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Rail foot flaws have the potential to cause broken rails that can lead to derailment. This is not only an extremely costly issue for a rail operator in terms of damage to rolling stock, but has significant flow-on effects for network downtime and a safe working environment. In Australia, heavy haul operators run up to 42.5 t axle loads with trains in excess of 200 wagons and these long trains produce very large cyclic rail stresses. The early detection of foot flaws before a broken rail occurs is of high importance and there are currently no proven techniques for detecting rail foot flaws on trains at normal running speeds. This paper shall focus on the potential use of thermography as a detection technique and begin investigating the components of heat transfer in the rail to determine the viability of thermography for detecting rail foot flaws. The paper commences with an introduction to the sources of heat generation in the rail and modelling approaches for the effects of bending, natural environmental factors and transverse defects. It concludes with two theoretical case studies on heat generated due to these sources and discusses how they may inform the development of a practical thermography detection methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Four façade integrated solar cooling systems have been investigated. • The systems apply façade integrated either solar electric (PVs) or solar thermal collectors. • The optimum façade orientations and system sizing have been determined. • Their technical and financial performance parameters have been compared. • Solar fraction and unit cooling cost are the performance parameters compared. Solar cooling technologies have been proven to have great potential for energy saving during cooling season. Meanwhile, glass has become one of the primary structural materials used in building construction since the middle of the 20th century. Although common glass adds to the aesthetic appeal of a building, it has serious drawbacks, such as creating heat traps, preventing natural ventilation and causing glare. Highly glazed façades would cause unwanted heat transmission from the ambient, which must be extracted to outside using an air-conditioning system. Internal heat resulting from façade configurations can be responsible for up to 45% of a building's cooling requirements. A façade integrated solar cooling system can simultaneously improve building's energy efficiency, utilise solar energy and still maintain a high level of architectural and aesthetic quality. This investigation presents a consistent approach for optimising and comparing façade integrated solar cooling systems in terms of technical and financial performance. Four systems (a vapour compression cycle (VCC) chiller driven by semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPV) arrays, a single-stage absorption chiller, an adsorption chiller and a vapour compression chiller coupled with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) driven by evacuated tube solar collectors) were assessed and compared with a conventional electric vapour compression chiller. The systems investigated were modelled in TRNSYS and the models were applied to predict performance parameters in various climate zones (seven cities) in Australia. The solar fraction (SF) and unit cooling cost (UCC) were the two parameters applied to quantify the technical and financial aspects of each solar cooling system in seven cities in Australia. It was found that among the systems investigated, the VCC chiller with STPV system has the highest SF (100% except in Darwin) and lowest UCC ($0.21 kWh r −1) for all seven cities in Australia. In general, due to the grid as a virtual storage, ORC-VCC system has higher SF (40% and 50%) and lower UCC (5% and 10%) compared with adsorption and absorption chiller respectively in subtropical and temperate climate zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Temperature observation time and type influenced the assessment of heat impact on mortality, and different health events may have different temperature thresholds beyond which these health events increase substantially. This study aimed to investigate whether temperature observation time and type influenced the assessment of heatwave impact on morbidity, to assess how heatwave duration modified heatwave impact on morbidity, and to examine whether there was a consistent temperature threshold beyond which five different types of health events increased sharply. Methods Minutely air temperature data in Brisbane, Australia, were collected and converted into five daily temperature indicators observed at different time points or calculated using different approaches. Twenty-nine heatwave definitions for each temperature indicator were used to examine the effects of heatwaves on five health events (i.e., ambulance service uses, emergency department attendances (EDAs), hospitalizations, possible EDAs of heat and/or dehydration, and possible hospitalizations of heat and/or dehydration) by quasi-Poisson models. Results Mean temperature was slightly better than maximum temperature in predicting heatwave impact on morbidity (P < 0.05), and no appreciable difference in model performance was observed amongst different mean temperature indicators. Two-day-duration heatwaves were more detrimental than longer-lasting heatwaves when heatwave intensity was not high, and 97th percentile appeared to be a consistent temperature threshold for most heatwave-related health events (P < 0.05). Conclusions It seems desirable in the development of heatwave definition and early warning systems to use mean temperature as an exposure indicator, and to adopt the 97th percentile of temperature as the trigger in Brisbane. Health sectors need to better prepare for short-lasting heatwaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As rail operators look for efficiency improvement, a new trend towards integration of detection technologies on revenue raising rolling stock has emerged, the objective being that a saving can be made by eliminating specialised rolling stock and reducing network scheduling. An area currently attracting research attention in the Australian heavy haul segment is the detection of rail foot flaws from moving vehicles through the use of Infrared Thermography. This paper presents a modelling and simulation methodology for full train simulation using a co-simulation approach for calculating heat transfer in the rail under a number of different vehicle system dynamics cases. The excitation source for the heat transfer focuses only on wheel/rail contact mechanics. The paper will explore the problem from a Modulated Thermography perspective that uses periodic heating and observation of the heating process for flaw detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercomparison studies of models simulating the partitioning of energy over urban land surfaces have shown the heat storage term is often poorly represented. In this study, two implicit discrete schemes representing heat conduction through urban materials are compared. We show that a well-established method of representing conduction systematically underestimates the magnitude of heat storage compared with exact solutions of one-dimensional heat transfer. We propose an alternative method of similar complexity that is better able to match exact solutions at typically employed resolutions. The proposed interface conduction scheme is implemented in an urban land surface model and its impact assessed over a 15-month observation period for a site in Melbourne, Australia, resulting in improved overall model performance for a variety material parameter choices and aerodynamic heat transfer parameterisations. The proposed scheme has the potential to benefit land surface models where computational constraints require a high level of discretisation in time and space, for example at neighbourhood/city scales, and where realistic material properties are preferred, for example in studies investigating impacts of urban planning changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While surface heat flow relates to the heat loss through the lithosphere, it can be difficult to quantify and separate the heat produced internally through radiogenic decay from the heat transferred across the base of the lithosphere by mantle convection. In this study, we apply a thermo-isostatic analysis to Australia and estimate the sub-lithospheric and radiogenic heat flow components by employing a simple 1-D conservation of energy model. We estimate an anomalous radiogenic heat production across much of eastern Australia generally accounting for >50 mW m −2 , while western Australia appears to have high crustal compositionally corrected elevation, possibly related to chemical buoyancy of the mantle lithosphere. A moderately high sub-lithospheric heat flow (∼40 mW m −2 ) along the eastern and southeastern coast, including Tasmania, is coincident with locations of Cenozoic volcanism and supports an edge-driven convection hypothesis. However, the pattern of sub-lithospheric heat flow along the margin does not support the existence of hotspot tracks. Thermo-isostatic models such as these improve our ability to identify and quantify crustal from mantle sources of heat loss and add valuable constraints on tectonic and geodynamic models of the continental lithosphere's physical state and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better understanding is needed of building thermal performance as a mediator between climate and health outcomes. There is concern that current dwelling energy conservation strategies that focus on keeping warm in winter may lead to overheating and heat stress in summer or an increased use of cooling energy. Drawing on public health methodologies to predict heat related health outcomes, this study has standardised three-day averaged mean indoor to outdoor temperatures from 107 homes in Melbourne, Australia, to test the influence of the residential energy efficiency rating on the living room temperatures in summer. At the heat wave threshold of 25 °C, on average, better rated 6-Star homes were 0.89 °C warmer than 4- or 5-Star rated homes. At this reference temperature, air-conditioned 6-Star homes used 15.84 kWh/day electric cooling energy more to achieve the same living room temperature as 3-Star rated homes. The findings confirm the results of simulation studies that found increased fabric insulation may be associated with increased summer indoor temperatures, risk of heat stress and cooling energy in a mild temperate climate. Hence, it is recommended that residential thermal performance ratings should evaluate the dwelling's performance for each season independently and that cooling through natural ventilation and shading be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian bushfires have repeatedly killed many people and caused severe damage. Previous studies have identified direct flame contact and radiant heat as the main cause of fatalities. The role of screens to limit the radiation exposure of an object by afire on the opposite side of the screen is well-known, but still it has not been experimentally quantified. A screen between a radiation source and an object divides the radiant heat flux (RHF) into two parts. The first part is the direct RHF (DRHF) that passes directly through the screen without any interaction. The second part is indirect RHF (IRHF), which includes both emitted and reflected RHFs by the heated screen. This experimental study deals with the DRHF, which is dependent on the screen porosity and is independent of the material composition or the surface quality of the screen. The experimental results of four square-cell, plain woven screens, with porosities ranging from 41% to 66%, show that the passing ratios (PRs) of DRHF through screens are less than those suggested by their porosity. Four empirical equations have been developed to determine the PR of the direct radiation through screen and the tunnel vision angles of the screens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 1:80,000-scale world map of the suitable areas forbotijos(a Spanish word for traditional pitchers used for cooling water by evaporation) is presented in this paper. The map has been obtained combining four variables that define the convenience of these sweating jugs, namely: dew point depression, temperature, access to drinking water and presence of local ceramic raw materials. The resulting world map shows the great potential interest of this chilling technique in every continent, especially in Africa, Asia and Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal environment of a coral reef is moderated by complex interactions of air-sea heat and moisture fluxes, local to synoptic-scale weather and reef hydrodynamics. Measurements of air-sea energy fluxes over coral reefs are essential to understanding the reef-atmosphere processes that underpin coral reef environmental conditions such as water temperature, cloud, precipitation, and local winds (such as during coral bleaching events). Such measurements over coral reefs have been rare, however, and the spatial heterogeneity of surface-atmosphere energy exchanges due to the different geomorphic and biological zones on coral reefs has not been captured. Accordingly, the heterogeneity of coral reefs with regard to substrate, benthic communities, and hydrodynamic processes has not been considered in the characterization of the surface radiation budget and energy balance of coral reefs. Here, the first concurrent in situ eddy covariance measurements of the surface energy balance and radiation transfers over different geomorphic zones of a coral reef are presented. Results showed differences in radiation transfers and sensible and latent heat fluxes over the reef, with higher Bowen ratios over the shallow reef flat zone. The energy flux divergence between sites increased with wind speed and during unstable, southeasterly trade winds with the net flux of heat being positive and negative over different geomorphic zones. The surface drag coefficient at measurement height ranged from 1 × 10−3 to 2.5 × 10−3, with no significant difference between sites. Results confirm that spatial variation in radiation and air-reef-water surface heat and moisture fluxes occurs across a lagoonal platform reef in response to local meteorological conditions, hydrodynamics, and benthic-substrate cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wongwibinda Metamorphic Complex (WMC) is a high-temperature, low-pressure (HTLP) belt in the southern New England Orogen. It is characterized by a high metamorphic field gradient exposed in variably metamorphosed siliceous turbidites. The Abroi Granodiorite and the Rockvale and Tobermory adamellites, S-type granitoids of the Hillgrove Plutonic Suite, intrude the metaturbidites. Six samples of metaturbidite were studied from an ∼3 km long field traverse. Integrated petrography, mineral chemistry, and mineral equilibria modelling indicate a peak metamorphic temperature of 350-450 °C in the lowest grade rocks and ∼660 °C in the highest-grade rocks. Maximum pressure does not exceed 3.5 kbar anywhere, implying a maximum depth of 12 km and indicating an average vertical gradient of at least 55 °C km−1, though our calculations suggest this is not linear. Metamorphic isograds show no apparent relationship with distance to the exposed margins of the Hillgrove Suite granitoids. Electron microprobe U-Th-Pb monazite data indicate a date of 296.8 ± 1.5 Ma for the thermal peak of the HTLP metamorphism. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicates a zircon U-Pb crystallization age of 290.5 ± 1.6 Ma for the Abroi Granodiorite, confirming that the pluton post-dates the peak HTLP metamorphism. Consequently, magmatic advective heat transfer from depth via emplacement of a large volume of granitoid is unlikely to be the key local driver of the high-grade metamorphism. It is concluded that published evidence of an extensional geodynamic setting around the Carboniferous-Permian boundary supports conductive heat transfer as the key driver of HTLP metamorphism for the WMC. It is not possible to exclude magmatic advective heat transfer via emplacement of mantle derived basaltic magmas in the deeper crust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mt Isa–McArthur region is renowned for a range of commodities and deposit types of world-class proportions. The region is described here in the context of a ‘mineral system,’ through consideration of processes that operate across a range of scales, from geodynamics and crustal architecture, to fluid sources, pathways, drivers and depositional processes. The objective is to improve targeting of Pb–Zn, Cu and Cu–Au deposits. Repeated extension and high heat flow characterise much of the history prior to 1640 Ma. The pre-Barramundi Orogeny (pre-1.87 Ga) metamorphic basement was the substrate on which a volcanic arc developed, focussed along the Kalkadoon-Leichhardt Belt. This is related to an inferred east-directed subduction between 1870 and 1850 Ma. From 1755 to 1640 Ma, three successive volcano-sedimentary basins developed, the Leichhardt, Calvert and Isa Superbasins, in an interpreted distal back-arc environment. The Isan Orogeny, from 1640 to 1490 Ma, overlapped with Isa Superbasin sedimentation, suggesting a transition from back-arc to a foreland basin setting. Most crustal thickening occurred in the Eastern Fold Belt, an area earlier characterised by thinned crust and deep marine environments. This region was deformed into nappe-like structures with high-temperature–low-pressure regional metamorphism and associated granites; the latter are absent from the Western Fold Belt. Metal deposition mainly occurred late in the history, with all known (and preserved) major base metal occurrences either hosted by Isa Superbasin rocks or formed during the Isan Orogeny. Earlier superbasins were potential fluid source regions. Sedimentary formation waters, metamorphic and magmatic fluids were present at prospect scale, while meteoric and possibly mantle sources are also implicated. The spatial distribution of metallogenic associations (i.e. iron oxide–copper–gold, Pb–Zn–Ag, U, Au) across the inlier may result from differences in the geodynamic make-up and evolution of the pre-1.87 Ga tectonic elements. Penetrative faults are interpreted as predominantly steeply dipping and to have acted as pathways for fluids, both in extension and compression. Fluid mixing was a potentially significant ore deposit control. Examples are drawn from the Ernest Henry iron oxide–copper–gold-related hydrothermal breccias in the east and from the Mt Isa Copper deposit in the west. Stress switching during late-stage deformation appears to have triggered a fluid mixing event that led to formation of the major copper deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Tectonic changes of the Early to Mid-Pliocene largely modified the Indonesian Passages by constricting and uplifting the passages between today''s New Guinea and Sulawesi. The associated changes in strength and water mass properties of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) might have influenced the amount of heat transported from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean and thus contributed to Pliocene climate change of the Indo-Pacific. We study the climate response to changes in the geometry of the Indonesian Passages in an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). We compare climate simulations with present-day topography and with a topography resembling the Early Pliocene situation in the Indo-Pacific, i.e. passages East of Sulawesi deepened and widened to the South. We find that transport through the Indonesian Archipelago is weakened in the constricted passage by 1.7Sv and in the unchanged Makassar Strait West of Sulawesi by 3.5Sv, while transport weighted temperature of the outflow into the Indian Ocean increases by 1°C. Consistent with recent proxy evidence the reduction in ITF transport causes a decrease in subsurface temperatures in the Indian Ocean while surface waters of the equatorial Pacific exhibit an increase by up to 0.9°C centred in the warm pool. As a local response to the sea surface temperature anomalies, we observe an anomalous precipitation dipole across the Indonesian passages with increased rainfall over the Pacific warm pool and decreased precipitation in the eastern Indian Ocean. The Australian continent experiences a pronounced aridification with mean annual precipitation rates dropping by 30% over most parts of the continent. Using an uncoupled vegetation model, we demonstrate that the simulated climate change might partly explain the observed Late Pliocene desertification of Australia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Composite scale of amorphous silica and calcium oxalate is very intractable; it imposes a significant fraction of scale management cost in sugar mill evaporators. This work evaluates silica and calcium oxalate composite fouling using dynamic fouling-loop experiments under different operating conditions with and without sugar. A novel closed-loop setup simulating in a single run the effect of feed concentration in successive stages of evaporation cycle was used. Experiments under constant composition and varying thermal hydraulic effect were conducted. Results indicated synergistic effects for initial silica and calcium oxalate supersaturation values of 2.6 and 1.7. Sugar effects became significant for concentrations in the third effect and above. The fouling mechanism was particulate deposition of silica and calcium oxalate colloidal species strengthened by consolidation; fouling rate increased with decreasing interfacial energy barrier between the surface and foulant, assessed by zeta-potential analysis. Deposit characteristics and deposition rates were concentration and thermal hydraulics dependent. Results confirmed the need that the 5 × 5 (types × stages of fouling) matrix of Epstein needs to be expanded to a 6 × 6 matrix to include composite fouling as a type of fouling. In this study the composite fouling was a surface-controlled process for which the activation energy was similar to typical chemical bond strengths, explaining the role of consolidation in composite fouling. The results contribute to advancement of fundamental understanding of heat exchanger fouling and to development of scale control strategies for composite fouling minimization in sugar mill evaporators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To address questions concerning the intensity and spatial structure of the three-dimensional circulation within the Pacific Ocean and the associated advective and diffusive property flux divergences, data from approximately 3000 high-quality hydrographic stations collected on 40 zonal and meridional cruises have been merged into a physically consistent model. The majority of the stations were occupied as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), which took place in the 1990s. These data are supplemented by a few pre-WOCE surveys of similar quality, and time-averaged direct-velocity and historical hydrographic measurements about the equator. An inverse box model formalism is employed to estimate the absolute along-isopycnal velocity field, the magnitude and spatial distribution of the associated diapycnal flow and the corresponding diapycnal advective and diffusive property flux divergences. The resulting large-scale WOCE Pacific circulation can be described as two shallow overturning cells at mid- to low latitudes, one in each hemisphere, and a single deep cell which brings abyssal waters from the Southern Ocean into the Pacific where they upwell across isopycnals and are returned south as deep waters. Upwelling is seen to occur throughout most of the basin with generally larger dianeutral transport and greater mixing occurring at depth. The derived pattern of ocean heat transport divergence is compared to published results based on air–sea flux estimates. The synthesis suggests a strongly east/west oriented pattern of air–sea heat flux with heat loss to the atmosphere throughout most of the western basins, and a gain of heat throughout the tropics extending poleward through the eastern basins. The calculated meridional heat transport agrees well with previous hydrographic estimates. Consistent with many of the climatologies at a variety of latitudes as well, our meridional heat transport estimates tend toward lower values in both hemispheres. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The typical stripper in the PCC is replaced by an innovative solar stripper (So-St). • The conceptual design for direct solvent regeneration in the solar field is analysed. • A design protocol to calculate So-St segments and modules layout is developed. • The length and diameter of subsequent segments to the overall design is optimized. • The process control for the pressure drop and enhanced heat transfer is maintained. This paper presents an advanced thermodynamic analysis to design a solar stripper (So-St) field to replace the conventional desorption unit in a post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) plant. By eliminating the large, complex, and costly stripper, a solar collector field (SCF) consisting of a number of So-St arrays is sized to directly release the CO 2 gas from the rich solvent under transient conditions. In this study, a design protocol has been developed to address the key design challenges for the evolving two-phase flow in the solar receiver tube analysing the instantaneous flow regime, pressure drop, and vapour molar fraction (VMF) to enhance the heat transfer. This design protocol optimizes the physical properties of the So-St components and eventually leads to the whole So-St field sizing based on the nominal capture capacity. A case-study is demonstrated to capture 1.5M tonne CO2 /y from a representative 660 MW e coal-fired power plant in Sydney/Australia. It is found that 22 rich solvent loops that each consists of an array of 6 parallel So-St modules, where each module consists of 6 segments in series is needed. The length/diameter of these So-St segments/modules are optimized for this case-study, and the design procedures are clarified and simplified which can be easily applied for other case-studies. Techno-economic validation of this novel So-St technology is an essential step-forward to fully solarize and autonomies carbon capture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency of buildings is attracting significant attention from the research community, as the world is moving towards sustainable building designs. The average heat gain is the crucial measure for estimating the energy consumption of the buildings. The Envelope Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) is a simplistic method of determining average heat gain in buildings through its envelopes considering all heat gain components. It also measures the energy efficiency of buildings without inhibiting the design options. The values of ETTV coefficients highly depend on the climatic conditions, geographical locations and the orientation of the buildings. However, no study has been done to investigate the suitability of applying ETTV approach and to develop ETTV formulations for extreme solar radiation with hot and windy climatic conditions like Australian environments. In addition to this, the relevant studies reported in the literature are not comprehensive enough as the coefficient were developed using limited data and the developed formulations were not applied to a variety of real buildings to validate them. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to develop the coefficients of envelope thermal transfer value for commercial buildings, formulate new ETTV equations for buildings with external shadings and estimate the ETTV based annual cooling energy in the sub-tropical climates of Australia. In this study, real life building data relevant to all heat gain parameters of five existing commercial building have been collected and hourly data of wall conduction, window conduction and solar radiation for 11 different types of wall construction and 54 types of window construction have been analysed to determine coefficients of ETTV. Based on these coefficients, the new formulation of ETTV has been proposed to determine total ETTV value of commercial buildings in sub-tropical climate. The developed formulations have been used to estimate the cooling energy loads of 10 real life buildings. A comparative study has been conducted between these estimated cooling energy consumption based on ETTV, actual building load and simulated cooling energy using commercial software. It was demonstrated that developed equations accurately estimate the building cooling load. The computed values of ETTV are within the range 24–42 W/m2, which can be applied in any air-conditioned commercial building in sub-tropical climate like Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently unclassified boards with varying composition and more notably with ambiguous thermal properties are being used in buildings. The fire performance of Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall systems mainly depends on the protective plasterboard linings used and thus fire safety concerns are being raised. Therefore this study was aimed at setting minimum standards for fire-resistant grade plasterboards used in LSF wall applications based on material characterization, thermo-physical properties and finite element heat transfer modelling. The most commonly used fire protective board, gypsum plasterboard was used to address this critical issue. Thermo-physical properties of three gypsum plasterboards manufactured in Australia were measured and compared in relation to their chemical composition in the first phase of the study. Fire resistance levels (FRLs) of LSF wall systems lined with these three plasterboards were determined using 3-D FE heat transfer models of LSF wall systems developed and validated in this study. The paper proposes a "k-factor" based on thermo-physical properties and thickness of plasterboard, capable of giving an overall measure of the fire performance of plasterboard lined LSF walls. Standard k-factor profiles were established for non-load bearing LSF wall systems with FRLs of 60, 120, 180 and 240 min by considering the correlation between the time-temperature profiles from numerical analyses and calculated k-factors. These proposed standard k-factor profiles give an overall measure of the fire performance of plasterboards. This paper presents the details of this study and the results. • Measured thermo-physical properties and chemical composition of three gypsum plasterboards manufactured in Australia. • 3D FE heat transfer models of LSF walls were developed and validated. • FRLs of LSF wall systems lined with the three plasterboards were determined using 3-D FE modelling. • Proposed a "k-factor" based on plasterboard thermo-physical properties and thickness for the fire performance of LSF walls. • Verified the accuracy of the k-factor approach by using the fire test and thermal property results of two other boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the Thirteenth International Heat Transfer Conference is presented. The special event was held in Sydney, Australia on August 13-18, 2006. The goal of the conference was to provide a forum for the exposure and exchange of ideas, methods and results in heat and mass transfer. Details on the topics discussed in the conference are also considered in the article.

The article focuses on the Thirteenth International Heat Transfer Conference held in Sydney, Australia. It was held under the joint auspices of the Australasian Fluids and Thermal Engineering Society and Engineers Australia for the Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conferences. The conference was intended to provide a forum for the exposure and exchange of ideas, methods and results in heat and mass transfer.