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Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and in Indonesia. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. is a herbal plant from South-East Asia which is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of Estrogen Receptor (ER) + breast cancer cell line from the former study. However, its effect on ER- breast cancer cell lines had not been studied. Therefore, we want to examine the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. on ER- breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Nanoparticle is a form of preparation that optimizes the activity of any compound to the targeted cell. Therefore, it is expected that it can increase the effectivity of anticancer in Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. In this study, the rhizome of K. pandurata Roxb. trituration was dried and extracted with n-hexane solvent. Nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. was synthesized with CaCl2, chitosan, and alginate by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, adjusting pH, and centrifugation. Then, nanoparticle was analized by UV/VIS spectrofotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of K. pandurata Roxb. extract and nanoparticle were examined with MTT assay. The result of this test is data of inhibition percentage and IC50 value. The result showed that n-hexane extract of K. pandurata Roxb. is synthesized into nanoparticle form with 99,43% yield percentage (entrapment value). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. is moderate with IC50 value of the extract is 87,23 μg/ml and the nanoparticle is 24,23 μg/ml. The nanoparticle's activity is better than the extract. n-Hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. has cytotoxicity effects towards MDA-MB-231 cell line. Nanoparticle can increase the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. extract because its hydrophobic feature and nanometer size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The frass of several herbivorous insect species has been utilised as natural medicines in Asia; however, the metabolite makeup and pharmaceutical activities of insect frass have yet to be investigated. Oligophagous Papilionidae insects utilise specific kinds of plants, and it has been suggested that the biochemicals from the plants may be metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP) in Papilionidae insects. In this study, we extracted the components of the frass of Papilio machaon larvae reared on Angelica keiskei, Oenanthe javanica or Foeniculum vulgare and examined the biological activity of each component. Then, we explored the expression of CYP genes in the midgut of P. machaon larvae and predicted the characteristics of their metabolic system. Results: The components that were extracted using hexane, chloroform or methanol were biochemically different between larval frass and the host plants on which the larvae had fed. Furthermore, a fraction obtained from the chloroform extract from frass of A. keiskei-fed larvae specifically inhibited the cell proliferation of the human colon cancer cell line HCT116, whereas fractions obtained from the chloroform extracts of O. javanica- or F. vulgare-fed larval frass did not affect HCT116 cell viability. The metabolites from the chloroform extract from frass of A. keiskei-fed larvae prevented cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Next, we explored the metabolic enzyme candidates in A. keiskei-fed larvae by RNA-seq analysis. We found that the A. keiskei-fed larval midgut might have different characteristics from the O. javanica- or F. vulgare-fed larval metabolic systems, and we found that the CYP6B2 transcript was highly expressed in the A. keiskei-fed larval midgut. Conclusions: These findings indicate that P. machaon metabolites might be useful as pharmaceutical agents against human colon cancer subtypes. Importantly, our findings show that it might be possible to use insect metabolic enzymes for the chemical structural conversion of plant-derived compounds with complex structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]