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This paper studies the process of learning to write from an insider perspective, by adopting the framework of implicit theories of learning. We interviewed 160 children attending kindergarten or primary education in public schools in Argentina (20 children from each of the eight grades from kindergarten to seventh grade). Main questions explored children's accounts of their learning activity, learning difficulties and awareness of learning in the field of writing. The textual transcriptions of their oral responses were analysed with the lexicometric method. Results indicate an early shift from a direct theory of learning to write to an interpretative one revealing increasing complexity, dynamisation and internalisation of learning agency. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.)

Junín virus (JUNV), a member of the family Arenaviridae, is the etiological agent of the Argentine hemorrhagic fever, an endemic disease in the rural region of Argentina lacking a specific chemotherapy. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is expressed in several mammalian tissues and has been indicated as a sensor of ligands from variable sources and a modulator of the cell immune response. Interestingly, recent studies have suggested that the activation or depression of the AHR signaling pathway may play a role in the outcome of diverse human viral infections. In the present report, the effect of the pharmacological modulation of AHR on JUNV in vitro infection was analyzed. An initial microarray screening showed that the AHR pathway was overexpressed in JUNV-infected hepatic cells. Concomitantly, the infection of Vero and Huh-7 cells with the JUNV strains IV4454 and Candid#1 was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with CH223191, a specific AHR antagonist, as detected by infectivity assays, real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence detection of viral proteins. Furthermore, the pro-viral role of AHR in JUNV infection appears to be independent of the IFN-I pathway. Our findings support the promising perspectives of the pharmacological modulation of AHR as a potential target for the control of AHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pteris has numerous representatives of Asian and Oceanic origin naturalized in America, some of them recognized as invasive weeds. Pteris ensiformis was introduced in America in the middle of the 19th century and subsequently naturalized in USA and Central America, but the records of its distribution in South America are isolated and the establishment or naturalization of the populations is unclear. As part of a broader study whose objective is to review the diversity of ferns and lycophytes in the Paranaense forest P. ensiformis was found for the first time in Argentina. In addition to describing, illustrating, and distinguishing the species from other species of the genus in the country, we review the distribution of P. ensiformis in South America comparing herbarium collections and iNaturalist observations, a citizen science platform. Additionally, a status for the species is proposed or suggested in each country where it is registered according to its stage of the naturalization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social representations are constructions that can determine the behaviors that older people carry out, including self-care behavior. Objective: This study is aimed to describe emergent representations of health, illness and quality of life and how these relate to self-care practices in a group of older people in the eastern region of the Mendoza province. Materials and Methods: A qualitative grounded theory study was conducted based on an emerging design with 30 people over 60 years old in the eastern region of the Mendoza province, who were not institutionalized patients and had not been diagnosed with a mental illness before. A non-probability voluntary response sample was used for selection and a semi-structured interview was applied as an instrument. Results: Older people were found to have a multidimensional social representation of health, illness causes and quality of life, including physical, psychological, social and cultural elements in their representations, which is in line with self-care strategies that older people consider important to carry them out. Discussions: Although the psychological dimension was given priority in health and illness social representation, the physical self-care strategies were excelled. Conclusions: Understanding the social representations of health, illness and older people's quality of life can be a valuable tool when designing educational strategies and health and self-care promotion for such population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the arid Chaco in central Argentina presents gradients of woody vegetation cover with a variety of management regimes with different environmental impacts. Here, we compare the relative effects of the two most widespread management systems in the region: silvopastoral and peasant managements. Soil properties, plant species richness, composition and vegetation structure were used as ecological indicators as they are crucial for long term-sustainability of production systems. Vegetation cover and plant composition responded differently to land management systems. While plant species richness and composition remained similar in both land management types, tree cover showed a strong reduction in silvopastoral systems. We also observed differences in soil properties, with increases in nitrates, sulfates and electrical conductivity in silvopastoral systems as compared to peasant land management. Tree cover reduction and higher soil salinity may impact negatively the productive capacity of soils, which may compromise the delivery of ecosystem services in silvopastoral systems of central Argentina in the long-term. Peasant land use management showed comparable less environmental impact on soils, allowing the preservation of not only provision services but also of regulating and supporting services in these highly vulnerable areas. • Environmental effects of silvopastoral and peasant systems have never been compared. • Plant species composition remained similar between management systems. • Tree cover and soil quality decreased in silvopastoral sites while bare soil increased. • Increased soil salinity can risk sustainability of silvopastures in arid chaco. • Peasant systems had lower impact on these environmental indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to analyze the composition and distribution of the intertidal foraminiferal assemblages of the Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (southeast coast of Buenos Aires Province). For this purpose, the abundance and diversity of the living and dead fauna were determined; the taphonomic features of the tests were analyzed; and physico-chemical measurements were taken at 10 sites of the lagoon. The assemblages were constituted mainly by autochthonous fauna. The sediment grain size and salinity are the main variables that determine the distribution of species and discerned three assemblages, associated with three sub-environments. The first sub-environment of coarse sediment and mesohaline waters corresponds to non-vegetated plains in the mouth of the lagoon. It contains Buccella peruviana, Elphidium discoidale, and Quinqueloculina patagonica. The second sub-environment of fine sediment and mesohaline waters corresponds to non-vegetated plains in the inlet of the lagoon. It includes Elphidium gunteri, B. peruviana, Ammonia parkinsoniana, Ammonia tepida, Miliolinella subrotunda, Rosalina williamsoni, Pyrgo ringens, Discorbis peruvianus, and Q. patagonica. The third sub-environment of coarse sediment - waters ranging from polyhaline to mixoeuhaline and fine sediment - oligohaline waters corresponds to vegetated and non-vegetated plains and floodplains far from the mouth of the lagoon. It contains Ammonia spp , and E. gunteri. • Living and dead foraminifera were studied at Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon. • Abundance and diversity of benthic foraminifera, and physico-chemical measurements were analyzed. • Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis were used. • The results obtained show the influence of the environmental variables on the foraminiferal assemblages. • Three assemblages associated with three sub-environments were indentified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ultrastructure of the sporoderm of three genera of the Family Cyatheaceae was studied in detail, with the aim to elucidate its constituent elements. While the perispore ofAlsophilaandSphaeropterisis thick and complex, that ofCyatheais reduced and with a different structure; nevertheless, their basic elements seem to be similar. We found that the substructural components are threads with a diameter of 50–100 nm and that each one is composed of an inner channel, around which there are several smaller coiled units. The channels are interconnected and form a complex system, which is continuous within the exospore and in a similar pattern. This network of threads could be related to the transfer of substances between the outer and inner parts of the spores during their development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As part of pioneering efforts to assess the potential of native microalgae as biofuel feedstock in South–Eastern Buenos Aires, 34 monoalgal cultures (corresponding to the Phylum Chlorophyta) were established and 21 were selected for further growth and biomass composition characterization. Novel RNA sequences in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region were identified. Some strains showed desirable traits as biodiesel feedstock such as (i) apparent maximal doubling times of 6h, (ii) lipids accumulation of up to 43% of their dry biomass, (iii) high ration of mono-unsaturated to poly-unsaturated fatty acids, (iv) high response to CO2 supplementation, and (v) complete sedimentation in 4h. Data of the outdoors performance of some strains suggested they might represent valuable resources for future research towards the regional development of the technology for microalgae-based biofuels. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Dennstaedtia dissecta is recorded for the first time for the Argentinean flora in the Misiones Province. This new record was discovered during the study of herbarium specimens from BA and LP, and then corroborated with field collections from Cruce Caballero Provincial Park and Urugua-í Provincial Park. In addition to the characteristics of rhizome and lamina, the spores were an important information source for the identification of this species. The diagnostic characters are described and illustrated, including a key to identify the species of Dennstaedtia from Misiones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an international context of increasing pressure from transnational organizations such as the World Trade Organization through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), Argentine higher education is characterized in its historical development as a citizen's right and not as a transnational commodity. The history of Argentine higher education is the history of access to a right, and educational technology and distance education have contributed and continue to contribute solutions to this mission. It is because of its status as a right that higher education institutions must invest all the means at their disposal to ensure that students have access to it without any kind of restriction, as regulated by the Higher Education Law. They must also guarantee the graduation of their students so that access to the right is not an empty discourse. One tool available for this purpose is curricular flexibilization, which makes it possible to respect the motivations and pace of each student together with an autonomous administration of time and space that is not expulsive. The autonomous management of the curriculum is also enhanced by the use of technological mediations that make it possible to articulate physical presence with virtual presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hadrosaurids form the most diverse and derived clade of ornithopod dinosaurs. Although well represented in Asia and North America, its presence in South America is known only from rare and fragmentary remains that are poorly documented and mostly unstudied. As a result, the impact of these animals on the phylogenetics and biogeography of hadrosaurids as a whole is poorly known. Here, we provide a revised and complete osteology of the type specimens and hypodigms for the only two taxa known from South America, Secernosaurus koerneri and Kritosaurus australis. Likewise, we infer the phylogenetic position and historical biogeography of South American hadrosaurids using a nearly complete taxonomic sampling of hadrosaurid species. Parsimony methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships, whereas Fitch parsimony and Dispersal-Vicariance analyses were implemented to reconstruct ancestral areas. Kritosaurus australis is regarded as a junior synonym of Secernosaurus koerneri, based on a combination of iliac and pubic characters unique to these two taxa. Inclusion of S. koerneri within the genus Kritosaurus is not supported by the phylogenetic analysis. S. koerneri is inferred to be a member of the Kritosaurus-Gryposaurus clade within Saurolophinae, as the sister taxon to the Argentinean unnamed hadrosaurid from Salitral Moreno. Another unnamed hadrosaurid from Big Bend National Park, Texas, is positioned as the closest outgroup to the South American clade. The results of this biogeographical analysis supports the hypothesis that the Secernosaurus clade originated in South America during the late Campanian after a dispersal event (probably followed by vicariance) from southern North America before the end of that geologic stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vegetation of El Visco gorge, range of Valle Fértil, was studied. In this area a forest of Acacia visco appears on the sunny slopes. Vegetation was floristically analyzed and the following plant communities were established: on rocky outcrops, on flat areas, and riparian and stream of rivulets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Leoncito National Park is located on the western side of the Sierras del Tontal (31°54′ S and 59°10′ W) (Calingasta, San Juan province). In the study area rainfall increases from 100 to 400 mm with altitude, and mean annual temperature is 22°C in the valley, and 10°C in the highland area. Phytosociological releves were carried out in the humid sectors of the area, and data obtained were included in a synthetic table of releves. Plant communities of meadows, streams, oasis area, and natural depressions were described. Over a total of 157 plant species recorded in the most humid environments of the Reserve, allien plants represented 20.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grandviewite is redefined on the basis of a reinvestigation of the holotype specimen from the Grandview mine, Arizona, USA, and additional specimens found in the Restauradora vein at the Capillitas mine, northwestern Argentina. Grandviewite from the Capillitas mine forms globular masses up to a couple of millimetres in diameter, formed by very thin platy to acicular lath-like crystals, greenish-pale blue in colour, pleochroic (X = colourless, Y = very pale blue and Z = greenish-pale blue), with pale blue streak and silky to a satiny lustre. Results of an electron-microprobe study and crystal-structure determination lead to the new ideal formula Cu3Al2(SO4)(OH)10⋅H2O, which requires (in wt.%) CuO 45.13, Al2O3 19.28, SO3 15.14, and H2O 20.45, total 100.00. Its empirical formulas are (Cu2.96Mn0.01)Σ2.97Al2.03(SO4)0.97(SiO4)0.03(AsO4)0.01(OH)9.97Cl0.01⋅H2O (Grandview mine) and Cu2.97(Al2.03Fe0.01)Σ2.04(SO4)0.95(SiO4)0.03(AsO4)0.01(PO4)0.01(OH)9.97Cl0.01⋅H2O (Capillitas mine). Grandviewite is triclinic, P $\bar{1}$ , with unit-cell parameters refined from powder X-ray diffraction data: a = 5.713(2), b = 10.1374(8), c = 10.9791(9) Å, α = 72.240(6)°, β = 82.79(2)°, γ = 86.07(2)°, V = 600.5(3) Å3 and Z = 2 (Grandview mine); and a = 5.749(3), b = 10.1388(13), c = 10.9656(16) Å, α = 72.344(1)°, β = 82.83(4)°, γ = 86.77(3)°, V = 604.2(3) Å3 and Z = 2 (Capillitas mine). The crystal structure of grandviewite from the Capillitas mine was solved by 3-dimensional electron diffraction analysis (R(obs)/wR(obs) = 0.1304/0.1316 for 6401/31007 observed reflections with I ≥ 3σ(I). Grandviewite contains infinite AlO6–Cu1–AlO6 slabs along a connected on both ends to Cu2 [4 + 1]–SO4 chains. The SO4 tetrahedra form a disordered chain along a connected to the Cu2 pyramids on one side and are otherwise stabilised by strong hydrogen bonds to surrounding units. The Raman and infrared spectra for samples from both occurrences are identical. The redefinition (new chemical formula and triclinic symmetry) has been approved by the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association (number 21-K). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Goal Of Study: The scope of health in the Sustainable Development Goals is much broader than the Millennium Development Goals, spanning functions such as health-system access and quality of care. Hospital readmission rate and ED-visits within 30 days from discharge are considered low-cost quality indicators. This work assesses an indicator of quality of care in a tertiary referral hospital in Argentina, using data available from clinical records.Purpose: To estimate the rate of ED-visits and the hospital readmission rate (HRR) after a first hospitalization (First-H), and to identify associated factors.Methods: This retrospective cohort included patients who had a First-H in Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires between 2014-2015. Follow-up occurred from discharge until ED-visit, readmission, death, disaffiliation from health insurance, or 13 months. We present HRR at 30 days and ED-visits rate at 72 h, using the Cox proportional-hazards regression model to explore associated factors, and reporting adjusted hazard ratios (HR) with their respective 95 %CI.Results: The study comprised 10,598 hospitalizations (median age was 68 years). Of these, 5966 had at least one consultation to the ED during follow up, resulting in a 24 h rate of consultations to ED of 1.51 % (95 %CI 1.29-1.72); at 48 h 3.18 % (95 %CI 2.86-3.54); at 72 h 4.71 % (95 %CI 4.32-5.13). In multivariable models, factors associated for 72 h ED-visits were: age (aHR 1.06), male (aHR 1.14), Charlson Comorbidity Index (aHR 1.16), unscheduled hospitalization (aHR 1.39), prior consultation with the ED (aHR 1.08) and long hospital stay (aHR 1.39). Meanwhile, 2345 patients had at least one hospital readmission (98 % unscheduled), resulting a 24 h rate of 0.5 % (95 %CI 0.42-0.71), at 48 h 0.98 % (95 %CI 0.80-1.18), at 72 h 1.4 % (95 %CI 1.2-1.6); at 30 days 7.7 % (95 %CI 7.2-8.2); at 90 days 13 % (95 %CI 12.4-13.8); and one-year 22.5 % (95 %CI 21.7-23.4). Associated factors for HRR at 30 days were: age (HR 1.16), male (HR 1.09), Charlson comorbidities score (HR 1.27), social service requirement during First-H (HR 1.37), unscheduled First-H (HR 1.16), previous ED-visits (HR 1.03) and length of stay (HR 1.08).Conclusion: Priorities efforts to improve must include greater attention to patients' readiness prior discharge, to explore causes of preventable readmissions, and better support for patient self-management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Woodland cover dominated by AM-plants and soil were similar to Patagonian forests. • Agaricales (Agaricomycets) and Helotiales (Leotiomycets) were the most abundant. • Humidity, EC, C, N, and P were modelers of the community at different taxonomic levels. • The seasons influenced the class and guild, but not the diversity of the community. • Saprotroph were the most abundant; followed by Pathogen and ECM (specially Cortinarius). • Woodland management only modified richness and phosphorus, they could be bio-indicators. Forest management can alter soil fungal communities which are important in the regulation of biogeochemical cycles and other ecosystem services. The current challenge of sustainable management is that management be carried out while preserving the bioecological aspects of ecosystems. Mixed Patagonian woodlands are subject to continuous disturbance (fire, wood extraction, and livestock), with unknown consequences for soil fungal communities. Our objective was to study the fungal community and the effects of an experimental forest management program, which combines harvesting and implantation, on the soil fungal communities in Patagonian woodland, in Argentina; considering contrasting seasons and soil parameters. At site level, the mixed woodlands appear to have greater soil cover with AM plants and soil chemical characteristics similar to other forest environments in the same region, with an intermediate fungal diversity value. When the seasonal effect was analyzed, no changes were observed in the fungal richness and diversity index, whereas modifications were recorded in the class level, in the ecological guilds, and in certain soil parameters; the inversion of phyla should be highlighted. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla, and presented a tendency to an inversion between seasons: Ascomycota fungi predominated in autumn, while Basidiomycota were more abundant in summer. The Glomeromycota were not well represented in this study. The most abundant classes were Agaricomycetes, followed by Leotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Tremellomycetes, with some changes in the proportions between the two seasons, which could be related to certain soil characteristics. The most abundant orders in both seasons were Agaricales, Helotiales, Mortierellales, and Filobasidiales, correlated with some soil characteristics. The ordination analysis (NMDS) showed a correlation between taxonomic assignation and some soil characteristics, and only between class seasons. The most abundant ecological guild was saprotrophs (in both seasons: Hygrocybe , Mortierella , Cryptococcus), followed by plant pathogens (Ilyonectria , which increase in autumn); and the ectomycorrhizal symbiont (Hygrocybe in both seasons, while in summer Cortinarius , Clitopilus , and Geoglossum), all are related to C and N cycle. The only post-management changes observed in soil fungal community and chemical characteristics were in fungal richness (OTUs) and available phosphorus values; all the others (diversity indexes, taxonomy, and ecological guilds) were unaffected by this anthropic disturbance. It should be highlighted that available P and fungal species richness could be proposed as bioindicators. Future studies in native management programs, considering other aspects such as diversity of vegetation uses and system functions of the area will allow us to assess whether some of these changes are early bio-indicators of sustainable use and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holocene paleoenvironmental changes have been interpreted on the basis of benthic foraminifera recovered from a core north of the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, southeast of the Pampa coastal plain, Argentina. A total of 68 taxa were recorded. The most representative species were Buccella peruviana , Ammonia parkinsoniana , Ammonia tepida , Elphidium discoidale , and Elphidium margaritaceum. The results, lead to the identification of three different paleoenvironments throughout the Ruta 11 (R11) core. The lower part of the sedimentary succession represents a mixture water environment, marginal marine to estuarine. The middle part represents a brackish but more restricted paleoenvironment than in the previous part, and the upper part represents the establishment of a shallow lagoon environment. From the analysis of the foraminifera and the correlation with other two holocene sedimentary sections in the region, the more gradual environmental changes were observed in the R11 core. This could be due to a combination of factors, such as the distance between each sedimentary succession and the coastline, the geological and geomorphological processes that delimited each environment, among others. • Holocene paleoenvironmental changes were deduced at the north of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, Argentina. • Benthic foraminifera were analyzed. • Dendrogram classification by cluster analysis was made for the microfossil group. • Sedimentary succession of Ruta 11 (R11) core represents a marginal marine to estuarine environment that evolved to a shallow lagoon. • In the R11 core, more gradual environmental changes were observed compared with two Holocene successions of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a pre-vaccination period in Argentina was studied. • The main SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the first wave of COVID-19 were B.1.499 and N.5. • The rate of evolution of lineage N.5 was a ∼40% faster than that of lineage B.1.499. • Sequences from non-VOC lineages presented mutations associated with VOCs. Studies about the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in different backgrounds such as naive populations are still scarce, especially from South America. This work aimed to study the introduction and diversification pattern of SARS-CoV-2 during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwestern Argentina (NWA) region and to analyze the evolutionary dynamics of the main lineages found. In this study, we analyzed a total of 260 SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome sequences from Argentina, belonging to the Provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucumán, from March 31st, 2020, to May 22nd, 2021, which covered the full first wave and the early second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina. In the first wave, eight lineages were identified: B.1.499 (76.9%), followed by N.5 (10.2%), B.1.1.274 (3.7%), B.1.1.348 (3.7%), B.1 (2.8%), B.1.600 (0.9%), B.1.1.33 (0.9%) and N.3 (0.9%). During the early second wave, the first-wave lineages were displaced by the introduction of variants of concern (VOC) (Alpha, Gamma), or variants of interest (VOI) (Lambda, Zeta, Epsilon) and other lineages with more limited distribution. Phylodynamic analyses of the B.1.499 and N.5, the two most prevalent lineages in the NWA, revealed that the rate of evolution of lineage N.5 (7.9 × 10−4 substitutions per site per year, s/s/y) was a ∼40% faster than that of lineage B.1.499 (5.6 × 10−4 s/s/y), although both are in the same order of magnitude than other non-VOC lineages. No mutations associated with a biological characteristic of importance were observed as signatures markers of the phylogenetic groups established in Northwestern Argentina, however, single sequences in non-VOC lineages did present mutations of biological importance or associated with VOCs as sporadic events, showing that many of these mutations could emerge from circulation in the general population. This study contributed to the knowledge about the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a pre-vaccination and without post-exposure immunization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of Doryopteris lomariacea Kunze ex Klotzsch (Pteridaceae) is confirmed for the first time from the province of Misiones, Argentina. The species is described and illustrated, the spores are analyzed and its ecological observations are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as one of the main contagious mastitis agents in cattle and can express a set of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence-associated genes that explain the wide range of outcomes of intramammary infections. Staphylococcus aureus strains are heterogeneous: their different resistance and virulence patterns, associated with host-level factors and treatment factors, are related to the severity of infection. The aim of this study was to determine phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility, occurrence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes and other virulence genes in 93 S. aureus strains isolated from clinical mastitis in 6 countries: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, the United States (New York State), and South Africa. These isolates were tested against a total of 16 drugs (amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefquinome, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampin, spiramycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tylosin) by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and examined for the presence of 6 antibiotic-resistance genes (blaZ, mecA, mecC, ermA, ermB, ermC) and 6 virulence-associated genes (scn, chp, sak, hla, hlb, sea) via PCR analysis. The phenotypic results of this study revealed the presence of 19.4% penicillin-resistant strains, whereas 22.6% of the strains were classified as having resistance (5.4%) or intermediate resistance (17.2%) to erythromycin. Most (96.8%) of the isolates were inhibited by cephalosporins, and all were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Two strains (1 from Germany, 1 from Italy) were resistant to oxacillin and were positive for mecA. Among the other antimicrobial resistance genes, the most frequently detected was blaZ (46.2%), and 32.3% of the isolates were positive for erm genes: ermC (21.5%) and ermB (10.8%). The most prevalent virulence gene was hla (100%), followed by hlb (84.9%) and sea (65.6%). These results show a low prevalence of antibiotic multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates, even if the detection of selected antimicrobial resistance genes did not always correspond with the occurrence of phenotypic antibiotic resistance; the immune evasion cluster gene prevalence was quite low in the samples analyzed., (Copyright © 2020 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)