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Pica is one of the most serious, life-threatening topographies of self-injurious behavior because a single instance can result in death. Despite this, there is a need for more research on teaching adaptive skills to replace pica, particularly outside of intensive specialized hospital admissions and with younger children. We present a case history of a 4-year-old male with autism spectrum disorder, pica, food selectivity, and food stealing in which assessment and treatment occurred in the family's home. A functional analysis suggested pica was maintained by automatic reinforcement. A competing stimulus assessment showed pica was highest without competing stimuli, lowest with highly preferred edibles, and lower with highly preferred tangibles. Response interruption and redirection with differential reinforcement was effective with and without competing stimuli across contexts. The participant learned to independently throw away, put away, and use appropriately some materials and to refrain from touching other items he previously consumed inappropriately. Pica decreased by 97%, independent discards increased by 100%, and 100% of admission goals were met. His mother and therapist were trained to high procedural integrity on the treatment procedures, and they continued testing for generalization and maintenance. His mother reported high satisfaction with the program and outcomes and acceptability of the treatment procedures. Gains were maintained for over 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the functional and structural characterization of trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP), from the Gram-negative bacterium B. pseudomallei that causes melioidosis, a severe infectious disease endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. TPP is a key enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway, which plays an important role in bacterial stress responses. Due to the absence of this biosynthetic pathway in mammals, TPP has drawn attention as a potential drug target, to combat antibiotic resistance. In this context, we present a detailed biochemical analysis of purified recombinant TPP, reporting its specific high catalytic activity toward the trehalose-6-phosphate substrate, and an absolute requirement for its Mg2+ cofactor. Furthermore, we present the crystal structure of TPP solved at 1.74 Å, revealing the canonical haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily fold and conserved substrate binding pocket, from which insights into the catalytic mechanism may be deduced. Our data represent a starting point for the rational design of antibacterial drugs. Image 1 • First structure-function characterization of TPP from B. pseudomallei. • Recombinant TPP requires Mg2+ as a cofactor and is specific toward T6P substrate. • TPP shows a greater catalytic efficiency compared to other bacterial TPPs. • The crystal structure of TPP, solved at 1.74 Å is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, a soil-borne oomycete plant pathogen, is a major threat to natural vegetation in many countries, especially Australia. The disease that it causes also has economic impacts on several agricultural and forestry systems worldwide. To investigate the virulence mechanisms of P. cinnamomi the roles of elicitins and elicitin-like proteins were examined using a susceptible model species, Lupinus angustifolius. Elicitins are 10 kDa proteins secreted by many Phytophthora species. Here, elicitins were isolated from P. cinnamomi liquid culture and separated according to their isoelectric point. A β-cinnamomin elicitin was then purified and used to develop an immunoaffinity purified antibody as a tool to examine virulence. The specificity of the β-cinnamomin antiserum was confirmed through Western-blot analysis. β-cinnamomin was found to be produced at different P. cinnamomi life stages and in inoculated plant roots by using immuno detection via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Pre-treatment of P. cinnamomi zoospores with β-cinnamomin antiserum and then inoculation of susceptible L. angustifolius roots revealed a partial loss of virulence of the pathogen. In addition, the expression of the β-cinnamomin gene at an early infection stage in susceptible L. angustifolius suggested an intrinsic role of the elicitin. Furthermore, the identification of covalently bound cell wall proteins in P. cinnamomi mycelia in this study has opened up the opportunity to investigate their role in virulence. • A protein extract from a P. cinnamomi liquid culture showed a single band at 10 kDa suggesting the presence of elicitin(s). • A purified anti-β-cinnamomin antibody recognised a single band on a western blot confirming the specificity of the antiserum. • β-cinnamomin immuno-labelling was found at different P. cinnamomi life stages and in inoculated roots. • Immunodepletion tests showed a loss of pathogen virulence towards Lupinus angustifolius confirming β-cinnamomin's role. • Elucidation of cell wall-associated proteins revealed an opportunity to examine the role of individual proteins in virulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, studies indicate that victims experience negative outcomes after forgiving offenders who present an exploitation risk. However, we demonstrate that the link between exploitation risk and forgiveness-related outcomes is dependent upon a victim's focus of forgiving. Two studies, the first employing a prospective design ( N = 110) and the second an experimental scenario method ( N = 261), replicate previous research on the negative effects of exploitation risk and also test two new hypotheses. First, we found that forgiving explicitly for the sake of a relationship is associated with greater distress, relative to deciding to forgive for the sake of the self. Second, we found that relationship-focussed forgiveness magnified the distress caused by exploitation risk, whereas self-focussed forgiveness, relative to relationship-focussed forgiveness, provides a buffer against it. In short, these findings demonstrate that for whom we forgive matters. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for understanding when forgiving is costly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competency standards document the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for competent performance. This study develops competency standards for dietitians in order to substantiate an approach to competency standard development. Focus groups explored the current and emerging purpose, role, and function of the profession, which were used to draft competency standards. Consensus was then sought using two rounds of a Delphi survey. Seven focus groups were conducted with 28 participants (15 employers/practitioners, 5 academics, 8 new graduates). Eighty-two of 110 invited experts participated in round one and 67 experts completed round two. Four major functions of dietitians were identified: being a professional, influencing the health of individuals, groups, communities, and populations through evidence-based nutrition practice, and working collaboratively in teams. Overall there was a high level of consensus on the standards: 93% achieved agreement by participants in round one and all revised standards achieved consensus on round 2. The methodology provides a framework for other professions wishing to embark on competency standard review or development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical research studies of finance have investigated students' performance inPrinciples of Financecourses and the effect of class attendance on students' performance. Similarly, accounting research has been directed at readability of accounting narratives and lexical choices. However, no published study has explored and analysed the multimodal literacy and numeracy social practices of international students in a core business module, and within a multidimensional research framework. This study is of interest as most international ESL/EFL students in Australia and elsewhere are enrolled in business programmes. This paper explores the literacy and numeracy social practices of 10 first-year Master of Commerce Accounting international students in aPrinciples of Financemodule. It is underpinned by the proposed multidimensional framework which is framed by Halliday's systemic functional linguistic theory and by O'Halloran's multisemiotic framework for the analysis of mathematical symbolism. The findings are presented in terms of (1) the epistemologies ofPrinciples of Finance, (2) a Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) of the experiential meanings in students' capital budgeting management reports, and (3) a description of the actual practices the participants engaged with to complete the assignment and their explanations of their texts. Implications of these findings and the research framework presented. The SF-MDA contributes to the description of experiential meaning in financial tables and graphs. It indicates a potential research tool for the systemic functional analysis of multimodal finance and accounting discourses. The multidimensional exploration of participants' literacy practices presented here could also provide a framework for similar investigation across a broad range of educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article endeavours to highlight a variety of issues around accountability and appraisal and does so from the perspective of parliamentary systems of government. These include many African countries as well as Australia, Barbados, Canada, India, New Zealand, the United Kingdom (UK). This should be an appropriate perspective as existing literature, with the exception of that from Australia, has relatively little to say about the role of parliamentarians and political parties (Hurley 2005; McKemmish 2005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biostratigraphical ranges and palaeogeographical distribution of mid-Givetian to end-Frasnian odontopleurids are investigated. The discovery of Leonaspis rhenohercynica sp. nov. in mid-Givetian strata extends this genus unexpectedly up to the late Middle Devonian. New material of Radiaspis radiata (Goldfuss, 1843) and the first koneprusiine in Britain, Koneprusia? sp., are described from the famous Lummaton shell-bed, Torquay, Devon. New taxa of Koneprusia, K. serrensis, K. aboussalamae, K. brevispina, and K. sp. A and K. sp. B are defined. Ceratocephala (Leonaspis) harborti Richter & Richter, 1926, is revised and reassigned to Gondwanaspis Feist, 2002. Two new species of Gondwanaspis, G. dracula and G. spinosa, plus three others left in open nomenclature, are described from the late Frasnian of Western Australia. A further species of Gondwanaspis, G. prisca, is described from the early Frasnian of Montagne Noire. Species of Gondwanaspis are shown to possess a number of paedomorphic features. A functional analysis suggests that, unlike other odontopleurids, Gondwanaspis actively fed and rested with the same cephalic orientation. The sole odontopleurid survivors of the severe terminal mid-Givetian biocrisis ('Taghanic Event') belong to the koneprusiine Koneprusia in the late Givetian and Frasnian, and, of cryptogenic origin, the acidaspidine Gondwanaspis in the Frasnian. Whereas the former became extinct in the late Frasnian at the Lower Kellwasser Event, the latter disappeared, and with it the entire Odontopleuroidea, at the terminal Frasnian Upper Kellwasser global biocrisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exceptionally well-preserved remains belonging to the Australian Early Cretaceous (Albian) ichthyosaur Platypterygius longmani Wade, 1990 are described in detail. The material is used to reconstruct some of the cranial musculature and provide a brief functional analysis of the skull and mandible. Preparation of specimens using acetic acid and application of high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic analyses has revealed many previously unrecorded anatomical details, including the absence of a coronoid and squamosal, and the presence of well-developed epipterygoid facets on the pterygoid and parietal (possibly indicating retention of an unossified epipterygoid element). Reconstruction of the jaw musculature suggests a well-developed m. adductor mandibulae internus pterygoideus (serving to close the jaws against inertia and drag of the surrounding water), and possibly an m. intramandibularis (acting to accentuate static pressure along the elongate mandible when the jaws were closed). Despite its large size (maximum total body length of around 7 m), the long, narrow snout of P. longmani (together with preserved gut contents) indicates selective feeding on relatively small prey such as fish, small tetrapods and probably cephalopods. Large orbits are indicative of a visual hunter, but extensive external passages for nerves and blood vessels might suggest the presence of a dermal sensory system. The massive stapes appears to have lost all sound conductive function, serving primarily as structural support in the basicranial region. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145, 583–622. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]