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After claiming asylum, refugee children work to re-build their worlds across three dimensions: safety, belonging, and success. This article examines the pedagogical practices that support this work arguing that a key, but under-examined practice draws on what we have termed pedagogical love. Building on a qualitative Finnish-Australian study, we suggest that as refugee students enter schools in their host countries, pedagogical love can be created through teacher-student interactions in a range of ways despite limited shared language. Later, pedagogical practices that foster a nurturing classroom environment and help students to build a sense of belonging become increasingly important. As students settle in their schools and societies, teachers showing a belief both in the child and their contribution to their new society are crucial. We understand that these actions may be described as teachers' professional duty of care. Yet our findings show that teachers went beyond this duty by opening their minds and hearts to the students' lived conditions, engaging with their histories, and constantly shaping their pedagogy accordingly. These practices, we argue, are forms of pedagogical love.

This paper considers alternative measures of a country's trading gains, i.e., the extra income that it earns (or loses) as the result of changes in the relative prices relevant for international trade, and which makes up the difference between real gross domestic product (GDP) and real gross domestic income (GDI). Looking at both the Laspeyres and the Törnqvist aggregation, we show that the trading gains really consist of two components, a terms‐of‐trade effect and a real‐exchange‐rate effect. Nearly all national statistical agencies, receiving no firm guidance from international organizations in this matter, merely consider the first effect, which suggests that the so‐called trading‐gain estimates they publish are incomplete and misnamed. Even more seriously, it implies that the corresponding measures of real GDI they derive are conceptually flawed. A straightforward way to circumvent these difficulties is to use the gross domestic final expenditure price index as deflator when computing real GDI and the trading gains. Some numerical estimates for Australia are provided as an illustration. The paper also identifies the underlying linear and Translog real GDI functions for which the Laspeyres and Törnqvist terms‐of‐trade and real‐exchange‐rate effects are exact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, CFP is prevalent in tropical Queensland and increasingly in sub-tropical regions of Australia, but has a report rate of approximately 10%. Yet the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species first described from Australia. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, to determine the presence and patchiness of this species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. macroalgal hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a dense bloom (∼1.80 × 10 5 cells mL −1 ) of the marine dinoflagellate species Amphidinium carterae (Genotype 2) in a shallow, small intermittently open coastal lagoon in south eastern Australia. This bloom co-occurred with the deaths of >300 individuals of three different species of fish. The opening of the lagoon to the ocean, as well as localized high nutrient levels, preceded the observations of very high cell numbers. A. carterae is usually benthic and sediment-dwelling, but temporarily became abundant throughout the water column in this shallow (<2 m) sandy habitat. Histopathological results showed that the Anguilla reinhardtii individuals examined had damage to epithelial and gill epithelial cells. An analysis of the bloom water indicated the presence of a compound with a retention time and UV spectra similar to Luteophanol A, a compound known from a strain of Amphidinium . Assays with a fish gill cell line were conducted using a purified compound from cells concentrated from the bloom, and was found to cause a loss of 87% in cell viability in 6 h. The fish deaths were likely due to the low dissolved oxygen levels in the water and/or the presence of Luteophanol A-like compounds released during the bloom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports a study which examines the international and national lacunae in drug advertisements. The researchers seek the opinion of both physicians and patients regarding direct to consumer advertisement (DTCA) and direct to physician advertisement as part of marketing strategies for drug companies. The study recommends more stringent regulations in drug development and suggests that both the physicians and patients should be cautious on drug promotions.

Patterns of trade have changed enormously over the last 30 years, particularly due to the economic emergence of several Asian countries. With the increasing international tendency for bilateral preferential trade agreements, it is important for countries to be aware of trade substitution possibilities. This paper estimates import and export price elasticities for Australia and its major trading partners in Europe and Asia, 1958 to 2002, using a fully flexible version of the Symmetric Normalized Quadratic aggregator function. Imports and exports are disaggregated into six regions, covering 17 countries. Our results illuminate the (changing) substitution and complementarity patterns for Australian foreign trade, highlighting trading opportunities in the face of a changing international environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the contribution of the major factors explaining Australian nominal gross domestic product (GDP) growth. Use of an index number technique and econometric approach; Decomposition of total factor productivity growth into secular and unexpected components; GDP function approach to modeling the production sector of an open economy.

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum points to a common origin of some genotypes from agricultural populations, especially when compared with two wild populations that are sharply distinguished from the agricultural sample and from each other. Five agricultural population samples from canola (Alberta, Canada and Norway), cabbage (North Carolina, USA), sunflower (Manitoba, Canada and Queensland, Australia) and two Norwegian populations from a wild plant, Ranunculus ficaria were compared. Haplotypes were determined by Southern hybridization of purified organelle DNA from S. sclerotiorum and Neurospora crassa to total genomic DNA of S. sclerotiorum. Each isolate had one haplotype. Haplotypes of S. sclerotiorum from R. ficaria were different between the two wild populations and also from all haplotypes observed in the agricultural populations. Among the wild isolates, DNA fingerprint, mtDNA haplotype and location in the sampling transect were all associated. Among the agricultural isolates, four haplotypes were observed in at least two agricultural populations and one haplotype was observed in all agricultural populations. In the Canadian canola sample some clones had one mtDNA haplotype, indicating association with DNA fingerprint, some clones had more than one haplotype, and some groups of clones shared haplotypes. Some of the haplotype diversity may be due to the presence of extra-chromosomal elements associated with the mitochondria of S. sclerotiotum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to reconcile neoclassical theory with Australian investment data. We argue that, by focusing almost exclusively on the demand for capital services, neoclassical investment theory neglects two related decisions: the decision to own the existing capital stock, and the decision to produce new capital goods. We propose a simple model of investment behaviour that integrates production decisions with portfolio decisions. Careful consideration is given to the determination of the price of capital, the rental price of capital, and the return on capital The model is estimated by FIML, and a number of simulation results are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of prices and factor endowments in the determination of Australian imports. We consider two factors, labour and capital. The supply of capital is assumed fixed; labour is assumed fixed in the short run, and variable in the medium run. Direct as well as indirect estimates of short-run and medium-run import price and quantity elasticities are derived. Allowance is made for technological change, and various separability hypotheses are tested. As predicted by the Le Chatelier Principle, the own price elasticity of imports is larger in the medium run than in the short run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Billing and insurance--related costs are a significant source of wasteful health care spending in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development nations, but these administrative burdens vary across national systems. We executed a microlevel accounting of these costs in different national settings at six provider locations in five nations (Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, and Singapore) that supplements our prior study measuring the costs in the US. We found that billing and insurance--related costs for inpatient bills range from a low of $6 in Canada to a high of $215 in the US for an inpatient surgical bill (purchasing power parity adjusted). We created a taxonomy of billing and insurance--related activities (eligibility, coding, submission, and rework) that was applied to data from the six sites and allows cross-national comparisons. Higher costs in the US and Australia are attributed to high coding costs. Much of the savings achieved in some nations is attributable to assigning tasks to people in lower-skill job categories, although most of the savings are due to more efficient billing and insurance--related processes. Some nations also reduce these costs by offering financial counseling to patients before treatment. Our microlevel approach can identify specific cost drivers and reveal national billing features that reduce coding costs. It illustrates a valuable pathway for future research in understanding and mitigating administrative costs in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the lives and circumstances of refugee and asylum seeking children and families in several countries, Australia, Ireland, Norway and Great Britain. The predominant focus is on unaccompanied or separated children who come to these countries without an adult to look after them. But equally importantly, many children are accompanied by adult family members who seek asylum, and sometimes achieve their goal of full refugee status. It shares a humanism which assumes that an urgent welfare task is to bring justice to the lives of those who have had to flee their countries of origin, and that justice has ethical dimensions, not just legal ones. Particularly in a climate of distrust of people seeking asylum, where the "something must be done" brigade charges towards battening down the hatches, it must be done to protect and care for asylum seekers and refugees.

Microbes are sensitive indicators of estuarine processes because they respond rapidly to dynamic disturbance events. As most of the world's population lives in urban areas and climate change-related disturbance events are becoming more frequent, estuaries bounded by cities are experiencing increasing stressors, at the same time that their ecosystem services are required more than ever. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach, we determined the response of planktonic microbial assemblages in response to seasonality and a rainfall disturbance in an urban estuary bounded by Australia's largest city, Sydney. We used molecular barcoding (16S, 18S V4 rRNA) and microscopy-based identification to compare microbial assemblages at locations with differing characteristics and urbanisation histories. Across 142 samples, we identified 8,496 unique free-living bacterial zOTUs, 8,175 unique particle associated bacterial zOTUs, and 1,920 unique microbial eukaryotic zOTUs. Using microscopy, we identified only the top <10% abundant, larger eukaryotic taxa (>10 µm), however quantification was possible. The site with the greater history of anthropogenic impact showed a more even community of associated bacteria and eukaryotes, and a significant increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen following rainfall, when compared to the more buffered site. This coincided with a reduced proportional abundance of Actinomarina and Synechococcus spp., a change in SAR 11 clades, and an increase in the eukaryotic microbial groups Dinophyceae, Mediophyceae and Bathyoccocaceae, including a temporary dominance of the harmful algal bloom dinoflagellate Prorocentrum cordatum (syn. P. minimum). Finally, a validated hydrodynamic model of the estuary supported these results, showing that the more highly urbanised and upstream location consistently experienced a higher magnitude of salinity reduction in response to rainfall events during the study period. The best abiotic variables to explain community dissimilarities between locations were TDP, PN, modelled temperature and salinity (r = 0.73) for the free living bacteria, TP for the associated bacteria (r = 0.43), and modelled temperature (r = 0.28) for the microbial eukaryotic communities. Overall, these results show that a minor disturbance such as a brief rainfall event can significantly shift the microbial assemblage of an anthropogenically impacted area within an urban estuary to a greater degree than a seasonal change, but may result in a lesser response to the same disturbance at a buffered, more oceanic influenced location. Fine scale research into the factors driving the response of microbial communities in urban estuaries to climate related disturbances will be necessary to understand and implement changes to maintain future estuarine ecosystem services. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]