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Within the subpopulations of guanacos (Lama guanicoe), some are in critical danger of extinction. This is the case of the Chaqueñan guanaco, which inhabited large areas of this great ecoregion until the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the information that located the species in the Salinas Grandes of central Argentina, a transdisciplinary study was conducted. After seven years of field studies, the recent history of this population was characterized, and its population size and area of distribution were estimated. Currently, the number of guanacos that persists is less than 80 individuals, being restricted to the peri-saline and surrounding areas of a large cattle ranch that prohibits hunting, the main anthropic impact that reduced this population in the recent past. Although there are encouraging aspects for its conservation, such as the recent creation of the Traslasierra National Park, it is necessary to deepen management measures to increase the size and distribution of the Chaco guanaco, as well as generate actions that allow revaluing its existence as a biocultural resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]