flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, saponins and steroids are the main classes of secondary metabolites identified from Melastoma sp. Kaempferol derivatives exhibited significant main constituents from the flowers and leaves using various semi polar solvent extracts. Few phytosterols were also isolated from the leaves extract albeit the absence of alkaloids. This review shows that Melastoma sp. is an important genus of Melastomataceae family, however, the phytochemical and pharmacological findings of various species in this genus are still limited, indicating a great opportunity to explore new therapeutic activities with novel bioactive constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Current practices and available resources for nutrition therapy in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the Asia Pacific-Middle East region are expected to differ from western countries. Existing guidelines for nutrition management in critically ill children may not be directly applicable in this region. This paper outlines consensus statements developed by the Asia Pacific-Middle East Consensus Working Group on Nutrition Therapy in the Paediatric Critical Care Environment. Challenges and recommendations unique to the region are described.Methods and Study Design: Following a systematic literature search from 2004-2014, consensus statements were developed for key areas of nutrient delivery in the PICU. This review focused on evidence applicable to the Asia Pacific-Middle East region. Quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.Results: Enteral nutrition (EN) is the preferred mode of nutritional support. Feeding algorithms that optimize EN should be encouraged and must include: assessment and monitoring of nutritional status, selection of feeding route, time to initiate and advance EN, management strategies for EN intolerance and indications for using parenteral nutrition (PN). Despite heterogeneity in nutritional status of patients, availability of resources and diversity of cultures, PICUs in the region should consider involvement of dieticians and/or nutritional support teams.Conclusions: Robust evidence for several aspects of optimal nutrition therapy in PICUs is lacking. Nutritional assessment must be implemented to document prevalence and impact of malnutrition. Nutritional support must be given greater priority in PICUs, with particular emphasis in optimizing EN delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]