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The localised successes but geographic boundedness of Australian Rules football raise interesting questions about the relationship of sports to the regional character of the South-West Pacific. Although it is called ‘Australian’, the game has historically been restricted to roughly half of the population of the colonies and states, failing to capitalise on its initial flowering in Queensland and New South Wales. In the nineteenth century, it was better known by its urban (Melbourne) and colonial (Victorian) origins. Although sport historians have occasionally sought to explain the game's failure to win popular followings in northern Australia, the more intriguing question is why it failed to survive in New Zealand – the colony that had most in common with the game's birthplace in Victoria. This paper explores the diffusion of the code to New Zealand during the colonial era, and discusses the wider ramifications for its eventual loss of purchase across the Tasman Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Queensland fruit fly (Qfly), Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt), is a major quarantine pest of fresh horticultural commodity along the eastern coastal region of Australia and restricts market access of its host commodity. Consequently, various post‐harvest disinfestation treatments are used to facilitate trade and one such treatment for Qfly is 'cold disinfestation'. Our study evaluated the effect of cold storage as a post‐harvest disinfestation treatment for Qfly on 'gold3' kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. gold3‐sungold), a cultivar grown in New Zealand. Qfly is not present in New Zealand but due to its close proximity to Australia, New Zealand's trading partners have shown concern that Qfly presents a biosecurity risk to their own industry. Our study specifically aimed to demonstrate how this risk would be addressed. Experiment 1 investigated developmental rate of the individual life stages of Qfly in 'gold3' kiwifruit under optimal Qfly development conditions of 26 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% rh, while experiment 2 focused on determination of the most cold tolerant life stage of Qfly in 'gold3' kiwifruits. Experiment 3 was a large‐scale confirmatory trial undertaken using the most cold tolerant life stage. The results revealed that Qfly successfully developed in 'gold3' kiwifruit and that the most‐cold tolerant Qfly life stage was the 1st instar. Our study further demonstrated that storage of 'gold3' kiwifruit at 2.5°C (fruit temperature) for a period of ≥12 days resulted in zero Qfly survival. The large‐scale verification trial treated 61,412 first instar and confirmed that storage of 'gold3' kiwifruit at 2.5°C for a 14‐day period resulted in 99.9951% mortality of first instar at the 95% confidence level, hence demonstrating a probit 8.7 level of efficacy. A 14‐day cold storage period was used in this confirmatory trial to ensure additional quarantine security. We recommend that if there was any Qfly infestation on 'gold3' kiwifruit, a post‐harvest quarantine treatment of cold storage at 2.5°C (fruit temperature) for a 14‐day period must be used to disinfest Qfly from 'gold3' kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflecting worldwide trends, as the prison population in Australia and New Zealand has risen over the past decade, the number of inpatient beds available for the involuntary treatment of mentally ill prisoners transferred from correctional custody has not increased commensurately. In this context, there have been calls to allow involuntary treatment of serious mental illness in prisons. This narrative review considers the extent of unmet psychiatric need within prisons in Australia and New Zealand and considers whether there is any evidence base for involuntary treatment of serious mental illness in prisons. The review concludes that the involuntary treatment of serious mental illness in custodial settings is likely to compromise clinical care, carries a significant risk of serious harms, encourages inappropriate management of prisoners and breaches human rights conventions. The authors found no evidence of improved clinical outcomes or any other benefits directly or indirectly linked to involuntary treatment of serious mental illness in correctional settings. Finally, the review describes the Prison Mental Health Service in the Australian jurisdiction of Queensland and suggests that this represents a 'best practice' model for the management of mentally ill prisoners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of keratinocyte skin cancer, malignant melanoma and ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐induced eye disease is disproportionately higher in Australia and New Zealand compared to equivalent northern hemisphere latitudes. While many teachers are aware of the importance of reinforcing sun safety messages to students, many may not be aware of the considerable personal exposure risk while performing outdoor duties in locations experiencing high to extreme ambient UVR year‐round. Personal erythemally effective exposure of classroom teachers in tropical Townsville (19.3°S) was measured to establish seasonal extremes in exposure behavior. Mean daily personal exposure was higher in winter (91.2 J m‐2, 0.91 Standard Erythema Dose [SED]) than summer (63.3 J m−2, 0.63 SED). The range of exposures represents personal exposures that approximate current national guidelines for Australian workers at the study latitude of approximately 1.2 SED (30 J m−2 effective to the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection). Similar proportions of teachers spent more than 1 h outdoors per day in winter (28.6%) and summer (23.6%) as part of their teaching duties with seasonal differences having little effect on the time of exposure. Personal exposures for teachers peaked during both seasons near school meal break times at 11:00 am and 1:00 pm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of systems problems and human factors on delivering safe, high-quality patient care is well recognized. In the surgical setting, mortality and morbidity reviews (MMRs) are the key forum for reviewing and analysing adverse events in patient care yet there is a paucity of simple tools for undertaking such analyses. The aim of this study was to develop and pilot a new tool for analysing mortality and morbidity cases incorporating human factors and systems analysis., Methods: The published literature, professional standards, guidelines and existing audit tools for MMRs were reviewed. The 'People-Processes-Paradigm' tool was developed and pilot testing was undertaken and stakeholder feedback was obtained., Results: Models found for undertaking systems-based analysis of adverse surgical events included the 3D model, SEIPS and the Queensland Health human error and patient safety (HEAPS) Incident Management Tool. Guidelines for standards in MMRs are provided by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New South Wales Clinical Excellence Commission and Australia and New Zealand audit of surgical mortality (ANZASM). The People-Processes-Paradigm model incorporates these standards and evidence-based systems analysis tools into a single effective tool. The pilot study evaluating the use of this tool demonstrated it to be practical and easily applicable to regular use by clinicians, with the ability to be tailored to individual health service use. Improvements such as electronic format and clarification of case selection processes were recommended by users., Conclusion: The People-Processes-Paradigm tool has been developed for surgeons by surgeons incorporating current professional, legal and regulatory requirements in Australasia, easily transferrable to electronic platforms. This model requires further testing for validation., (© 2020 The Authors ANZ Journal of Surgery published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.)

Indigenous Australian children are significantly over-represented in out of home care. Figures evidencing this over-representation continue to increase at a startling rate. Similar experiences have been identified among native peoples in Canada, the United States and New Zealand. Drawing on interviews with lawyers who work with Indigenous parents in child protection matters in Queensland, Australia, this article examines how historical factors, discriminatory approaches and legal structures and processes contribute to the high rates of removal and, we argue, to the perpetuation of the stolen generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interviews with private landowners are used to identify important constraints on how market-based instruments can be used to expand woodland regeneration on marginal pastures in the southern Queensland region of Australia. Landowners highlighted three types of constraints: those related to the uncertainty over what rules will govern a mandatory carbon trading scheme in Australia; those related to how landowners can measure and sell their carbon credits; and those related to whether the initiative will be profitable for landowners. Case analysis of the 'Emissions Biodiversity Exchange Project for the 21st Century' (EBEX21) program of Landcare Research New Zealand are then used to reveal ways in which similar constraints have been successfully addressed in the context of marginal pastures in New Zealand. The EBEX21 program demonstrates how a government policy initiative can provide support to landowners by: (1) informing landowners about carbon trading opportunities; (2) ensuring satisfactory regeneration of woodlands (including the use of appropriate practices for fire and livestock exclusion and pest and weed management); (3) helping landowners measure and verify their carbon credits; and (4) providing a transparent system (through carboNZero) for landowners to engage with potential buyers of carbon credits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Demand for places in postgraduate psychiatry training programmes has increased over recent years. All systems have capacity limits, and concerns have been raised regarding the sustainability of the current intake. This paper presents a modelling exercise to exploring the presence and strategies to resolve bottleneck in the Queensland training programme., Methods: Mathematical modelling based on the RANZCP training regulations and the characteristics of the accredited training programme., Results: A training bottleneck was identified which has been impacted by increased training intake, demand for Advanced Training certificates, and location factors., Conclusions: This investigation raises important questions regarding the future management of postgraduate training in psychiatry in Queensland that may be applicable more widely across Australia and New Zealand. In particular, it highlights the large impact that can result from even small incremental increases in trainees across varying levels of the postgraduate programme and the importance of limiting trainee intake in a manner proportional to the availability of mandatory terms.

Background: Health systems must reorient towards preventative and co-ordinated care to reduce hospital demand and achieve positive and fiscally responsible outcomes for older persons with complex needs. Integrated care models can improve outcomes by aligning primary practice with the specialist health and social services required to manage complex needs. This paper describes the impact of a community-facing program that integrates care at the primary-secondary interface on the rate of Emergency Department (ED) presentation and hospital admissions among older people with complex needs., Methods: The Older Persons Enablement and Rehabilitation for Complex Health Conditions (OPEN ARCH) study is a multicentre randomised controlled trial with a stepped wedge cluster design. General practitioners (GPs; n = 14) in primary practice within the Cairns region are considered 'clusters' each comprising a mixed number of participants. 80 community-dwelling persons over 70 years of age if non-Indigenous and over 50 years of age if Indigenous were included at baseline with no new participants added during the study. Clusters were randomly assigned to one of three steps that represent the time at which they would commence the OPEN ARCH intervention, and the subsequent intervention duration (3, 6, or 9 months). Each participant was its own control. GPs and participants were not blinded. The primary outcomes were ED presentations and hospital admissions. Data were collected from Queensland Health Casemix data and analysed with multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression modelling to estimate the effectiveness of the OPEN ARCH intervention. Data were analysed at the cluster and participant levels., Results: Five clusters were randomised to steps 1 and 2, and 4 clusters randomised to step 3. All clusters (n = 14) completed the trial accounting for 80 participants. An effect size of 9% in service use (95% CI) was expected. The OPEN ARCH intervention was found to not make a statistically significant difference to ED presentations or admissions. However, a stabilising of ED presentations and a trend toward lower hospitalisation rates over time was observed., Conclusions: While this study detected no statistically significant change in ED presentations or hospital admissions, a plateauing of ED presentation and admission rates is a clinically significant finding for older persons with complex needs. Multi-sectoral integrated programs of care require an adequate preparation period and sufficient duration of intervention for effectiveness to be measured., Trial Registration: The OPEN ARCH study received ethical approval from the Far North Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee, HREC/17/QCH/104-1174 and is registered on the Australian and New Zealand Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000198325p ., (© 2021. The Author(s).)