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Aim: Comorbid drug and alcohol and mental health disorders are highly prevalent. Significant gaps in service provision make this problem particularly difficult to address in regional Australia. The Pathways to Comorbidity Care (PCC) program was designed to improve management of comorbidity by outpatient drug and alcohol clinicians in New South Wales, Australia. This paper uses the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to evaluate variations in implementation outcomes across geographically diverse services. Methods: Twenty clinicians across three drug and alcohol services from metropolitan, outer metropolitan and regional geographic locations were engaged at multiple levels of influence (directors, managers, clinicians) during the implementation of the multimodal PCC training package. The CFIR guided the development of self-report measures and semi-structured interviews evaluating implementation of the PCC training, and disparities in implementation barriers and facilitators were determined. Results: Metropolitan clinicians identified less barriers than regional clinicians on several intervention characteristics (adaptability, complexity, design quality and packaging), as well as outer setting (peer pressure), inner setting (implementation climate, staff incentives, leadership engagement, available resources) and process (planning, opinion leaders, executing) domains. Regional clinicians evaluated the networks and communications construct more favourably. Conclusions: Specific barriers identified more strongly by regional clinicians included the importance of communication with local clinicians and leadership about the practicalities of incorporating the approach into routine practice (allocation of time, increased accessibility of implementation team). Metropolitan clinicians provided more favourable evaluations of the package design, implementation climate and specific implementation processes such as a clear and informative implementation plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) came into practical use as a geohazard monitoring tool in the 1990s. The uptake of this remote sensing technique however is geographically varying, and Australia has been one of many continents not fully utilizing the available InSAR data. As a result, limited knowledge exists on the application of InSAR data to obtain insights and benefits in geohazard risk monitoring and management. Due to the said limitation, this research carried out a concise technical background study and investigated a suite of case studies to demonstrate the potential for geohazard monitoring and assessment in Australia using InSAR. The differential InSAR workflow was applied to sites that experienced heaving and subsiding of the ground surface, mining, earthquake, landslides, and tunnelling in West Metro Melbourne (VIC), Musgrave (SA), Crinum mine (QLD), Pelham (TAS), Lake Muir (WA), and Sydney (NSW). The results of the Differential InSAR analysis resulted in acceptable ground movement and deformation estimates when compared with measured field data. Future opportunities related to new applications of the InSAR technique on geohazard reduction considering climate change contributions and probable coupling with artificial intelligence techniques were also discussed. This research has formed a conducive and scientific learning medium, which may encourage the growth of multidisciplinary research combining the fields of remote sensing and geotechnical engineering to investigate the impact of geohazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational performance in the low-voltage distribution network (LVDN) can be undermined by its inherent unbalances, which may become worse as the penetration of rooftop solar continuously increases. To address this issue, load balancing via phase-reconfiguration devices (PRDs), which can change phase positions of residential customers as required, provides a cost-efficient option. However, most reported approaches to control PRDs require that demands of all residential customers are available, which are not viable for many LVDNs without smart meters or advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) installed. To bridging the gap in this field, this paper proposes a novel method to control PRDs purely based on measurable data from PRDs, and its controller. Based on limited information, sensitivity analysis in the network with PRDs is studied, followed by the optimization model that comprehensively considers operational requirements in the network. Moreover, slack variables are introduced to the model, and penalized in the objective function to assure either a strategy that is secure or with minimized violations can always be provided. The model is a challenging mixed-integer non-convex programming (MINCP) problem, which is reformulated as an efficient solvable mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) based on exact reformulations or accurate linear approximations. Simulations based on two modified IEEE systems, and a real system in Australia demonstrate that an efficient strategy can be provided to mitigate unbalances in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum detector tomography is a fundamental technique for calibrating quantum devices and performing quantum engineering tasks. In this paper, a novel quantum detector tomography method is proposed. First, a series of different probe states are used to generate measurement data. Then, using constrained linear regression estimation, a stage-1 estimation of the detector is obtained. Finally, the positive semidefinite requirement is added to guarantee a physical stage-2 estimation. This Two-stage Estimation (TSE) method has computational complexity $O(nd^{2}M)$ , where $n$ is the number of $d$ -dimensional detector matrices and $M$ is the number of different probe states. An error upper bound is established, and optimization on the coherent probe states is investigated. We perform simulation and a quantum optical experiment to testify the effectiveness of the TSE method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As residential PV generation penetrates in the low-voltage distribution network (LVDN), the unbalance issue may be intensified due to the asymmetry of generations/loads in different phases. Phase-reconfiguration device (PRD), which can reconfigure connected phases of residential customers, provides an effective method to address this issue. Noting that although the benefit brought by PRDs can vary if they are placed at different locations in the network, little literature has been reported on this topic. To bridge the research gap, this paper presents a novel method to optimally place PRDs in an LVDN aiming at minimizing the power unbalance running through the distribution transformer. The problem considers both installation, operational constraints, and boils down to a challenging mixed-integer non-convex programming problem, which is then reformulated as an efficient solvable mixed-integer linear programming problem. Moreover, operational constraints are relaxed with slack variables penalized in the objective function, which makes sure a feasible solution is always available without or with minimal operational violations. Case studies based on a modified IEEE system and a practical system in Australia demonstrate that an efficient strategy can be provided to address the unbalance issue while improving the network's power supply qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As rooftop solar PVs installed by residential customers penetrate in low voltage distribution network (LVDN), some issues, e.g. over/under voltage and unbalances, which may undermine the network's operational performance, need to be adequately addressed. To mitigate unbalances in LVDN, phase-switching devices (PSDs) and static var compensator (SVC) are two equipment that is cost-effective and efficient. However, most existing research on operating PSDs is based on inflexible heuristic algorithms or without considering the network formulation, which may lead to strategies that violate operational requirements. Moreover, few pieces of literature have been reported on mitigating unbalances in LVDN via SVC and PSDs together. This paper formulates the decision-making process as a mixed-integer non-convex programming (MINCP) problem after developing an SVC model for dispatch purpose. Compared with existing work, the proposed method aims at minimizing current unbalance based on their phasor values and takes the network's operational requirements into account. To efficiently solve the challenging problem, the MINCP is reformulated as a mixed-integer second order-cone programming (MISOCP) problem based on either exact reformulations or accurate approximations, making it possible to employ efficient off-the-shelf solvers. Simulations based on two modified IEEE systems and a practical Australian LVDN demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method in mitigating unbalances in LVDN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) provides a measure of early child development upon school entry. Understanding which combination of factors influences Aboriginal child neurodevelopment is important to inform policy and practice.Objective: The primary objective was to use latent class analysis (LCA) to model AEDC profiles and identify the highest need profiles. The secondary objective was to determine the associations of these high need profiles on the likelihood of a child becoming developmentally vulnerable.Methods: We designed a prospective population-based birth cohort study (n = 2715) using linked data sets with information on Aboriginal cohort children, and their mothers and siblings in Western Australia. Specific developmental indicators in the 2009 and 2012 AEDC were used to assess developmental vulnerability. LCA methods were used to determine need profiles and their association with developmental vulnerability.Results: 49.3% of Aboriginal children were vulnerable on at least one developmental domain, and 37.5% were vulnerable on two or more domains. LCA found six unique profiles. High needs family, High needs young mother, and Preterm infant comprised 42% of the cohort and were considered to have high need configurations. These groups were at least 1.7 times as likely to have children who had at least one or two developmental vulnerabilities compared with the Healthy family group.Conclusion: Many Aboriginal children in Western Australia enter school with at least one developmental vulnerability. This study highlights a range of unique profiles that can be used to empower Aboriginal families for change and develop targeted programmes for improving the early development of young Aboriginal children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is claimed that 'Big Data' could help cities become 'smart', utilise resources more efficiently, and improve inhabitants' quality of life. Metered consumption data of electricity, gas and water are collected and stored for each household in Australia and provide a valuable source of information for researchers hoping to understand the patterns of consumption and improve resource utilisation. This work tests the assumption that these datasets are sufficiently 'clean' to allow interrogation and details the common errors encountered. An inspection of 1-7 years of meter readings of electricity, gas and water for ~60,000 households in Canberra, Australia as well as all datasets of the local government's energy and water efficiency programs, found this not to be the case. Common errors found include: missing data, biases in erroneous data, errors generated by the data custodians, duplicate entries, the effect of different custodian objectives and of poor data constraints (free flowing text). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors analyze the written solutions of some first year undergraduate mathematics students from Victorian universities as they answered tutorial exercise questions relating to complex numbers and differentiation. These students had studied at least Mathematics Methods or its equivalent at secondary school. Complex numbers was a new topic for some students. The focus in these examples is on the extent to which students display an awareness of structure in complex number and algebraic expressions. The authors assert that structure sense includes an awareness of structure in numeric as well as in algebraic expressions. They emphasize that the lack of structure awareness reported here was not observed with all students--there were obviously many students who had a sound grasp of numeric and algebraic structure. However their observations suggest that there are also many students for whom this is not the case.

Objective: The positioning and meaning of palliative care within the healthcare system lacks clarity which adds a level of complexity to the process of transition to palliative care. This study explores the transition to the palliative care process in the acute care context of metastatic melanoma.Method: A theoretical framework drawing on interpretive and critical traditions informs this research. The pragmatism of symbolic interactionism and the critical theory of Habermas brought a broad orientation to the research. Integration of the theoretical framework and grounded-theory methods facilitated data generation and analysis of 29 interviews with patients, family carers, and healthcare professionals.Results: The key analytical findings depict a scope of palliative care that was uncertain for users of the system and for those working within the system. Becoming "palliative" is not a defined event; nor is there unanimity around referral to a palliative care service. As such, ambiguity and tension contribute to the difficulties involved in negotiating the transition to palliative care.Significance Of Results: Our findings point to uncertainty around the scopes of practice in the transition to palliative care. The challenge in the transition process lies in achieving greater coherency of care within an increasingly specialized healthcare system. The findings may not only inform those within a metastatic melanoma context but may contribute more broadly to palliative practices within the acute care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, "z" is assumed to be a complex number and the roots are usually determined by using de Moivre's theorem adapted for fractional indices. The roots are represented in the Argand plane by points that lie equally pitched around a circle of unit radius. The "n"-th roots of unity always include the real number 1, and also include the real number -1 if "n" is even. The non-real "n"-th roots of unity always form complex conjugate pairs. This topic is taught to students studying a mathematics specialism (ACARA, n.d., Unit 3, Topic 1: Complex Numbers) as an application of de Moivre's theorem with the understanding that the roots occur in the complex domain. Meanwhile, in the Cartesian plane, a closely related topic deals with the solution of polynomials (ACARA, n.d., Unit 2, Topic 3: Real and Complex Numbers). The aim of this paper is to demonstrate visually the connection between the reduced polynomial "y" = "x"[superscript "n"] - 1 in the Cartesian plane and the resulting n-roots which invariably appear in the Argand plane. There is no contradiction here: the reader will find a three-dimensional surface representation of Equation (2) provides the full link between both the Cartesian and Argand planes, and illustrates not only the location of the roots in relation to the original equation but also shows why they occur with conjugate pairings. Examples will be provided for the cases "n" = 3, "n" = 5 and "n" = 8 which will be sufficient to illustrate the general pattern that emerges. The approach adopted here is a natural extension of the surface visualisation techniques first presented by Bardell (2012) for quadratic equations.

In this paper, we revisit a method to produce binary sequences using the most significant bit map from \bf Z4 to the binary field. This method is useful for the construction of binary sequences with low correlation and large family size. There may be more cases where starting with \bf Z4 could help researchers design new low correlation sequences for code-division multiple access application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost and scarcity of water is placing increasing pressure on Australian dairy farmers to utilise water for forage production as efficiently as possible. This study aimed to identify perennial forage species with greater water-use efficiency (WUE) than the current dominant species, perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L .). Fifteen perennial forage species were investigated under optimum irrigation and two deficit irrigation treatments, over three years at Camden, NSW, on a brown Dermsol in a warm temperate climate. Under optimal irrigation, there was a nearly twofold difference in mean WUE (total yield/evapotranspiration) between forages, with kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. chiov.) having the highest (27.3 kg ha mm) and birdsfoot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus L.) the lowest (14.8 kg ha mm). Kikuyu was also the most water use efficient forage under the extreme deficit irrigation treatment, although its mean WUE declined by 15% to 23.2 kg ha mm, while white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) in the same treatment had the largest decline of 44% and the lowest WUE of only 8.8 kg ha mm. In order to maximise WUE for any forage, it is necessary to maximise yield, as there is a strong positive relationship between yield and WUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the linguistic categories of identity amongst refugees and explores why Iranians living in Melbourne, Australia, construct themselves outside the 'refugee' category and in the process unpack the meanings embedded in the identity 'refugee'. The Iranians in this study refuse to be categorised and fixed within a bureaucratically constructed refugee identity, which they believe, only seeks to 'sort' and 'order' displaced people. They do not see it as a meaningful category that gives expression to their experiences and stories of displacement, marginality and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influential factors that affect business students' selection of a major course of study at the tertiary level in Australian universities. The present research examined the differences in the impact that various influential factors had on the decision to major in accounting among students studying at Australian universities. The sample was collected from a survey of undergraduate and graduate students studying at two large Australian universities in November 2005. A total of 46 domestic and 68 international students participated in this study. The results showed that domestic students possessed higher levels of creativity and were more likely to select majors in subjects other than accounting. Conversely, it was found that although Chinese students possessed relatively lower levels of creativity, they were more likely to major in accounting when studying in Australia. Another finding from this study was that Asian students other than Chinese perceived the accounting profession as a career with less procedural characteristics so they were more likely to major in accounting compared to domestic Australian students who regarded the profession as one that had greater procedural characteristics. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the differences in students' creativity and procedural images of the accounting profession among domestic and international students and of how these factors influenced their choice of an accounting major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of Fourier Series to cartography and GIS, in particular to shape analysis, line simplification and enhancement, and the measurement of cartographic scale, is explored. Vector representations of the Australian coastline are manipulated using Fourier techniques and the output appraised in terms of its ability to encapsulate the shape of the original coastline, or as a simplified or enhanced version of the original. Using Fourier techniques on vector representations of parts of the Australian coastline at six different cartographic scales, a relationship between cartographic scale and line complexity is found to exist, and an empirical expression of that relationship developed. The intent of developing an empirical relationship is to bring greater consistency to the process of assigning cartographic scale to data, and thereby to the process of map production, data simplification and GIS analysis. Fourier techniques are found to be a poor encapsulator of cartographic shape, a good method of line simplification and enhancement, and a promising method of measuring cartographic scale. As background, some revision of the history and mathematics of Fourier Series, and previous research into the application of Fourier Series to cartography, is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a wavelet transform for the analysis of categorical (multistate) soil variables, i.e. ones (such as profile classes) that have two or more discrete states. The states are transformed to a continuous variable by a mapping which is optimized by scale and location to highlight local variation. The method is illustrated with data from a transect across a gilgai landscape in Australia. A categorical variable on relief, with three states, was recorded from the sample sites, from which soil cores had also been collected and analysed. The wavelet analysis showed a transient feature of the variation at scales up to 32 m. There was an interval where the characteristic alternation of depressions with the level plain was interrupted. The variation at scale 64 m appeared to be non-stationary. The relief was more variable on one side of a change point than it was on the other. This complex variation of relief was matched by that of the electrical conductivity of the soil, most strongly at the 64-m scale. The periodicity of conductivity, and the strength of its correlation with relief, were also different either side of the change point identified in the analysis of relief alone. Conductivity also showed similar transient features to relief. Evidently the wavelet transform can be used to elucidate the variation of categorical soil variables. The information from such an analysis is likely to be useful for planning surveys of the soil to measure continuous variables by sampling and laboratory analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interruptions to supply and sags of distribution system voltage are the main aspects causing customer complaints. There is a need for analysis of supply reliability and voltage sag to relate system performance with network structure and equipment design parameters. This analysis can also give prediction of voltage dips, as well as relating traditional reliability and momentary outage measures to the properties of protection systems and to network impedances. Existing reliability analysis software often requires substantial training, lacks automated facilities, and suffers from data availability. Thus it requires time-consuming manual intervention for the study of large networks. A user-friendly sag and reliability assessment tool (SRAT) has been developed based on existing impedance data, protection characteristics, and a model of failure probability. The new features included in SRAT are a) efficient reliability and sag assessments for a radial network with limited loops, b) reliability evaluation associated with realistic protection and restoration schemes, c) inclusion of momentary outages in the same model as permanent outage evaluation, d) evaluation of the sag transfer through meshed subtransmission network, and e) simplified probability distribution model determined from available faults records. Examples of the application of the tools to an Australian distribution network are used to illustrate the application of this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous tests of the long-run neutrality hypothesis have generally relied on annual time series data. This paper analyses the long-run neutrality of money in Australia using different sources of intra-year data, which permits an examination of the effects of seasonality and the robustness of previous empirical results. A reduced form ARIMA model is used with both quarterly seasonally unadjusted and adjusted Australian real GDP and nominal money supply to test the neutrality hypothesis. Using two measures of money stock, namely M1 and M3, it is shown that the hypothesis is supported using M1 as the measure of money supply, while it is rejected using M3. Recent trends and developments in the money and credit markets in Australia provide a possible explanation of the sensitivity of the outcome to the measure of money stock employed in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and social contribution of franchising is widely reported. Although, most studies have examined franchising from the single-unit typology, multiple-unit franchising is found to be a popular and pervasive retailing strategy throughout the world. Despite this, there is a paucity of prior research examining the factors influencing the achievement of the four franchising imperatives. This represents animportant gapin the organizational choice literature. Therefore, this study empirically examines the impact of the four franchising imperatives (i.e. unit growth, system uniformity, local responsiveness and system wide adaptation) (Bradach 1995) upon franchise system operational performance across the four key governance structures (i.e. master franchising, area development franchising, area representative franchising and incremental franchising). Based on a sample of 347 Australian franchisors, the findings indicate that there are significant differences in the way in which three of the four imperatives (i.e. unit growth, system uniformity and system-wide adaptation) impact on performance across different governance structures. Practical and managerial implications and future research direction are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]