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Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) simulation is of great importance for various procedures of the hydrological cycle, irrigation, agronomic management, and planning and management of water resources. Agricultural water management and irrigation scheduling require accurate estimation of crop water requirements. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo), which is used to calculate the evapotranspiration of each crop, is estimated first. The purpose of this study was to develop a new coupled model for estimating daily ETo. In this research, differing artificial intelligence (AI) approaches including support vector regression (SVR), algorithm of innovative gunner (AIG), and hybrid algorithm of innovative gunner-support vector regression (AIG-SVR) models were used in two different climatic conditions to estimate reference evapotranspiration, one station in the dry region (Marree Aero) and one station in the humid region (St Helen Aerodrome) in Australia. The results of the AIG-SVR model were compared with those of the conventional support vector regression (SVR) model using several performance evaluation methods comprising the statistical criteria including correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE), Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NS), and RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR)). Evaluation results showed that the developed coupled models yielded better results than the classic SVR, with the AIG-SVR outperforming the SVR. The results showed that ETo values predicted by all AIG-SVR models agreed well with the corresponding observed values, with R, RMSE (mm day−1), NS, and RSR = 0.945, 1.124, 0.894, 0.325 respectively in Marree Aero station and 0.951, 0.476, 0.905, and 0.307 respectively in St Helen Aerodrome station in testing data sets. In the local scenario, RMSE and RSR reduced by up to 15.805% (1.335 to 1.124) and 15.803% (0.386 to 0.325), respectively, and NSE and R increased by up to 5.176 (0.850 to 0.894) and 2.383% (0.923 to 0.945), respectively, in testing data sets at Marree Aero station whereas RMSE and RSR reduced by up to 19.594% (0.592 to 0.476) and 19.633% (0.382 to 0.307), respectively, and NSE and R increased by up to 6.096 (0.853 to 0.905) and 2.922% (0.924 to 0.951), respectively, in testing data sets at St Helen Aerodrome station. The findings reveal that the AIG-SVR model performs better than the SVR model. As a result of this study, AIG-SVR and SVR models can both provide important insights into how ETo simulating can be improved. Based on the results obtained from the hybrid model in this research. ETo in Australia is possibly considered an application system in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer accounting for about one-fourth of total cancer cases and 15% of all cancer deaths among women worldwide. It is important to determine its trend across the regions in the world to find the high-focus regions. Hence, the current study was done to assess the global trends and deviations in the incidence of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: A descriptive trend analysis was done using the data on breast cancer incidence from the WHO Cancer Incidence Data of Five Continents plus database. Joinpoint regression was performed to determine the average annual percent change (AAPC), and age-period-cohort analysis was done to obtain age-, period-, and cohort-specific deviations and rate ratio. Results: All the regions showed an increasing trend in breast cancer incidence, with an exception of America. Maximum increase was observed in Asia (AAPC = 2.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4%--2.9%) followed by Europe (AAPC = 0.7%; 95% CI: 0.5%--1%). There was consistent rise in the breast cancer incidence across the age groups in all the four continents with maximum burden in elderly (P < 0.001). Except in America, all other regions showed consistent rise in the incidence of breast cancer through the periods 1998--2002 to 2007--2012 (P < 0.001). There was consistent increase across the cohorts from 1923--1927 to 1978--1982 in continents such as Asia and Oceania (P < 0.001). Conclusion: To summarize, the incidence of breast cancer shows an increasing trend globally with a maximum increase in the Asian region. This makes a strong need for newer strategies irrespective of current prevention and control interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical devices, being life-saving tools, are considered to be a boon for healthcare system. However, in addition to their therapeutic effects, there are several ill consequences that are caused by these devices. An effective cohort vigilant system was needed to manage such adverse effects. This had led to the introduction of materiovigilance. Materiovigilance is the study and follow-up of occurrences that arise as a result from the usage of the medical equipment. It not only manages adverse events (AE) but also creates harmonization among countries. Keeping these objectives in focus, the principles, perspectives, and practices with regard to materiovigilance that are followed in the USA, Europe, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, and India are being compared. Such a comparison is essential, which will help us to understand the gaps in the current regulatory systems in the above-mentioned countries and furthermore will provide a comprehensive picture to the regulatory authorities to amend any existing laws if required. These amendments may ensure optimal patient safety by providing them a benign experience from the use of medical devices., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)