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Urban planning education must address the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) to comprehend the critical impact of urban density on sustainable city development. Quantitative studies using administrative area units face indefinite aggregate level biases. This paper introduces an efficient block-searching method to calculate property densities around residences of various boundary scales and empirically examines their relationship with housing prices in Auckland, New Zealand. Results reveal negative associations between housing prices and densities within neighbourhoods, emphasising the limitations of administrative boundaries. These findings underscore the necessity for planning education to navigate MAUP's complexities in shaping urban development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zoning reform is increasingly recognised as an important strategy to increase housing affordability and environmental sustainability. Few cities have undertaken significant upzoning of low-density neighbourhoods, making the 2016 Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP) probably the most ambitious zoning reform in the world. Parcels zoned for single houses previously dominated Auckland, but three-quarters of them now allow multiple units. Existing studies have documented the building boom that followed this zoning reform, yet the relatively rare case offers additional insights. In this article, we use appraisal, census and zoning data on over 200,000 parcels in Auckland to answer three research questions about the heterogeneous impacts of the AUP. First, to what extent did upzoning increase the appraised value of properties' redevelopment options? Second, did upzoning increase appraised property values to a greater degree in higher-income and more centrally located neighbourhoods? Finally, was zoning reform in Auckland significantly influenced by similar political pressures as in other countries? That is, was upzoning less likely (and downzoning more likely) in higher-income neighbourhoods? The answers to these three questions are substantially, it's complicated, and yes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In New Zealand, the shortage of affordable housing in its urban centers is forcing essential public service workers (also known as key workers) to move further out of the city to access cheaper housing. This increases workplace commuting costs and poses sustainability concerns for the local economy. In this study, we developed a spatial mismatch index to quantify the negative externalities in terms of the additional commuting involved due to the job–housing locational mismatch. Our analysis empirically examined how the housing affordability crisis distorts the residential choice of key workers in Auckland. The results indicated that a 1% increase in a housing unaffordability measure for key workers results in an extra 3-km commuting distance, equivalent to a $124 million deadweight loss annually. Theoretically, this study represents the first attempt to theorize the concept of spatial mismatch hypothesis in relation to occupational groups against the backdrop of deteriorating housing affordability in New Zealand, and it expands the scope of the spatial mismatch hypothesis by taking into account worker occupation. Besides, we highlighted that key workers suffer the most severe suboptimal residential locational choices compared with other occupational groups. The findings also imply that policymakers seeking to mitigate the problem by addressing housing affordability issues through developing affordable housing should take into account transportation infrastructure and site selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While construction costs and housing prices are implicitly examined in the construction economics literature, dedicated studies on their theoretical underpinning are rare. In this study, we investigated the application of different pricing theories in Auckland by testing the relationship between house prices and construction costs in Auckland from 1995 to 2021. The results contrast the tendering pricing theory, which posits that construction prices are optimal mark-ups unaffected by market demand, with the full-cost pricing theory, which acknowledges the market-dependent nature of pricing. By using the Toda-Yamamoto's granger-causality test and Pesaran's Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bound tests, we analysed the relationship between the house price index (HPI) and construction cost index (CCI). The result suggests a significant relationship between housing prices and construction costs in both the short and long term, supporting the predominance of the full-cost pricing theory in Auckland's housing market. The finding highlights the potential need for property industry participants to evaluate the market structure of the construction industry, fostering a more competitive environment and paving the way for more effective supply-related housing policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age–period–cohort problem has been studied for decades but without resolution. There have been many suggested solutions to make the three effects estimable, but these solutions mostly exploit non-linear specifications. Yet, these approaches may suffer from misspecification or omitted variable bias. This paper is a practical-oriented study with an aim to empirically disentangle age–period–cohort effects by providing external information on the actual depreciation of housing structure rather than taking age as a proxy. It is based on appraisals of the improvement values of properties in New Zealand to estimate the age-depreciation effect. This research method provides a novel means of solving the identification problem of the age, period, and cohort trilemma. Based on about half a million housing transactions from 1990 to 2019 in the Auckland Region of New Zealand, the results show that traditional hedonic prices models using age and time dummy variables can result, ceteris paribus, in unreasonable positive depreciation rates. The use of the improvement values model can help improve the accuracy of home value assessment and reduce estimation biases. This method also has important practical implications for property valuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commuting behaviour has been intensively examined by geographers, urban planners, and transportation researchers, but little is known about how commuting behaviour is spatially linked with the job and housing markets in urban cities. New Zealand has been recognised as one of the countries having the most unaffordable housing over the past decade. A group of middle-class professionals called 'key workers', also known during the pandemic as 'essential workers', provide essential services for the community, but cannot afford to live near their workplaces due to a lack of affordable housing. As a result, these key workers incur significant sub-optimal commuting. Such job-housing imbalance has contributed to a so-called spatial mismatch problem. This study aims to visualise the excess commuting patterns of individual workers using the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) from Statistics New Zealand. The visualisation suggests that over the last demi-decade, housing unaffordability has partially distorted the commuting patterns of key workers in Auckland. More of the working population, in particular those key workers, are displaced to the outer rings of the city. While there is an overall reduction in excess commuting across three groups of workers, key workers remain the working population with a disproportionate long excess commute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]