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The hyperarid Atacama Desert is one of the driest and oldest deserts on Earth, rendering it a valuable climate archive. However, unraveling its past climate is particularly challenging and the few studied paleoclimate records of the region reveal strong temporal and spatial variabilities. To enhance our understanding of these dynamics we investigated a sedimentary record in the Yungay valley located in the southern hyperarid Atacama Desert. We employed paleomagnetic and radiocarbon dating, and for the first time for Atacama Desert sediments, a meteoric 10Be/9Be based method for determining the depositional age. The respective 4.20 m deep profile comprises a lower alluvial fan deposit with a maximum age of 3.8 ± 0.8 Ma, and an upper 1.84 m thick clay pan deposit that has accumulated over the last 19 ka. Different proxies including grain size, salt concentration, and elemental composition indicate an aridity increase around 2.3 Ma ago and repeated dry and wet phases during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. The latter climatic shifts can be assigned to variabilities of the South American Summer Monsoon and El Niño Southern Oscillation with moisture sources from the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean, respectively. This study provides deeper insights into the heterogeneous climate of the hyperarid Atacama Desert and underlines the importance of interdisciplinary investigations to decipher climate systems and their effect on potential habitable regions in such an extreme environment. • Paleo record in the hyperarid Atacama Desert: clay pan deposits (~100 m Ma−1) cover alluvial fan deposits (~1 m Ma−1). • First application of 10Be/9Be age dating on terrestrial deposits in the Atacama Desert. • Alluvial fan deposits record an increase of aridity at 2.3 Ma. • Clay pan deposits record multiple wet phases during late Pleistocene and Holocene. • Climate shifts can be linked to variabilities in the South American Summer Monsoon and El Niño Southern Oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Decrease of chloride and nitrate salts with elevation in the Yungay Valley, Atacama Desert. • Vertical salt separation due to water infiltration within soils under hyperarid conditions. • Sulfate sulfur and oxygen isotopes support the pattern of water infiltration. • Anhydrite is linked to the presence of soluble salts in deeper soil horizon. The Atacama Desert is the oldest and driest non-polar desert on Earth. Millions of years of hyperaridity enabled salt accumulations through atmospheric deposition. These salts can serve as proxies to decipher the interaction between water and soil as well as to understand the habitability with changing environmental settings. Therefore, we investigated four soil profiles regarding their mineralogy, salt abundance, and sulfate stable isotopic composition. The profiles were located along an elevation transect in the hyperarid region southeast of Antofagasta, Chile. The two lower sites situated on the distal parts of inactive alluvial fan deposits were subject to occasional fog occurrences. The upper steeper-sloped sites experienced no fog but are subject to minimal erosion. In all soil profiles, sulfates are the dominant salts showing a downward transition from gypsum to anhydrite that is accompanied by an increase of highly soluble salts and a decrease of sulfate δ34S and δ18O values. These trends are consistent with downward directed water infiltration during rare rain events causing salt dissolution followed by precipitation within the deeper soil column. This conclusion is also supported by our Rayleigh fractionation model. We attribute the presence of anhydrite at > 40 cm depth to the cooccurrence of nitrate and chloride salts, which decreases water activity during sulfate precipitation and therefore drives anhydrite formation. Along the elevation transect, the total salt inventories of each profile show a trend for nitrates and chlorides concentration decreasing with elevation. This observation together with the sulfate stable isotopes indicates a fog-independent source and suggests remobilization of soluble salts through enhanced washout from hillslopes to alluvial fans. These findings are essential for assessing the long-term regional habitability of hyperarid environments and have also relevance for Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]