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Environmental literacy is indicated as one element of learning that is able to solve environmental problems. However, the extent to which the environmental literacy component is embedded in various levels of education has not been revealed much. This study aims to determine the environmental literacy of students in several countries, starting from primary school to university level. Research of the content analysis model was carried out by analyzing 25 articles from international journals and proceedings during 2012-2018. Environmental literacy instruments in this study refer to the evaluation of environmental literacy developed by Liang. The data analysis was performed quantitatively and presented as a percentage. The results showed that the majority of environmental literacy components that were widely studied and developed included cognitive, affective, and psychomotor (48%). Furthermore, junior high school (30.77%) and senior high school (23.08%) were chosen as research subjects in an effort to form a literate generation of the environment. The results of this study can be followed up with the optimization of efforts to strengthen environmental literacy through an appropriate learning process.

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Boesenbergia rotunda Linn. (Zingiberaceae) is traditionally used in many Asian countries as medicine for stomach pain and discomfort, viral and bacterial infection, inflammation, and as diuretic agent. Aim of the study: The study aimed to identify adenosine A1 receptor binding compounds from Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome extract by using comprehensive extraction coupled to the NMR metabolomics method. Materials and methods: Dried and powdered Boesenbergia rotunda rhizomes were extracted with the comprehensive extraction method to obtain several fractions with different polarity. Each fraction was divided into two: for NMR analysis and for adenosine A1 receptor binding test. Orthogonal projection to the least square analysis (OPLS) was used to study the correlation between metabolites profile and adenosine A1 receptor binding activity of the plant extracts. Based on Y-related coefficient and variable of important (VIP) value, signals in active area of OPLS loading plot were studied and the respective compounds were then elucidated Results and discussions: Based on OPLS Y-related coefficient plot and variable of importance value plot, several characteristic signals were found to positively correlate to the binding activity. By using 1D and 2D NMR spectra of one of the most active fraction, pinocembrine and hydroxy-panduratin were identified as the possible active compounds. Two signals from ring C of pinocembrine flavanone skeleton with negative coefficient correlations possibly overlapped with those of non-active methoxylated flavanones which were also presence in the extract. NMR based metabolomics applied in this study was able to quickly identify bioactive compounds from plant extract without necessity to purify them. Further confirmation by isolating pinocembrine and hydroxy-panduratin and testing their adenosine A1 receptor binding activity to chemically validate the method are required. Conclusion: Two flavonoid derivatives, pinocembrine and hydroxy-panduratin, have been elucidated as possible active compounds bind to adenosine A1 receptor. Flavonoid was reported to be one of natural antagonist ligand for adenosine A1 receptor while antagonistic activity to the receptor is known to associate with diuretic activity. Thus, the result of this research supports the traditional use of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome extract as diuretic agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As an essential macroelement for all living cells, phosphorus is indispensable in agricultural production systems. Natural phosphorus reserves are limited, and it is therefore important to develop phosphorus-efficient crops. A major quantitative trait locus for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance, Pup1, was identified in the traditional aus-type rice variety Kasalath about a decade ago. However, its functional mechanism remained elusive until the locus was sequenced, showing the presence of a Pup1-specific protein kinase gene, which we have named phosphorus-starvation tolerance 1 (PSTOL1). This gene is absent from the rice reference genome and other phosphorus-starvation-intolerant modern varieties. Here we show that overexpression of PSTOL1 in such varieties significantly enhances grain yield in phosphorus-deficient soil. Further analyses show that PSTOL1 acts as an enhancer of early root growth, thereby enabling plants to acquire more phosphorus and other nutrients. The absence of PSTOL1 and other genes-for example, the submergence-tolerance gene SUB1A-from modern rice varieties underlines the importance of conserving and exploring traditional germplasm. Introgression of this quantitative trait locus into locally adapted rice varieties in Asia and Africa is expected to considerably enhance productivity under low phosphorus conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]