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Two case studies of Australian primary school students tracked changes in their data interpretation and representation over three years. Students were engaged in predictive reasoning tasks based on their interpretation of a data table showing temperature change over time. Students' explanations and graphical representations were collected at the beginning of Years 3 and 4 and the end of Years 4 and 5. The first case study was a student mathematically weaker than her peers while case study two was within the average range for her year. Despite differences in starting points, both case studies followed a similar developmental sequence of predicting, interpreting and representing, with the first case generally lagging one stage behind the second case. Similarities and contrasts between the two students are discussed.

Argumentation activities, such as constructing and communicating claims, critiquing others' ideas, and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of claims, can play a foundational role in students' educational development. Yet there is more to understand about utilising these activities for effective mathematics learning. This paper discusses an exploration of 12 Australian students' responses to a purposefully designed argumentation task on graphing functions to provide insight into their attention to particular functions concepts. Issues related to argumentation task design and functions teaching and learning are discussed.

The idea of variation is a foundation of statistical reasoning, and many curriculum documents, including the "Australian Curriculum", include variation in the learning required for the primary years. In this paper, we consider the design of activities that can exemplify the idea of variation for young students and investigate how students can use graphs to support discussions about variation. The use of appropriate contexts and the provision of physical experiences of the phenomena seemed to help students make sense of graphical representations and allowed them to discuss how variation was exemplified in the graphs.

These proceedings contain the papers and posters of the International Conferences on Internet Technologies & Society (ITS 2016), Educational Technologies (ICEduTech 2016) and Sustainability, Technology and Education (STE 2016), which have been organised by the International Association for Development of the Information Society and co-organised by the RMIT University, in Melbourne, Australia, December 6-8, 2016. The Internet Technologies & Society conference aims to address the main issues of concern within WWW/Internet as well as to assess the influence of Internet in the Information Society. The International Conference on Educational Technologies (ICEduTech) is the scientific conference addressing the real topics as seen by teachers, students, parents and school leaders. The International Conference on Sustainability, Technology and Education (STE) aims to address the main issues which occur by assessing the relationship between Sustainability, Education and Technology. Full papers in these proceedings include: (1) ECG Identification System Using Neural Network with Global and Local Features (Kuo Kun Tseng, Dachao Lee and Charles Chen); (2) Smartening Up: Ongoing Challenges for Australia's Outback (Lucy Cradduck); (3) Extraction of Graph Information Based on Image Contents and the Use of Ontology (Sarunya Kanjanawattana and Masaomi Kimura); (4) Applicability of Domain-Specific Application Framework for End-User Development (Takeshi Chusho); (5) Application of Business Intelligence System in Company Restructuring Process: The Case of Croatia (Iva Bakula, Katarina Curko, Mirjana Pejic Bach and Vesna Bosilj Vukšic); (6) Method to Identify Deep Cases Based on Relationships between Nouns, Verbs, and Particles (Daisuke Ide and Madaomi Kimura); (7) Leveraging Data Analysis for Domain Experts: An Embeddable Framework for Basic Data Science Tasks (Johannes-Y. Lohrer, Daniel Kaltenthaler and Peer Kröger); (8) Investigating the Identity Theft Prevention Strategies in M-Commerce (Mahmood Hussain Shah, Javed Ahmed and Zahoor Ahmed Soomro); (9) Electronic Invoice in Costa Rica: Challenges for Its Implementation (Juan José Ramírez-Jiménez, Mario De La O-Selva and Roberto Cortés-Morales); (10) Car App's Persuasive Design Principles and Behavior Change (Chao Zhang, Lili Wan and Daihwan Min); (11) Evaluating the Quality of Experience of a System for Accessing Educational Objects in Health (Miguel Wanderley, Júlio Menezes Jr., Cristine Gusmão and Rodrigo Lins); (12) An Evaluation of iPad As a Learning Tool in Higher Education within a Rural Catchment: A Case Study at a South African University (Ruth Diko Wario, Bonface Ngari Ireri and Lizette De Wet); (13) Towards a Framework to Improve the Quality of Teaching and Learning: Consciousness and Validation in Computer Engineering Science, UCT (Marcos Lévano and Andrea Albornoz); (14) MOOCs--Theoretical and Practical Aspects: Comparison of Selected Research Results: Poland, Russia, Ukraine, and Australia (Eugenia Smyrnova-Trybulska, Ewa Ogrodzka-Mazur, Anna Szafranska-Gajdzica, Nataliia Morze, Rusudan Makhachashvili, Tatiana Noskova, Tatiana Pavlova, Olga Yakovleva, Tomayess Issa and Theodora Issa); (15) Evaluating the Design and Development of an Adaptive E-Tutorial Module: A Rasch-Measurement Approach (Allaa Barefah and Elspeth McKay); (16) Analysing Students' Interactions through Social Presence and Social Network Metrics (Vanessa Cristina Martins da Silva and Sean Wolfgand Matsui Siqueira); (17) Differences between Perceived Usefulness of Social Media and Institutional Channels by Undergraduate Students (Leandro Sumida Garcia and Camila Mariane Costa Silva); (18) Integrate WeChat with Moodle to Provide a Mobile Learning Environment for Students (Zhigao Li, Yibo Fan and Jianli Jiao); (19) Scaling a Model of Teacher Professional Learning--to MOOC or Not to MOOC (Deirdre Butler, Margaret Leahy, Michael Hallissy and Mark Brown); (20) A Preliminary Study on Building an E-Education Platform for Indian School-Level Curricula (Rajeev Kumar Kanth and Mikko-Jussi Laakso); (21) Automated Assessment in Massive Open Online Courses (Dmitrii A. Ivaniushin, Dmitrii G. Shtennikov, Eugene A. Efimchick and Andrey V. Lyamin); (22) Application of Digital Cybersecurity Approaches to University Management--VFU Smart Student (Anna Nedyalkova, Teodora Bakardjieva and Krasimir Nedyalkov); (23) Developing a Technology Enhanced CSO Course for Engineering Students (Erno Lokkila, Erkki Kaila, Rolf Lindén, Mikko-Jussi Laakso and Erkki Sutinen); (24) Teaching Data Science to Post Graduate Students: A Preliminary Study Using a "F-L-I-P" Class Room Approach (Sunet Eybers and Mariè Hattingh); (25) Educational Robots in Primary School Teachers' and Students' Opinion about STEM Education for Young Learners (Eugenia Smyrnova-Trybulska, Nataliia Morze, Piet Kommers, Wojciech Zuziak and Mariia Gladun); (26) Towards the Successful Integration of Design Thinking in Industrial Design Education (Omar Mubin, Mauricio Novoa and Abdullah Al Mahmud); (27) International Study Tours: A Key to 21st Century Academic and Industry Exchanges (Ana Hol, Danielle Simiana, Gilbert Lieu, Ivan Ong, Josh Feder, Nimat Dawre and Wakil Almazi); (28) A Rethink for Computing Education for Sustainability (Samuel Mann); (29) Technical Education as a Tool for Ensuring Sustainable Development: A Case of India (Gagan Deep Sharma, Raminder Singh Uppal and Mandeep Mahendru); (30) Evaluating Eco-Innovation of OECD Countries with Data Development Analysis (Reza Kiani Mavi and Craig Standing); (31) Revealing Greenwashing: A Consumers' Perspective (Anne Brouwer); and (32) Benchmarking Anthropogenic Heavy Metals Emissions: Australian and Global Urban Environmental Health Risk Based Indicators of Sustainability (Nick Dejkovski). Short papers in these proceedings include: (1) Racing to the Future: Security in the Gigabit Race? (Mark A Gregory and Lucy Cradduck); (2) An E-Learning System with MR for Experiments Involving Circuit Construction to Control a Robot (Atsushi Takemura); (3) Simulations for Crisis Communication: The Use of Social Media (Siyoung Chung); (4) Social Networking Framework for Universities in Saudi Arabia (Sulaiman Alqahtani); (5) Rethinking E-Learning Media: What Happens When Student "Like" Meets Professor "Me"? (Stephen Arnold); (6) Telling the Story of Mindrising: Minecraft, Mindfulness and Meaningful Learning (Deirdre Butler, Mark Brown and Gar Mac Críosta); (7) Green IT Model for IT Departments in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Organisations (Abdulaziz Albahlal); (8) How Does the Use of Mobile Devices Affect Teachers' Perceptions on Mobile Learning (Dong-Joong Kim, Daesang Kim and Sang-Ho Choiv); (9) Categorizing "Others": The Segmentation of Other Actors for "Faith in Others" Efficacy (FIO) (Chi Kwan Ng and Clare D'Souza); (10) Design Thinking: A Methodology towards Sustainable Problem Solving in Higher Education in South Africa (Keneilwe Munyai); and (11) New Ecological Paradigm and Sustainability Attitudes with Respect to a Multi-Cultural Educational Milieu in China (Mona Wells and Lynda Petherick). Reflection papers in these proceedings include: (1) Synthetic Biology: Knowledge Accessed by Everyone (Open Sources) (Patricia Margarita Sánchez Reyes); (2) Envisioning the City of the Future: Knowlege Societies vs. Entertainment Societies (Yolanda Alicia Villegas González); (3) Blue Ocean Strategy for Higher Education (Ricardo Bragança); (4) Exploring How Digital Media Technology Can Foster Saudi EFL Students' English Language Learning (Abdulmohsin Altawil); (5) Cloud Computing in Higher Education Sector for Sustainable Development (Yuchao Duan); and (6) Exploring Connectivism in the Context of Online Social Trading (Endrit Kromidha). Posters in these proceedings include: (1) A Preliminary Investigation into the Information Sharing Behavior of Social Media Users after a Natural Disaster (Yukiko Maruyama); (2) Effects of a Technology-Friendly Education Program on Pre-Service Teachers' Perceptions and Learning Styles (Dong-Joong Kim and Sang-Ho Choi); (3) Use of Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies in Online Search: An Eye-Tracking Study (Mingming Zhou and Jing Ren); (4) Development of a Diagnostic System for Information Ethics Education (Shingo Shiota, Kyohei Sakai and Keita Kobayashi); (5) A Practical Study of Mathematics Education Using Gamification (Kyohei Sakai and Shingo Shiota); (6) Demonstrating the CollaTrEx Framework for Collaborative Context-Aware Mobile Training and Exploration (Jean Botev); (7) Development of Training/Self-Recognizing Tools for Disability Students Using a Face Expression Recognition Sensor and a Smart-Watch (Taku Kawada, Akinobu Ando, Hirotaka Saito, Jun Uekida, Nobuyuki Nagai, Hisashi Takeshima and Darold Davis); and (8) Analysis of Usage Trends of Social Media and Self-Esteem by the Rosenberg Scale (Hiroko Kanoh). Finally, one doctoral consortium is included: A Model for an Information Security Risk Management (ISRM) Framework for Saudi Arabian Organisations (Naser Alshareef). An author index is provided. Individual papers contain references.

We are delighted to welcome you to the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT) 2016, taking place in Lisbon, Portugal, from 30 of April to 2 of May, 2016. Psychology, nowadays, offers a large range of scientific fields where it can be applied. The goal of understanding individuals and groups (mental functions and behavioral standpoints), from this academic and practical scientific discipline, is aimed ultimately to benefit society. This International Conference seeks to provide some answers and explore the several areas within the Psychology field, new developments in studies and proposals for future scientific projects. The goal is to offer a worldwide connection between psychologists, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in psychological issues. The conference is a forum that connects and brings together academics, scholars, practitioners and others interested in a field that is fertile in new perspectives, ideas and knowledge. There is an extensive variety of contributors and presenters, which can supplement the view of the human essence and behavior, showing the impact of their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. This is, certainly, one of the reasons there are nationalities and cultures represented, inspiring multi-disciplinary collaborative links, fomenting intellectual encounter and development. InPACT 2016 received 332 submissions, from 37 different countries, reviewed by a double-blind process. Submissions were prepared to take form of Oral Presentations, Posters, Virtual Presentations and Workshops. It was accepted for presentation in the conference 96 submissions (29% acceptance rate). The conference also includes: (1) A keynote presentation from Prof. Dr. Richard Bentall (Institute of Psychology, Health & Society of the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom); (2) Three Special Talks, one from Emeritus Professor Carlos Amaral Dias (University of Coimbra, Director of Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, Vice-President of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Private practitioner of psychiatry and psychoanalysis, Portugal) and Prof. Clara Pracana (Full and Training member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, Portugal), another from Emeritus Professor Michael Wang (University of Leicester, United Kingdom), and a third one from Dr. Conceição Almeida (Founder of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy, and Vice-President of the Board. Member of the Teaching Committee, Portugal); (3) An Invited Talk from Dr. Ana Vasconcelos (SAMS--Serviços de Assistência Médico-Social do Sindicato dos Bancários de Sul e Ilhas, founding member of the Portuguese Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and member of NPA-Neuropshycanalysis Association, Portugal). Thus, we would like to express our gratitude to all our invitees. This volume is composed by the abstracts of the International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends (InPACT 2016), organized by the World Institute for Advanced Research and Science (W.I.A.R.S.). This conference addresses different categories inside Applied Psychology area and papers fit broadly into one of the named themes and sub-themes. To develop the conference program six main broad-ranging categories had been chosen, which also cover different interest areas: (1) In CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Emotions and related psychological processes; Assessment; Psychotherapy and counseling; Addictive behaviors; Eating disorders; Personality disorders; Quality of life and mental health; Communication within relationships; Services of mental health; and Psychopathology. (2) In EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: Language and cognitive processes; School environment and childhood disorders; Parenting and parenting related processes; Learning and technology; Psychology in schools; Intelligence and creativity; Motivation in classroom; Perspectives on teaching; Assessment and evaluation; and Individual differences in learning. (3) In SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: Cross-cultural dimensions of mental disorders; Employment issues and training; Organizational psychology; Psychology in politics and international issues; Social factors in adolescence and its development; Social anxiety and self-esteem; Immigration and social policy; Self-efficacy and identity development; Parenting and social support; and Addiction and stigmatization. (4) In LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY: Violence and trauma; Mass-media and aggression; Intra-familial violence; Juvenile delinquency; Aggressive behavior in childhood; Internet offending; Working with crime perpetrators; Forensic psychology; Violent risk assessment; and Law enforcement and stress. (5) In COGNITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY: Perception, memory and attention; Decision making and problem-solving; Concept formation, reasoning and judgment; Language processing; Learning skills and education; Cognitive Neuroscience; Computer analogies and information processing (Artificial Intelligence and computer simulations); Social and cultural factors in the cognitive approach; Experimental methods, research and statistics; and Biopsychology. (6) In PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL PSYCHOTHERAPY: Psychoanalysis and psychology; The unconscious; The Oedipus complex; Psychoanalysis of children; Pathological mourning; Addictive personalities; Borderline organizations; Narcissistic personalities; Anxiety and phobias; Psychosis; Neuropsychoanalysis. The proceedings contain the results of the research and developments conducted by authors who focused on what they are passionate about: to promote growth in research methods intimately related to Psychology and its applications. It includes an extensive variety of contributors and presenters by sharing their different personal, academic and cultural experiences. Authors will be invited to publish extended contributions for a book to be published by inScience Press. We would like to express thanks to all the authors and participants, the members of the academic scientific committee, partners and, of course, to the organizing and administration team for making and putting this conference together. (Individual papers contain references.) [Abstract modified to meet ERIC guidelines.]

These proceedings contain the papers of the 11th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in the Digital Age (CELDA 2014), October 25-27, 2014, which has been organized by the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) and endorsed by the Japanese Society for Information and Systems in Education (JSISE). The CELDA 2014 conference aims to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There have been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aimed to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. The conference included the Keynote Lecture: "Designing Learning Environments in a Digital Age: The Quest for What to Consider," by Professor Jan Elen, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. The conference included a panel entitled: "Competencies, Challenges, and Changes: A Global Conversation About 21st Century Teachers and Leaders" by Lynne Schrum, Rose Dolan, Dirk Ifenthaler, Ronghuai Huang, Dale Niederhauser, and Neal Strudler. Papers in the proceedings include: (1) Interactive Application in Spanish Sign Language for a Public Transport Environment (José Guillermo Viera-Santana, Juan C. Hernández-Haddad, Dionisio Rodríguez-Esparragón, and Jesús Castillo-Ortiz); (2) A Game-Based Assessment of Students' Choices to Seek Feedback and to Revise (Maria Cutumisu, Doris B. Chin, and Daniel L. Schwartz); (3) Investigating Teachers' Readiness, Understanding and Workload in Implementing School Based Assessment (SBA) (Norsamsinar Samsudin, Premila A/P Rengasamy, Jessnor Elmy Mat Jizat, Hariyaty Ab Wahid, and Norasibah Abdul Jalil; (4) The Effects of Frequency of Media Utilization on Decision Making of Media Choice (Yasushi Gotoh); (5) Comparing Novices & Experts in Their Exploration of Data in Line Graphs (Bruce H. Tsuji and Gitte Lindgaard); (6) Assessment Intelligence in Small Group Learning (Wanli Xing and Yonghe Wu); (7) Collaborative Creativity Processes in a Wiki: A Study in Secondary Education (Manoli Pifarré, Laura Marti, and Alex Guijosa); (8) LSQuiz: A Collaborative Classroom Response System to Support Active Learning Through Ubiquitous Computing (Ricardo Caceffo and Rodolfo Azevedo); (9) Impacts of MediaWiki on Collaborative Writing Among Teacher Students (Said Hadjerrouit); (10) Teachers' Perceptions of the Individual Case Studies' Literacy Performance and Their Use of Computer Tools (Odette Bourjaili Radi); (11) Exploring Opportunities to Boost Adult Students' Graduation--The Reasons Behind the Delays and Drop-Outs of Graduation (Päivi Aarreniemi-Jokipelto and Asta Bäck; (12) Effective Use of a Learning Management System to Influence On-Line Learning (Xu Hongjiang, Sakthi Mahenthiran, and Kenton Smith); (13) Order Effects of Learning with Modeling and Simulation Software on Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Children's Cognitive Performance: An Interaction Effect (Charoula Angeli, Nicos Valanides, Eirini Polemitou, and Elena Fraggoulidou); (14) Comparative Case Study on Designing and Applying Flipped Classroom at Universities (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Jihyun Lee, Hyeonsu Kim, and Hyeongjong Han); (15) Organizational Leadership Process for University Education (Ricardo Llamosa-Villalba, Dario J. Delgado, Heidi P. Camacho, Ana M. Paéz, and Raúl F. Valdivieso); (16) Academic versus Non-Academic Emerging Adult College Student Technology Use (Joan Ann Swanson and Erica Walker); (17) Creative Stories: A Storytelling Game Fostering Creativity (Antonis Koukourikos, Pythagoras Karampiperis, and George Panagopoulos); (18) An EVS Clicker Based Hybrid Assessment to Engage Students with Marking Criteria (Steve Bennett, Trevor Barker, and Mariana Lilley); (19) ICT Competence-Based Learning Object Recommendations for Teachers (Stylianos Sergis, Panagiotis Zervas, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (20) Improving Content Area Reading Comprehension with 4-6th Grade Spanish ELLs Using Web-Based Structure Strategy Instruction (Kausalai [Kay] Wijekumar, Bonnie J.F. Meyer, and Puiwa Lei); (21) Preparing Special Education Teachers to Use Educational Technology to Enhance Student Learning (Teresa Wallace and David Georgina); (22) ASK4Labs: A Web-Based Repository for Supporting Learning Design Driven Remote and Virtual Labs Recommendations (Panagiotis Zervas, Stefanos Fiskilis, and Demetrios G. Sampson); (23) Digital Storytelling: Emotions in Higher Education (Sandra Ribeiro, António Moreira, and Cristina Pinto da Silva); (24) Design in Practice: Scenarios for Improving Management Education (Lee Schlenker and Sébastien Chantelot); (25) Factors Influencing Students' Choice of Study Mode: An Australian Case Study (Dirk Ifenthaler, Maree Gosper, Matthew Bailey, and Mandy Kretzschmar); (26) Addressing Standardized Testing Through a Novel Assessment Model (Catherine C. Schifter and Martha Carey); (27) "It's Just Like Learning, Only Fun"--A Teacher's Perspective of Empirically Validating Effectiveness of a Math App (Ka Rene Grimes); (28) A User Centered Faculty Scheduled Development Framework (Shohreh Hadian and Nancy Sly); (29) Musical Peddy-Paper: A Collaborative Learning Activity Supported by Augmented Reality (José Duarte Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, Lúcia da Graça Cruz Domingues Amante, and Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes); (30) Undergraduate Students' Experiences of Time in a MOOC: A Term of Dino 101 (Catherine Adams and Yin Yin); (31) The Answering Process for Multiple-Choice Questions in Collaborative Learning: A Mathematical Learning Model Analysis (Yasuyuki Nakamura, Shinnosuke Nishi, Yuta Muramatsu, Koichi Yasutake, Osamu Yamakawa, and Takahiro Tagawa); (32) Using Five Stage Model to Design of Collaborative Learning Environments in Second Life (Sevil Orhan and M. Kemal Karaman); (33) Students' Reflections Using Visualized Learning Outcomes and E-Portfolios (Takatsune Narumi and Yasushi Gotoh); (34) The Efficiency of Different Online Learning Media--An Empirical Study (Franziska J. Kößler and Marco M. Nitzschner); (35) Microblogging Best Practices (Shohreh Hadian and Maria-Elena Froese); (36) DIY Analytics for Postsecondary Students (Timothy Arndt and Angela Guercio); (37) Project "Flappy Crab": An Edu-Game for Music Learning (Cristina Maria Cardoso Gomes, Mauro Jorge Guerreiro Figueiredo, José Bidarra, and José Duarte Cardoso Gomes); (38) Higher Education Institutions (HEI) Students Take on MOOC: Case of Malaysia (Jessnor Elmy Mat-jizat, Norsamsinar Samsudin, and Rusliza Yahaya); (39) A Cross Cultural Perspective on Information Communication Technologies Learning Survey (Hale Ilgaz, Sacide Güzin Mazman, and Arif Altun); (40) An App for the Cathedral in Freiberg--An Interdisciplinary Project Seminar (Cindy Kröber and Sander Münster); (41) Possible Science Selves: Informal Learning and the Career Interest Development Process (Leila A. Mills); (42) A Case Study of MOOCs Design and Administration at Seoul National University (Cheolil Lim, Sunyoung Kim, Mihwa Kim, Songlee Han, and Seungil Seo); (43) Persistent Possible Science Selves (Leila A. Mills and Lin Lin); and (44) Towards a Collaborative Intelligent Tutoring System Classification Scheme (Rachel Harsley). Individual papers contain references. An author index is included.

This paper reports an instrumental case study of the strategies employed by Year 11 students engaged in solving a functions population task. The task was implemented as part of a study of students studying functions in a Technology-Rich Teaching and Learning Environment (TRTLE). Student strategies related to the perception and enactment of affordances of the TRTLE that would be useful during task solution. The number and nature of strategies used and the combinations of affordances perceived and enacted were diverse. This was true even when students had the same function related intention, for example, find a model to represent data. [For the complete proceedings, see ED597799.]

This paper describes students' developing meta-representational competence, drawn from the second phase of a longitudinal study, "Transforming Children's Mathematical and Scientific Development." A group of 21 highly able Grade 1 students was engaged in mathematics/science investigations as part of a data modelling program. A pedagogical approach focused on students' interpretation of categorical and continuous data was implemented through researcher-directed weekly sessions over a 2-year period. Finegrained analysis of the developmental features and explanations of their graphs showed that explicit pedagogical attention to conceptual differences between categorical and continuous data was critical to development of inferential reasoning.

Increasing pressure is mounting from all areas of society to maximise technology use within educational domains. Whilst curriculum documents call for the utilisation of technology as a teaching tool in the mathematics classroom, the benefits of exploring forms of dynamic mathematical software, such as GeoGebra, are often introduced in the senior years. This study investigates the challenges and understandings of a Year 9 Mathematics class who were using GeoGebra for the first time.

A 3-year longitudinal study "Transforming Children's Mathematical and Scientific Development" integrates, through data modelling, a pedagogical approach focused on mathematical patterns and structural relationships with learning in science. As part of this study, a purposive sample of 21 highly able Grade 1 students was engaged in an innovative data modelling program. In the majority of students, representational development was observed. Their complex graphs depicting categorical and continuous data revealed a high level of structure and enabled identification of structural features critical to this development.

Students' development of an understanding of covariation was the focus of a research project that investigated the way in which 12 Year 5/6 students engaged with the learning environment afforded by the graphing software, "TinkerPlots." Using data generated from individual interviews, the results demonstrate that upper primary students use their understanding of covariation to draw conclusions about trends in data evidenced in the graphs they created as well as their knowledge of the context. Implications for the Australian Curriculum are considered. [This research is funded by an APA(I) Scholarship associated with an ARC Linkage Project LP0560543 and the industry partner, Department of Education, Tasmania.]

This document presents the proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia (MERGA). The theme of this conference is "Navigating Currents and Charting Directions." The theme reminds us that, although we are constantly pushed to account for the quality and impact of our research, we need to assert some control over our work by making our own research futures. The conference was sponsored by the University of Queensland, Teaching and Educational Development Institute. Volume 1 includes the following: (1) Stars, Compass, and GPS: Navigating Currents and Charting Directions for Mathematics Education Research on Gender Issues (Helen Forgasz); (2) Praxis and Practice Architectures in Mathematics Education (Stephen Kemmis); (3) Facilitating Communities of Mathematical Inquiry (Roberta Hunter); (4) Assessing Primary Preservice Teachers' Mathematical Competence (Karoline Afamasaga-Fuata'i, Paul Meyer, and Naomi Falo); (5) Teachers' Motivation to Attend Voluntary Professional Development in K-10 Mathematics (Judy Anderson); (6) Using National Numeracy Testing to Benefit Indigenous Students: Case Studies of Teachers Taking Back Control of Outcomes (Annette R. Baturo, Tom J. Cooper, Matthew T. Michaelson, and Jessica Stevenson); (7) Recollections of Mathematics Education: Approaching Graduation and 5 Years Later (Kim Beswick and Shelley Dole); (8) Using Paper-Folding in the Primary Years to Promote Student Engagement in Mathematical Learning (Kathy Brady); (9) The Case of Mathematical Proof in Lower Secondary School: Knowledge and Competencies of Pre-service Teachers (Jill Brown, Gloria Stillman, Bjorn Schwarz, and Gabriele Kaiser); (10) Employing Mathematical Modelling to Respond to Indigenous Students' Needs for Contextualised Mathematics Experiences (Kelli Brown); (11) Reconceptualising Agency through Teachers Talking About a Sociocultural Approach to Teaching Mathematics in the Classroom (Raymond Brown and Trevor Redmond); (12) Middle School Students' Interest in Statistical Literacy (Colin Carmichael and Ian Hay); (13) One Secondary Teacher's Use of Problem-Solving Teaching Approaches (Michael Cavanagh); (13) Does Student Success Motivate Teachers to Sustain Reform-Oriented Pedagogy? (Linda Cheeseman); (15) Year Five Students Solving Mental and Written Problems: What Are They Thinking? (Julie Clark); (14) Mathematics for Engineering Education: What Students Say (Mary Coupland, Anne Gardner, and Georgina Carmody); (15) Advancing Research Into Affective Factors in Mathematics Learning: Clarifying Key Factors, Terminology and Measurement (Patricia C. Cretchley); (16) Explorations of Early Childhood: New Entrant Transition in Mathematics (Ngaire M. Davies and Karen Walker); (17) Eliciting Growth in Teachers' Proportional Reasoning: Measuring the Impact of a Professional Development Program (Shelley Dole, Doug Clark, Tony Wright, Geoff Hilton, and Anne Roche); (18) Links between Children's Understanding of Multiplication and Solution Strategies For Division (Ann Downton); (19) Intervention Instruction in Structuring Numbers 1 to 20: The Case of Nate (David Ellemor-Collins and Robert Wright); (20) Interdisciplinary Problem Solving: A Focus on Engineering Experiences (Lyn D. English); (21) Addressing Verbal Memory Weaknesses to Assist Students with Mathematical Learning Difficulties (Maureen Finnane); (22) Validation of an Assessment Instrument Developed for Eliciting Student Prior Learning in Graphing and Data Analysis (Noleine Fitzallen); (24) Using Valsiner (Linda Galligan); (25) CAS Enabled Devices as Provocative Agents in the Process of Mathematical Modelling (Vince Geiger, Rhonda Faragher, Trevor Redmond, and Jim Lowe); (26) Researcher-Teacher Relationships in Mathematics Education (Merrilyn Goos); (27) Towards a Sociocultural Framework for Understanding the Work of Mathematics Teacher-Educator-Researchers (Merrilyn Goos); (28) Identity as a Lens to Understand Learning Mathematics: Developing a Model (Peter Grootenboer and Robyn Zevenbergen); (29) Capturing Students' Thinking about Strategies used to Solve Mental Computations by Giving Students Access to a Pedagogical Framework (Judy Hartnett); (30) A Review of Recent Research in Early Mathematics Learning and Technology (Kate Highfield and Kristy Goodwin); (31) The Development of Students' Use of Justification Strategies (Jodie Hunter and Glenda Anthony); (32) Using Task-Based Interviews to Assess Mathematical Thinking of Primary School Students (Chris Hurst); (33) Who a Student Sits Near to in Maths: Tension between Social and Mathematical Identities (Naomi Ingram); (34) Social Constructivism in the Classroom: From a Community of Learners to a Community of Teachers (Jane Irvin); (35) Primary Teachers' Beliefs about the Use of Mathematics Textbooks (Romina Jamieson-Proctor and Carmen Byrne); (36) Abstraction in Context, Combining Constructions, Justification and Enlightenment (Ivy Kidron and Tommy Dreyfus); (37) How Humanism Can Foster Mediocrity in Early Years Mathematics Education: A Poststructuralist Comparison (Mary Klein); (38) Preservice Teachers and Numeracy Education: Can Poststructuralism Contribute? (Mary Klein); and (39) High Achievers in Mathematics: What Can We Learn from and about Them? (Gilah Leder). Volume 2 contains: (1) The 2007 Common Technology Free Examination for Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) Mathematical Methods and Mathematical Methods Computer Algebra System (CAS) (David Leigh-Lancaster, Pam Norton, Peter Jones, Magdalena Les, Michael Evans, and Margaret Wu); (2) Focusing Year 8 Students on Self-Regulating their Learning of Mathematics (Andrea McDonough and Peter Sullivan); (3) Feedback about Professional Growth for Teachers of Mathematics: A Developmental Perspective (Greg McPhan, John Pegg, and Stefan Horarik); (4) Fraction Number Line Tasks and the Additivity Concept of Length Measurement (Annie Mitchell and Marj Horne); (5) "Zero Is Not a Number": Teachable Moments and Their Role in Effective Teaching of Numeracy (Tracey Muir); (6) Students' Attitude Towards Using Materials to Learn Algebra: A Year 7 Case Study (Stephen Norton and Will Windsor); (7) Teaching Mathematics and Technology through Design Practice (Stephen Norton and Tom J. Cooper); (8) Engaging Mathematics Teachers in Professional Learning by Reflecting on Their Pedagogical Practice (Richard O'Donovan); (9) Primary Teachers' Perceptions of Their Knowledge and Understanding of Measurement (Michelle O'Keefe and Janette Bobis); (10) Use of the Internet for Teacher Professional Development and for Teaching Mathematics: Supports and Inhibitors (Sitti Maesuri Patahuddin); (11) A Situated Perspective on Learning to Teach Secondary Mathematics (Anne Prescott and Michael Cavanagh); (12) The Hospital Problem Revisited. Tertiary Students' Perceptions of a Problem Involving the Binomial Distribution (Robyn Reaburn); (13) The Identification of Partially Correct Constructs (Gila Ron, Rina Hershkowitz, and Tommy Dreyfus); (14) Making Connections: Promoting Connectedness in Early Mathematics Education (Abigail Sawyer); (15) Engagement versus Deep Mathematical Understanding: An Early Career Teacher's Use of ICT in a Lesson (Anne Scott, Ann Downton, Donna Gronn, and Adam Staples); (16) Investigating a Phase Approach to Using Technology as a Teaching Tool (Penelope Serow); (17) The Introduction of Interactive Whiteboard Technology in the Primary Mathematics Classroom: Three Case Studies (Penelope Serow and Rosemary Callingham); (18) School Readiness: What Do Teachers Expect of Children in Mathematics on School Entry? (Brenda Sherley, Megan Clark, and Joanna Higgins); (19) Gaining Insight into Alice's Pedagogy with Respect to Five Dimensions of Numeracy (Jane Skalicky); (20) Modes of Reasoning in Explanations in Year 8 Textbooks (Kaye Stacey and Jill Vincent); (21) What Does Three-Quarters Look Like? Students' Representations of Three-Quarters (Vicki Steinle and Beth Price); (22) Some Key Junctures in Relational Thinking (Max Stephens); (23) Chinese Young Children's Strategies on Basic Addition Facts (Huayu Sun); (24) Self-Efficacy in Mathematics: Affective, Cognitive, and Conative Domains of Functioning (S. L. Tait-McCutcheon); (25) Neuropsychological Evidence for the Role of Graphical and Algebraic Representations in Understanding Function (Michael O. J. Thomas, Anna J. Wilson, Michael C. Corballis, and Vanessa K. Lim); (26) Speaking with Different Voices: Knowledge Legitimation Codes of Mathematicians and Mathematics Educators (Steve Thornton); (27) Recognising Different Starting Points in Aboriginal Students' Learning of Number (Kaye Treacy and Sandra Frid); (28) Deepening the Mathematical Knowledge of Secondary Mathematics Teachers Who Lack Tertiary Mathematics Qualifications (Colleen Vale and Alasdair McAndrew); (29) Indigenous Students' Early Engagement with Numeracy: The Case of Widgy and Caddy (Elizabeth Warren, Janelle Young, and Eva De Vries); (30) Building Informal Inference in Grade 7 (Jane Watson and Julie Donne); (31) Proportional Reasoning: Student Knowledge and Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge (Jane Watson, Rosemary Callingham, and Julie Donne); (32) Counting on 2007: A Program for Middle Years Students Who Have Experienced Difficulty with Mathematics (Allan White); (33) How Group Composition Can Influence Opportunities for Spontaneous Learning (Gaye Williams); (34) Success and Consistency in the Use of Heuristics to Solve Mathematics Problems (Khoon Yoong Wong); (35) Fractions as a Measure (Monica Wong and David Evans); (36) Mixing Colours: An ICT Tool Based on a Semiotic Framework for Mathematical Meaning-Making about Ratio and Fractions (Andy Yeh and Rod Nason); (37) Secondary School Students Investigating Mathematics (Joseph Yeo); (38) Teaching Area and Perimeter: Mathematics-Pedagogical-Content Knowledge-in-Action (Kai Kow and Joseph Yeo); (39) Problem Solving Activities in a Constructivist Framework: Exploring How Students Approach Difficult Problems (Oleksiy Yevdokimov and Tim Passmore); (40) Creating Equitable Practice in Diverse Classrooms: Developing a Tool to Evaluate Pedagogy (Robyn Zevenbergen, Richard Niesche, Peter Grootenboer, and Jo Boaler); (41) The Role of Information Graphics in Mathematical Proficiency (Carmel Diezmann and Tom Lowrie); (42) A Longitudinal Study of Student Performance on Items Rich in Graphics (Tom Lowrie); (43) Standardised Assessment in Mathematics: The Tale of Two Items (Tracy Logan and Jane Greenless); (44) Graphics and the National Numeracy Tests (Carmel Diezmann); (45) The Construction of Knowledge: Theoretical Approaches (Tommy Dreyfus, Michael O. J. Thomas, Jill P. Brown, and Gaye Williams); (46) Motivation and Engagement in School Mathematics During the Middle Years (Catherine Attard); (47) Moving beyond the Script: Addressing Numeracy Needs of Low Achieving Students through Quality Professional Development (Moira Blair and Anuja Singh); (48) MERGA: Including the X and Y in Mathematics Education Research (Peter Grootenboer and Naomi Ingram); (49) Issues in Bridging between Senior Secondary and First Year University Mathematics (Michael Jennings); (50) Student Achievement in Mathematics: Learning through Home School Partnership (Honor Ronowicz and Gaynor Terrill); (51) The Role of Mathematics Competitions (Brenda Bicknell); (52) Scaffolding Students' Understanding of Geometric Properties Using Dynamic Geometry Software (Sahar Bokosmaty); (53) The Next Big Teaching Resource: Interactive White Boards But Where is the Research? (Philip C. Clarkson); (54) Errors Made by Student Teachers When Writing Test Items (Jaguthsing Dindyal); (55) Insights from Pre-Service Secondary Mathematics Teachers on their Practicum Experience (Jaguthsing Dindyal); (56) Improving Language for Problem Solving (Benedicte Esterman); (57) Reflections on Exponential Functions (Sandra Herbert and Farhang Afshar); (58) Coaching and Mentoring Numeracy Lead Teachers to Improve Student Learning: The Journey of Two Year Seven and Eight Teachers (Judith Mills); (59) Connecting the Points: Students Learning Decimal Place Value (Bruce Moody and Jenny Young-Loveridge); (60) The Role of Pattern and Structure in Early Mathematics Learning: An Evaluation Study in the First Year of Formal Schooling (Joanne Mulligan, Lyn English, and Mike Mitchelmore); (61) Motivation and Engagement in Mathematics: The Transition from Primary to Secondary School (Karen Skilling); (62) Achieving Computational Fluency in Multi-Digit Multiplication and Division (Kristen Tripet); and (63) Financial Modelling with Matlab (Peter Watson and Jiling Cao). (Individual papers contain references.) [Cover title varies.]