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The 'Asian Visits Fund' was the Australian Government's first Cold War people-to-people public diplomacy programme. Standing in the Fund's way was Australia's racially restrictive immigration programme. A central feature of the scheme, therefore, was to present a vision of a non-racial Australia through the new national ideology of Assimilation. The treatment of indigenous Australians was showcased as one way to highlight Assimilation and debunk broader claims of racism. Ultimately, however, the Asian Visits Fund was unable to alter the negative perception of Australia's immigration policy. It was the last major initiative aimed at selling the unsellable 'White Australia Policy'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Settler colonialism continues in Australia today. One way this occurs is through processes of assimilation such as targeting First Nations subjectivities with behavioural conditions on their social security payments. In this paper, I draw on a 13‐month study examining one such programme; the Cashless Debit Card trial in the East Kimberley region in North West Australia. Through restricting cash and purchases to curb alcohol consumption, illegal drug use, and gambling, card aims to instil "responsible behaviour" such as getting a job in the capitalist economy, accumulating private property, and succeeding in English education. Through drawing on critical discourse analysis, I ask, what does the Cashless Debit Card tell us about the settler state's attempts of continued assimilation? The paper explores specific ways the state legitimising assimilation through provoking narratives of First Nations dysfunction, depoliticising poverty and colonisation, constructing evidence around success of policy, and constructing ideas of "community" in order to regulate who speaks and who is overlooked. Although assimilation attempts are made, there is resistance and pushback in the trial site. Attempts of assimilation, not actual assimilation, can only be observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia has a policy of deterring attempts by asylum seekers to reach the country by boat. In 2001 and again in 2013 a policy of offshore processing was implemented and since 2013 the government has determined that no asylum seeker reaching Australia by boat will be eligible for resettlement in Australia. In addition, current policy provides for the turning back of boats at sea when it is safe to do so, to maintain the integrity of the country’s borders. This article considers Australian public attitudes to asylum policy. It finds that while there is majority support for the right to seek asylum, in response to questions on boat arrivals strong negative views outnumber the strong positive by more than two to one. The findings also show that the young, females, tertiary educated, financially better off and those born in the United Kingdom are more likely oppose turning refugee boats back. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a review of the literature around meeting students’ learning needs in Australian schools. It is referenced to one group of students with refugee experience who have been in Australian schools for over 15 years; students with a background of oracy from Southern Sudan. The development of psychological health and literacy competencies are two of the most critical and complex responsibilities undertaken by education, and, in the case of these students two of the most significant when considered in relation to successful settlement, acculturation and assimilation. In presenting this literature, the bigger picture of how schools can fail, not only these students, but for any number of students from diverse backgrounds, becomes startlingly obvious, as do the ways in which the current political agenda inherent in the public education system in Australia privileges students of specific class and culture. Finally, recommendations are made regarding the development of policy and the concentration on pedagogical practices which acknowledge and respect the strengths and capabilities of this group of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the twentieth century some Australian states and the U.S. federal government enacted comparable policies that demonstrate how the discourse of protection continued to survive in an era when settler nations were focussed on "assimilating" Indigenous populations. The Australian policy of exemption and the U.S. policy of competency did not represent a true change in direction from past policies of protection. In contrast to the nineteenth century, though, these twentieth-century policies offered protection to only a deserving few. Drawing on records of exemption and competency from New SouthWales and Oklahoma in the 1940s and 1950s, this article shows how the policies of exemption and competency ostensibly gave the opportunity for some individuals to prove that they no longer needed the paternalism of colonial governments. They were judged using very different local criteria. In Australia, applicants were mostly judged on whether they engaged in "respectable" use of alcohol; in the United States, applicants were assessed on whether they had "business sense". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian immigrant community in Australia is struggling with cultural survival. The diaspora has experienced a general decline in community participation as a result of the aging of the émigré population and the rapid assimilation of subsequent generations. Using data derived from the series of annual community-organised conferences called Megmaradásunk Konferenciák, this article compares the different discourses articulated by community leaders in Australia seeking to preserve and strengthen the diaspora community. I examine how newly emerged narratives of 'diaspora death' and cultural survival are debated and how possibilities of strengthened connections with Hungary have impacted these discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian government assimilation policy envisaged that voluntary organisations would play a major role in facilitating the swift absorption of migrants into postwar Australia. Scholarship has focused upon the disjuncture between the rhetoric employed in describing the process of assimilation and the implementation of policy, but is yet to examine the viewpoint of ordinary settler-Australian volunteers. Through an analysis of the experience of members of the Country Women's Association of NSW, one of the voluntary organisations which undertook to organise assimilation activities, I explore the nature of assimilation from a rural Australian perspective. CWA members modelled feminine, rural Australian values to migrant women through a suite of gender-specific core activities undertaken in the public realm, including handicraft and baby health care. Members remained reluctant, however, to initiate or sustain personal contact with migrants if it did not affirm the centrality of rural Australian values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of public administration has been characterized as a strong international focus, as both governments and scholars have sought to learn from the experience of other societies. While in a perfect world, one would expect a sort of pragmatic universalism, instead, many scholars tend to bring lessons from one country, or from a single cultural reality. This modest contribution lies in showing a series of national experiences rarely brought to the discourse about public administration in Brazil: Canada, Australia, India and the Philippines. Special emphasis will be given to the following: the origins and the development of public administration; the influence of ideology; and the complex tension between global theory and local practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre los procesos de reasentamiento de jóvenes refugiados en Australia. Los autores comentan sobre los estudios realizados en cuanto a las experiencias de los refugiados, con un enfoque en las oportunidades socioeconómicas, educacionales y laborales. También se consideran los desafíos asociados con la asimilación de los refugiados en el país.

This article maps the trajectory of Indian migration broadly, and specifically to Australia, to first highlight the heterogeneity of the Indian diaspora, and second, to comprehend the impact of this heterogeneity on the homeland alongside recent events involving the diaspora, such as the highly publicised attacks on Indian students in Melbourne in 2009–2010. While there is abundant literature on the history of Indian migration, as well as on diasporic identity formations in a globalising context, the Indian-Australian migrant subject is a recent subject of media and academic interest. The ‘new racisms’ perspective is used to examine the mediation of the student attack issue through the comments of ‘integrated’ Indian-Australians in a random sample of Australian media outlets. Feature articles, news items and opinion pieces appearing in the media covering the student attacks are examined for mentions of, and comments from a carefully selected group of professional Indians living in Australia who are often cast as a ‘model minority’. Conclusions are then drawn on how the remediation of India and its newly assertive commercial media offered by these comments effectively redraws a nation previously receiving limited coverage (literally and discursively) in Australia. What is significant here is not merely the ‘de-wogged’ views of a seemingly integrated minority, but also how oppositional readings (by way of diasporic cultural production) signal a way forward for the Indian diaspora's representation in Australia, as well as for its relations with both the home and host societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, 2005–2006, to examine the housing tenure experience of skilled immigrants to Australia 6 and 18 months after arrival for relationships with ethnic capital (cultural background), visa category streams, aspects of human capital, demographics, social capital and discrimination. Homeownership experience is used to indicate integration into Australia's dominantly middle-class society. Multinomial regression analysis identifies visa entry category as the most important independent group of variables accounting for immigrants' short-term dwelling tenure, followed by aspects of human capital, family status, and the importance of ethnic capital for immigrants of both English-speaking and non-English-speaking backgrounds, and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Early in Australia's history legislation was passed in most states to deal specifically with an 'Aboriginal problem'. The perceived 'problem' involved Aboriginals, Asians and white people producing offspring that interfered with official aspirations for a 'pure' white British race. In Western Australia from 1915 to 1940 the Chief Protector of Aborigines was AO Neville, who had become fixated with the idea of eugenics. Neville played a significant role by endorsing the misguided belief that Australia should be made up of 'white' citizens, by deciding who Aboriginal people under his control could marry. His folly eventually dissipated and following the Second World War authorities moved away from the notion of 'biological' assimilation to one of 'cultural assimilation'. Mixed-descent families became the bane of such ambitious ideologies and Aboriginal Australians and migrants evolved as a significant part of Australian society. This paper is written from an Aboriginal perspective and snippets from the author's Rodriguez and Fraser families' lives in the Derby region place the times in context. To explain the local history, this paper draws on Indigenous standpoint theory, which can be described as a paradigm in which commonalities of the underprivileged are analysed. It provides a viewing platform from which this story exposes everyday life of marginalised people by investigating the reality of the Fraser clan and its mixed marriages in Western Australia. The paper considers assimilationism, miscegenation and developmentalism that were played out during the middle of the past century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first old-age pensions in Australia deliberately excluded ‘Asiatics and Aborigines’. Consistent with the White Australia policy, racial exclusions defined the boundaries of political subjectivity and of who was to be included within the circle of New Protection. By the 1940s, much of this pattern of racial exclusion was being erased, with the barrier of caste removed, though Aboriginal entitlement was still restricted by conditions that reflected emerging ideas of assimilation. This article traces the obscure history of this process through the first half of the twentieth century, posing questions about its implications for our historical understandings of race and assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper looks at the tension between official multiculturalism, understood as a nation-building project that seeks to incorporate migrants into a unified national community even while recognising and fostering their difference, and the extra-national identifications, connections and practices that characterise really existing or everyday multiculturalism in Australia. This tension will be explored by way of the experiences of Vietnamese, Lao, Cambodian, Turkish and Burmese Mon communities in Sydney and Canberra. It argues that the ‘new’ multicultural subjects dwell between assimilation and transnationalism in a way that challenges our ability to theorise them, and the multicultural nation-state's capacity to recognise and engage them. In future research on migration in Australia, we will need to continue to take cognisance of the established nature of migrants' claims to national belonging and the reality of their local cultural becomings and hybridities; and at the same time take account of the lithe and multi-scalar nature of their identifications beyond the boundaries of proximate community, locality and nation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1971, an Aboriginal man named Mervyn Eades was convicted for failing to register for national service. The magistrate determined that while Eades was indeed Aboriginal under Western Australian law, under the National Service Act he was not. Scrutiny of Eades' case exposes the interconnected issues of Aboriginality, racial discrimination, assimilation, federalism and conscription in the period between the 1967 Referendum and the 1972 election. Eades' conviction represented a unique junction of these seemingly disparate political issues which gradually converged. Analysis of Eades' case and the wider issue of Aboriginal people and national service highlights ongoing legislative discrimination in the immediate post-Referendum period, the problematic status of concurrent Aboriginal affairs powers and the McMahon Liberal government's determination - ultimately unsuccessfully - to avoid conflation of conscription and race politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the ways in which the conception of social integration and its practical realization have developed over time in Australia, and the various pathways that models of integration have followed. It makes a distinction between the approaches to inclusion of the indigenous population, the Australian Aborigines in broader Australian social life and social institutions, and those dealing with populations of incoming migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers. Although there are similarities in the models of integration mobilized in both arenas, the differences and interactions are also significant and characteristic of what is specific about settler-colonial societies. The central models in both fields are assimilation, integration and multiculturalism, and the paper will sketch briefly how each model has operated both in theory and in practice, how they have succeeded and interacted with each other, how they have intersected with other types of concerns, such as citizenship, civilization and security, as well as what might be distinctive about the Australian approach to social integration in comparison with other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two studies explored the role of perceived threat in predicting White Australians' acculturation preferences for Muslim immigrants, with particular focus on the impact of their reliance on the mass media. In Study 1, students completed a survey that indicated that their tolerance of Muslim practice was largely explained by their general attitudes to multiculturalism. However, among those who were highly reliant on the media, symbolic threat from Muslims played an additional role, with those who perceived more threat being less tolerant. Study 2 further explored these findings in a second survey that included other measures of threat that comprise the integrated threat theory. While intergroup anxiety was the form of threat with the strongest main effect on tolerance, the impact of symbolic threat was again moderated by reliance on the mass media. The implications for understanding the role of media in facilitating interethnic disharmony were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate post-war period was defined by shifts in capitalism's socioeconomic and institutional underpinnings. Commonly known as Fordism, until the early-1970s models of standardized industrial mass-production and robust state planning and intervention were relatively successful in maintaining secular growth in employment, productivity and demand as well as establishing the national economy and society as unified, governable fields. This paper considers how migration controls in Canada and Australia enhanced and extended such arrangements. In simultaneously boosting production and demand, diversifying and integrating industrial activities and assimilating European migrants into a mass consumer culture while excluding non-Europeans perceived as disruptive of material and sociocultural homogeneity, such policies provided central vectors of economic and cultural nationalism that complemented other monopolistic and redistributive interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of recreational sport as a means and marker of social integration by analysing the lived experiences of Somali people from refugee backgrounds with sport. Drawing on a three-year multi-sided ethnography, the paper examines the extent to and ways in which participation in sport contributes to Somali Australians' bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. It is shown how social bonds and bridges developed in the sports context assist in the (re)building of community networks that have been eroded by war and displacement. Sport's contribution to social capital should however be neither overstated nor over-generalized. Bridging social capital in sport is relatively weak and few bridges are established between Somalis and the host community. Negative social encounters such as discrimination and aggression can highlight and reinforce group boundaries. Access to and use of linking social capital is also unequally distributed across gender, age, ethnic, and socio-economic lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the continent of the Australian Aborigines was colonised, most commentary on the ‘natives’ was in terms of being child-like and that the state of being of the native personified the basic elements of nature. Over the twentieth century—while attempting simultaneously to preserve and extinguish the ‘tangible form’ and the ‘true nature’ of the Aborigine—much effort was directed towards biologically and socially transmuting the substance of the native into a mimicry of whiteness through the application of science and the employment of Christianity. The following is an explanatory treatise discussing a noteworthy grouping of interactions between a number of bureaucrats, politicians, missionaries and anthropologists who—although dedicated to constructing a new (white) existence for Aboriginal people—could never quite disengage from simplistic characterisations of the people for whom they were advocating. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Social exclusion is a process that directly reduces people's capacity to participate in society. An important factor that contributes to social exclusion is the inability to recognise or understand important sources of information that facilitate social inclusion and participation. Social inclusion requires an ability to develop effective information practices that enable connection to compliance, making available everyday and nuanced information that constitute elements of the information landscape which need to be accessed and understood in order to participate in their adopted community. For refugees who are establishing themselves in Australia, the information landscape appears unfamiliar, complex, and difficult to navigate. To enable them to settle in Australia, new information practices may be required to enable them to find and interpret information, resolve problems, and deal with everyday situations which enable social inclusion and prevent social exclusion. This paper reports the findings of a project that focused on information and its relationship to social inclusion in three phases of settling in (transitioning, settling in, and being settled) to a new community in a regional city of NSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational, occupational and income success of the racial minority immigrant offspring is very similar for many immigrant origins groups in the United States, Canada and Australia. An analysis based on merged files of Current Population Surveys for the United States for the period 1995–2007, and the 2001 Censuses of Canada and Australia, and taking account of urban areas of immigrant settlement, reveals common patterns of high achievement for the Chinese and South Asian second generation, less for other Asian origins, and still less for those of Afro-Caribbean black origins. Relatively lower entry statuses for these immigrant groups in the US are eliminated for the second generation, indicating they experience stronger upward inter-generational mobility. As well, ‘segmented assimilation’ suggesting downward assimilation of Afro-Caribbean immigrants into an urban underclass in the US, also receives little support. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A recurring theme in Indigenous affairs in Australia is a tension between maintenance of Indigenous culture and achievement of socio-economic 'equity': essentially 'self-determination' versus 'assimilation'. Implicit in this tension is the view that attachment to traditional cultures and lifestyles is a hindrance to achieving 'mainstream' economic goals. Using data from the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, stronger attachment to traditional culture is found to be associated with enhanced outcomes across a range of socio-economic indicators. This suggests Indigenous culture should be viewed a part of the solution to Indigenous disadvantage in Australia, and not as part of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonial experience in the Torres Strait exemplifies the role played by imposed territorial, classification, and administrative boundaries in contributing to the formation of imagined communities among colonized indigenous peoples. These boundaries have provided the basis for a shared colonial experience that was readily transformed into the conscious boundaries of an imagined Torres Strait Island community. The Torres Strait experience also suggests that in seeking to understand the formation of imagined communities in an indigenous colonial context, there are a series of phases that can be identified. These phases can be thought of as cultural tremors-tremors that over a sustained period redefine the cultural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights student co-regulation of teaching practices as a way of exploring how L2 students' language and pedagogical needs can be met in university support classes. Integration rather than assimilation - or adapting to the needs of the students rather than leaving students to face the exigencies of the new learning environment alone - is the focus of the article. Data are taken from a qualitative study of south Sudanese former refugees attending an Australian university. In this study it was found that teachers used their authoritative position to adapt their teaching to the students' apparent needs to differing degrees. Students benefitted from some modifications in teaching practices, but their ambivalent reactions to discussion-based teaching, in particular, proved to be an obstacle to their learning in the support classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Welsh immigrant settlements in the gold mining areas of Ballarat and Sebastopol in Victoria, Australia during the later half of the nineteenth century. The author argues that the Welsh immigrants failed to maintain a unique Welsh Australian community due to their habits of marrying outside of their ethnolinguistic community, their lack of religious unity, the necessity of learning English, their refusal to live in exclusive Welsh settlement areas, and their desire to become assimilated.

From the late 1930s until the early 1970s, foreign language films were commonly categorised by Australian film exhibitors and distributors as 'Continental'. Continental films were earmarked for exhibition to audiences described as 'discerning' and 'sophisticated', epithets which distinguished their more 'discriminating' taste from the popular preferences of mainstream cinema audiences. But 'Continental' had ambiguous connotations. Foreign language cinemas exploited the association of 'Continental' with high culture, for example, by appropriating French icons, but 'Continental' could also mean scurrilous and sordid. It was the Continental cinema audience's apparent transcendence of these moral ambiguities, its seemingly effortless appreciation of 'art', and its cosmopolitan approval of select aspects of foreign 'culture' that demonstrated its sophistication and cultural distinction. In its attitudes towards sex, art and ethnic diversity, the Continental cinema audience anticipated the more widespread social and cultural changes that would transform Australian society in the 1960s and 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the cultural link between Australia and Asian countries. It mentions the historical background of the country's multiethnicity after the abolition of racial discrimination due to the efforts of labor leader Gough Whitlam in December 1972. In addition, the country was open for immigrants from different races. It also cites the implementation of multiculturalism policy by the Australian government in 1989.

Sociobiology is a relatively modern science but it is based on the very old premise that human beings are products of immutable laws of nature. For this reason it can be shown that sociobiology is an idea that envelopes a family of biblical and scientific theories that have been shown to be ideologies for the justification of hierarchy and oppression over the course of recorded human history. This family of sociobiological theories depicts 'race', and hierarchy based on race, as natural and inevitable. Here the argument is made that sociobiology is an ideology for the colonisation of Australia. Sociobiology is an ideology implicit in Australian legal doctrine and active in a continuing colonial process as a 'justification' for the annexation of Australia in the late eighteenth century as well as the domination that took place after 1788 through dispossession, denial of sovereignty, and policies of assimilation and exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the status of Muslim women, this paper examines the market employment of the second generation of migrants in multicultural Australia and highlights their differentials with non-Muslims. This group of Muslim women was born and educated in a country clearly characterised by a high level of women's employment. Accordingly, it is theorised that the employment level of second-generation Muslim migrants might also be high as a consequence of assimilation and a greater freedom from religiously ascribed gender roles. The possibility of disadvantage through discrimination is also considered in this analysis. Dealing with assimilation and discrimination hypotheses, the empirical findings of this analysis explain the employment differentials of the second generation of Muslim migrants with non-Muslims in this multicultural setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the images of citizenship available through multicultural policy provisions to the Muslim minority in Australia and New Zealand. Its enfranchisement is fraught with difficulties in both countries. A comparison between the two nations, however, shows some striking differences. Not only is there a considerable discrepancy between the images of citizenship and the images projected by this minority, but despite many similarities that both nations have in common, but this discrepancy also appears to be much larger in Australia. Some explanations for this difference will be offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Commonwealth government of Australia introduced the policy of 'assimilation' in the early 1950s. This policy aimed to merge Aboriginal people with other Australians. In 1953 the government drafted legislation that would cease to discriminate against Aboriginal people on the basis of their race, but would instead discriminate against Aboriginal people whose social status rendered them 'wards'. This reclassification process ultimately affected almost every Aboriginal person in the Northern Territory. However, the assimilation policy could not be implemented until a census had been undertaken of all Aboriginal people in the jurisdiction to determine which people would be listed as wards. The full implementation of the assimilation policy was delayed as the census took over four years to complete. The government employed patrol officers whose role included locating, naming and registering all Northern Territory Aboriginal people. Many obstacles confronted the patrol officers and the administrators in the completion of the census. This article tells the story of the census. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the way Australian and United States of America (USA) governments used the notion of the best interest of the child to remove Aboriginal and Native children respectively from their families and communities. Both governments relied on legal means to achieve the assimilation of children within the mainstream culture in order to annihilate Aboriginal and Native culture. On the one hand, the children were targeted because of their malleability and capacity for adaptation without influencing the mainstream culture. On the other hand, the chance of survival for their community was very thin without them. With regard to Australia, the process began as early as when the first settlements were established as Aboriginal women and children were kidnapped for economic and sexual exploitation. The protectorate system was thus established in the 1830s to assure their protection on reserved lands administered by a Chief Protector. In the case of the Native Americans, the assimilation policies were carried out with the boarding school system and the placements in white adoptive and foster homes. Both governments had shown the limit of their role as parens patriae when ethnic issues were at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio played an important role in the construction of Australia's 'imagined community', transcending spatial boundaries and fostering the development of audiences who were fluent in radio's storytelling tools. This article explores the ways Australian radio audiences of the 1950s responded to Gwen Meredith's representations of Aboriginality, whiteness, intermarriage and assimilation in her long-running ABC radio serial 'Blue Hills'. Through an investigation of the aural constructions of race in the serial, and an examination of audience readings of a narrative that endorsed interracial marriage--because 'colour will breed out in time'--the article reveals some of the multiple understandings of assimilation and the Aboriginal 'question' in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a perspective developed primarily in anthropology, 'transnationalism' has until recently been dominated by ethnographic and textual analyses. While not problematic for any particular study, the overwhelming dominance of these methodologies has created two major theoretical shortcomings; a tendency to inflate the prevalence of transnational models of living, and the attribution of an egalitarian or emancipatory character to transnationalism, generally in the absence of systematic evidence. In this article we attempt to remedy these problems by examining the frequency and determinants of one tangible indicator of transnational activity in migrants to Australia: visits home. Our results suggest three important conclusions: 1) not all migrants visit home at all, and only about 11 per cent do so on a regular basis; 2) there are major between-group differences in migrants' capacity to visit home; and 3) the earlier concepts of assimilation and migration order are of substantial significance in understanding transnationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While soccer football is the most popular participation team sport in Australia, it lags in the media and spectator sport. Media commentators have long suggested that the 'world' game is un-or less-Australian because many teams and clubs are founded/organised around 'ethnic' non-Anglo derivatives. Despite the re-naming of the sport and the re-construction of the national club competition around a decidedly corporate managerial structure with big city names, clubs in the lower divisions in each state persist with 'ethnic' nicknames. This paper draws upon a case study of a Serbian-based club in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. We contrast this club alongside the newly formed A-League team. We employed fieldwork observations, interviews and document analysis to capture and interpret the maintenance of a Serbian identity through the actions of supporters. Our findings suggest that despite likely acceptance of the corporate de-ethicised model, suburban teams with non-Anglo ethnic derivatives remain a vital area for both sport and their respective communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the colonization of Australia by Europeans and the subsequent reeducation of the native Aboriginal peoples. Aboriginal education prior to British settlement consisted of learning through songs and stories. The British settlers viewed the Aborigines as barely educable and forced them to learn menial tasks from a European point of view. The author proposes linking aboriginal education and culture with the current method to reject false maps and promote understanding.

This paper reports an investigation of the impact of shared values and identities on Australian attitudes towards Indigenous reconciliation across two studies. In Study 1, University students were assigned to one of two conditions in which they completed a questionnaire that measured their value priorities and reconciliation attitudes; either as an individual or as an Australian. As expected, the value of egalitarianism was the strongest predictor of reconciliation attitudes, especially under the Australian condition. In Study 2, participants from the general community were assigned into conditions that manipulated identity (personal vs. Australian) and views of how Indigenous Australians have been treated by Europeans in the past (favourable vs. unfavourable). Under these conditions, participants were asked to report their level of collective guilt and reconciliation views. The results showed that collective guilt was stronger under the unfavourable than the favourable history condition but only when personal identity was salient. The findings also showed some support for the proposition that reconciliation views would be most positive under the unfavourable history condition when Australian identity was salient. The implications of the findings for advancing the progress of indigenous reconciliation in Australia are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing importance attached to skill-based immigration in many countries including Australia. This paper investigates the incidences, determinants, and returns to graduate overeducation among tertiary qualified immigrants during the early phase of their settlement in Australia. We place particular emphasis on visa categories and region of origin. As expected, those on visas with “higher skill requirements” perform better in the labour market. The bulk of these are immigrants from English Speaking Backgrounds (ESB). Non-English Speaking Background (NESB) immigrants, on the other hand, have higher and persistent rates of overeducation. The wage returns to required and surplus education match the stylized facts of overeducation for ESB and Other NESB immigrants while Asian NESB immigrants receive no return to surplus education. Thus, the results suggest that NESB graduate immigrants are a heterogeneous group, with Asian graduate immigrants facing greater assimilation hurdles in the Australian labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a comparative mode of analysis, this article offers a new perspective on Indian assimilation policy in the United Slates. It focuses on one aspect of assimilation policy common to the United States and Australia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—the practice of removing indigenous children from their families and communities and placing them in institutions. The article argues that there is a subtle difference in the way that Americans and Australians described ‘assimilation’ taking place-namely, the extent to which white Americans and white Australians openly planned to ‘whitewash’ indigenous identity through interracial relationships. Nevertheless, while children of mixed descent played a very different role in the grandiloquent words used by reformers and politicians to describe their nation's policies, similar ideas about their role in the absorption and eventual disappearance of the indigenous population into the white one can be discerned in both contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of an evaluation of early learnings from Indigenous Community Development projects funded by the Telstra Foundation in Australia. The projects look at community-identified solutions for the serious social and health problems affecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and young people. The projects also address themes such as early childhood development, youth participation and leadership, and the role of schools in facilitating change. Marlene Burchill, as the principal project worker, also provides her Indigenous perspective on community development.

The article describes the views of Indigenous young people in care as well as the views of carers of Indigenous young people about their experiences and needs, the challenges they have faced, and their views on promising practices in Australia. These views were gathered during focus groups conducted with Indigenous young people in care, and with both Indigenous and non-Indigenous carers of Indigenous young people in two jurisdictions. The views of young people presented suggest that the wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in out-of-home care could be enhanced by having more placements available within their local community and extended family.

The article focuses on the socioeconomic forces underlying Indigenous interaction with the justice system which can only be obtained by interrogating omnibus social surveys that include a reasonably comprehensive set of potential explanatory factors, including potentially important on family background in Australia. The omnibus social surveys include 1994 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey and the 2002 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey. The author also provides an overview of existing literature on socioeconomic factors underlying Indigenous crime.

The article analyzes how the forced removal of children from their families and communities, through the Commonwealth policy of assimilation in Australia, was indeed an external force of control that deprived indigenous children of culturally significant occupations. It outlines the three aspects of occupational deprivation which resulted from children being forcibly removed from their families: (1) in deprivation of a culturally significant social environment, (2) in spiritual deprivation of one's land and story, and (3) in deprivation of initiation processes.

Over the past decade, a growing number of complaints have been made against Australian education authorities over the language of instruction used to teach deaf children. The complaints, made under the Disability Discrimination Act, were lodged with the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission for investigation and possible conciliation. When conciliation failed, two of these cases continued to the Federal Court of Australia. An analysis of court transcripts and the determinations made by the Federal Court is presented in this paper. The focus of analysis is the way in which researchers who appeared as expert witnesses in these cases were positioned by counsels for the respondents. Foremost among the findings was the way in which researchers, whose work challenged the approach taken by the education authorities, were represented as being political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines policies of Aboriginal assimilation between the 1930s and the 1960s, highlights how different forms of settler nationalism shaped understandings of the Aboriginal future, and explores the impact of the shift from biological notions of Australian nationhood (white Australia) to culturalist understandings of national cohesion and belonging. Assimilation policies were underpinned by racist assumptions and settler nationalist imperatives. Aborigines of mixed descent were a special focus for governments and others concerned with Aboriginal welfare,“uplift” and assimilation. This is most evident in the discourse of biological absorption of the 1930s, but lived on in notions of cultural assimilation after the Second World War. One of the ongoing motivations for assimilation drew upon the nationalist message within“white Australia”: the need to avoid the development of ethnic or cultural difference within the nation-state. The article highlights an ideological split among the advocates of individual assimilation and group assimilation, and uses the writings of Sir Paul Hasluck and A. P. Elkin to illustrate these two views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dental casts taken of Aboriginal people resident at Yuendumu, Central Australia, between 1950–1970 preserve a unique historical record of defects of the dental enamel (DDEs) among people born from 1890–1960 (n = 377). These data are used, in comparison with precontact data, to trace the chronological changes in childhood development that occurred among Aboriginal people from the point of initial engagement with white settlers to a period of overwhelming government control. The results demonstrate very little change in the frequency of DDE from the precontact period to 1929 but increases after that time, particularly after the forcible settlement of people on a government establishment at Yuendumu in 1946. Apart from the absolute increase in frequency, it is also clear that population variation decreased markedly, with growing numbers of children experiencing multiple defects in early childhood (ca. 0.8-1.5 years of age). The results also indicate that an early onset of DDE constituted a risk for further episodes. These changes in DDE correspond to periods of increasingly intense contact between Aboriginal people and Europeans and with changes to government policy aimed at assimilating the indigenous population. Such policies had marked costs for childhood development. The lack, however, of a visible marker of initial contact demonstrates the importance of the intensity of and motives behind interactions between indigenous and colonial populations in determining the health consequences of colonial encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the legal regulations of transnational migrants. Regulation of women immigrants; Assimilation of the immigrants; Legal response toward refugees in Australia.

Escaping unemployment the majority of first-generation Maltese Australians arrived post Second World War as economic migrants. Government policies of assimilation in place during this period and continuing social inequities have resulted in a lack of a ‘lived’ connection or sense of belonging for contemporary Maltese Australians. This paper uses Anne Marie Fortier's (2000) concept of re-membering, which draws out the importance of nostalgic remembrance to migrant community spaces and bonds, together with Kelly Oliver's (2001) framework of subjectivity as witnessing. These concepts highlight how the Maltese Australian community re-constitutes itself through actively negotiated cultural performances of Maltese folk music known as ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]