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According to the IPCC, most regions worldwide will be gradually exposed to the amplification of the duration, frequency, and intensity of extreme climatic events, and the effects that extreme events can cause on human well-being and the economy. This study aims to develop linear regression models to estimate the soy and maize yields from extreme climatic and bioclimatic indices in three geographical subregions of Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina) between 1979 and 2005. We used daily datasets from observations (CPC), reanalysis (ERA5), and regional climate model (RCM) simulations from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) to investigate the impact of extreme events of temperature and precipitation on maize and soy yields over the CORDEX Central America and South America domains. We first assessed the RCMs' performance in reproducing extreme indices by comparing them against observations. The validation process evidenced the need for applying bias correction techniques to simulate daily precipitation and temperature for a better performance of the indices. The results show a higher correlation between the daily temperature range (DTR), cold nights and warm nights for soy production in Argentina (R2: − 0.74, − 0.80 and 0.75, respectively) and Mexico (R2: − 0.80, − 0.81, 0.70) for maize. Regionally, the linear model (simulated with observed data) using these indices presented an agreement with observed yield data in Mexico and Brazil, with explained variances exceeding 70% for maize in these subregions, while Argentina presented a better performance for soy yield. An intriguing finding was the superior performance of linear models when used with CPC-corrected RCM data compared to ERA5. Taken together, our results highlight the capabilities and constraints of linear models as valuable tools for developing adaptation and mitigation strategies, enabling precise yield forecasting, and informing policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Biológica Colombiana is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding a species use of space is important as it provides information about the potential resources available in its habitat. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use and selection of microhabitat as it relates to availability for Pristidactylus scapulatus in the Puna region of the Central Andes in Argentina. The work was carried out at Quebrada de La Puerta in the province of San Juan and data recorded for the species included microhabitat use and availability according to established categories. To assess microhabitat selection, we applied a design of usage vs availability and calculated the Manly index to obtain a function of resource selection. The species utilised the rock microhabitat in greater proportion with respect to its availability, and in lesser measure utilised shrub and bare soil, whereas it rejected the use of cactus and dead leaves substrate. The Manly index showed that the selection of rock substrate was significant with respect to the other microhabitats. We conclude that this population of P. scapulatus has clearly saxicolous habits, though it is necessary to be aware of other aspects of its natural history to truly understand how its microhabitat selection relates to feeding or reproduction in hostile environments like the Puna. In this way we contribute to the scarce existing knowledge of its biology and we provide an information basis for the creation of future priority areas for conservation and for habitat management plans in Puna environments. We evaluate the use and selection of microhabitat for Pristidactylus scapulatus in the Puna region of the Central Andes in Argentina. The species utilised the rock microhabitat in greater proportion with respect to its availability. The Manly index showed that the selection of rock substrate was significant with respect to the other microhabitats. We conclude that this population of P. scapulatus has clearly saxicolous habits and we contribute to the scarce existing knowledge of its biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Zoologica Lilloana is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educación Física y Ciencia is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Latin American countries are heterogeneous in terms of lung cancer incidence and exposure to potential carcinogens. We evaluated the frequency and clinical characteristics of ALK rearrangements (ALKr) in Latin America. Methods: A total of 5,130 lung cancer patients from 10 Latin American countries were screened for inclusion. ALKr detection was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess method variability. Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed. Results: Among the 5,130 patients screened, 8.4% (n = 433) had nonevaluable FISH tests. Evaluable FISH analyses revealed positive ALKr in 6.8% (320/4,697) of the study population, which included patients from 9 countries. ALKr distribution for each country was: Mexico 7.6% (79/1,034), Colombia 4.1% (10/242), Argentina 6.0% (153/2,534), Costa Rica 9.5% (13/137), Panama 4.4% (5/114), Uruguay 5.4% (2/37), Chile 8.6% (16/185), Venezuela 8.9% (13/146), and Peru 10.8% (29/268). RT-PCR showed high positive (83.6%) and negative (99.7%) predictive values when compared to the gold standard FISH. In contrast, IHC only showed a high negative predictive value (94.6%). Conclusions: Although there is a clear country and continental variability in terms of ALKr frequency, this difference is not significant and the overall incidence of ALKr in Latin America does not differ from the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The impact of different observation platforms in a regional scale data assimilation is investigated over South America. • Assimilating frequent surface temperature and moisture observations improves precipitation forecasts associated with a huge mesoscale convective system. • Clear sky radiances improve the first-guess hourly accumulated precipitation but lead to neutral impacts in short-range precipitation ensemble forecasts. This paper evaluates the impact of assimilating high-resolution surface networks and satellite observations using the WRF-GSI-LETKF over central and north eastern Argentina where the surface and upper air observing networks are relatively coarse. A case study corresponding to a huge mesoscale convective system (MCS) that developed during November 22, 2018 was used. The accumulated precipitation associated with this MCS was quite high, exceeding 200 mm over northern Argentina and Paraguay. The MCS developed during the Intense Observing Period (IOP) of the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign. The GSI-4DLETKF data assimilation package is used to produce analyses by assimilating observations every hour with 10-km horizontal grid spacing and a 60-member multiphysics ensemble. Four assimilation experiments are conducted using different sets of observations: CONV, consisting of conventional observations from NCEP's prepBUFR files; AWS, combining CONV and dense automatic surface weather station networks (AWS), SATWND, combining AWS with satellite-derived winds, and RAD, including SATWND; and satellite radiances from different microwave and infrared sensors. The assimilation of observations with high temporal and spatial frequency generates an important impact on the PBL, primarily on the precipitable water content, that leads to the development of deep convection and heavy precipitation closer to the observed in this case study. The assimilation of radiance observations produces a better development of the convection mainly during the mature state of the MCS leading to an increase in the accumulated precipitation. Ensemble forecasts initialized from each experiment were also simulated to evaluate their skill to predict precipitation. The hourly assimilation of the observations in AWS, SATWND, and RAD helped to improve the precipitation forecast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Mal de Río Cuarto," is the most important virus disease of corn, Zea mays L:, in Argentina. It is caused by the Mal de Río Cuarto virus (family Reouiridae, genus Fijivirus. MRCV), which is a persistent virus transmitted by Deiphacodes kuscheli (Fennah 1955) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Because corn is not a natural host of D. kuscheli, it has little protection from this pest. In contrast, wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is one of the main hosts of this vector and a reservoir of MRCV. The aim of this work was to identify genes involved in antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance of infestation by D. kuscheli in wheat, which might be used to reduce the population level of this vector on corn. A set of recombinant dihaploid (RDH) lines for chromosome 6A derived from the F1 cross between 'Chinese Spring' (CS) × 'Chinese Spring (Synthetic 6A)' (56A) substitution line, was used for mapping. The S6A parental line is resistant to the MRCV vector. Antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance were evaluated using conventional tests in controlled environmental conditions. Most of the RDH and S6A showed higher levels of antixenosis against D. kuscheli than the parental line CS. The RDH lines showed highly significant antibiosis in terms of the duration of first, third, and fifth nymphal instars, developmental time (days), survival and fecundity. There were highly significant differences in the tolerance to D. kuscheli based on the chlorophyll content of the first and second leaves, foliar area, and aboveground fresh and dry weights. The duration of the fifth nymphal instar and the developmental period were significantly associated with Xgwm1017 marker loci, located at 48 cM on 6AL. Another quantitative trait locus accounting for the variation in chlorophyll content of the first leaf was associated with the interval between loci Xgwm459 and Xgwm334a, located in the telomeric region of the 6AS chromosome arm. The alleles with positive effects came from S6A. Antibiotic resistance of RDH could be useful for controlling the population increase of the MRCV vector on wheat, because prolonging the duration of development increases the period between two subsequent generations, so reducing the abundance of infective populations colonizing corn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Trypanosoma cruzi is genetically classified into six discrete phylogenetic lineages on the basis of different genetic markers. Identifying lineages circulating among humans in different areas is essential to understand the molecular epidemiology of Chagas disease. In the present study, 18 T. cruzi isolates from congenitally infected newborns in the northwestern province of Salta-Argentina were studied by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All isolates were typed by MLEE and RAPD as belonging to T. cruzi IId. Analysis of minor variants of TcIId using probes hybridizing with hypervariable domains of kDNA minicircles, detected three variants with a similar distribution among the isolates. Our findings confirm the presence of T. cruzi IId among congenitally infected newborns in northwestern Argentina and support the assumption that human infection by T. cruzi in the Southern Cone countries of Latin America is due principally to T. cruzi II. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Sipha maydis (Passerini) is a new aphid pest of cereals and cultivated and wild grasses in Argentina. This species was recently introduced into America, and nothing is known of its distribution or host range in South America. A better understanding of its biology is likely to facilitate control. This article records 1) the distribution and 2) the host range of S. maydis in Argentina. Over the period 2004-2006 samples were collected from 32 populations at several localities in Argentina. The number of S. maydis, accompanying aphid species, and the host from which they were collected were recorded. The distribution of S. maydis ranged from 32° 52' to 42° 03' S, and from 57° 41′ to 71° 24′ W, bounded by isothermals 18 and 10°C and isohyets 200-400 and <1,200 mm. No S. inaydis were found in the subtropical region, even in winter. In the field, the different populations showed very different host preferences. S. ma ydis was found mainly on cultivated barley and wheat and on wild Bromus spp. and Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. No aphids were found on maize, Zea mays L. Most of the damage to winter cereal crops occurred at the seedling stage in early autumn and of adult plants when infestations occurred in late spring. In the 4 yr after the first record of S. maydis in Argentina, it colonized a huge area similar to that colonized by Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) in 10 yr. The wide range of regions, hosts and climatic conditions this species is adapted to is likely to make the control of this pest very difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the role of political shocks in Argentina's mild recession of 1999 and economic depression in 2002. Characteristics of the depression; Impact of the depression on politics; Types of political shocks; Economic issues involved in the debate about the causes of Argentina's depression; Discussion on the political leadership of President Carlos Saul Menem.

Focuses on the emerging financial and political crisis in Argentina. Survival of the government created in Congress in 2002; Questions on the commitment of Latin America to free-market economics and globalization; Effects of the hyperinflation and depression of 1989-1990.

Examines the role of political coalitions in explaining the position of the private sector in Argentina in relation to privatization. Previous stand by the private sector in the country to privatization from 1976 to 1991; Features of the shift made by the private sector concerning its stand in 1991; Impact of political coalitions on the political choices of firms.

Argues against the popular belief that economic crises facilitate economic reforms. Case studies of economic reform made in Argentina and Venezuela; Comparison of the political paths undertaken by both countries after launching economic programs; Call for moving beyond the economic crisis hypothesis.

This paper describes the lessons learned from the implementation of a regional ensemble data assimilation and forecast system during the intensive observing period of the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign (central Argentina, November–December 2018). This system is based on the coupling of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF). It combines multiple data sources both global and locally available like high-resolution surface networks, AMDAR data from local aircraft flights, soundings, AIRS retrievals, high-resolution GOES-16 wind estimates, and local radar data. Hourly analyses with grid spacing of 10 km are generated along with warm-start 36-h ensemble-forecasts, which are initialized from the rapid refresh analyses every three hours. A preliminary evaluation shows that a forecast error reduction is achieved due to the assimilated observations. However, cold-start forecasts initialized from the Global Forecasting System Analysis slightly outperform the ones initialized from the regional assimilation system discussed in this paper. The system uses a multi-physics approach, focused on the use of different cumulus and planetary boundary layer schemes allowing us to conduct an evaluation of different model configurations over central Argentina. We found that the best combinations for forecasting surface variables differ from the best ones for forecasting precipitation, and that differences among the schemes tend to dominate the forecast ensemble spread for variables like precipitation. Lessons learned from this experimental system are part of the legacy of the RELAMPAGO field campaign for the development of advanced operational data assimilation systems in South America. • A LETKF-WRF system was run successfully in real-time to support RELAMPAGO operations. • A reduction in forecast error was shown due to data assimilation cycles. • 60-member RRR analyses and forecasts are available for the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We compare the thermal ecophysiology in P. scapulatus populations at different latitudes in the Puna region. • Both populations has thermal sensitivity in locomotor performance. • P. scapulatus populations adjust optimal temperatures of performance to field body temperatures and preferred temperatures. • Pristidactylus scapulatus is a eurithermic lizard, which has thermal flexibility in the cold. • Thermoregulation effectiveness is better in the population of greater latitude. Reptiles are important models for understanding fundamental aspects of physiological ecology and for assessing how environmental change can impact biodiversity. Abiotic factors (micro-environmental temperatures, operative temperatures, thermal quality) may vary geographically along an altitudinal and latitudinal gradient, and therefore the different thermal resources available for thermoregulation also vary. Comparative analyses among populations provide an opportunity to understand how variation in abiotic factors can affect different ecophysiological traits of a species at different geographical points. Our objective was to carry out a comparative study between two populations of Pristidactylus scapulatus in the Puna region of Argentina, providing the first data available on thermal ecophysiology, thermoregulatory efficiency and locomotor performance of the species. We determined field body temperature, micro-environmental temperatures and operative temperatures. In the laboratory, we measured preferred temperatures and calculated the index of thermoregulatory efficiency. In addition, we recorded critical temperature (minimum and maximum) and we estimated the thermal sensitivity of locomotion by measuring sprint speed at different body temperatures; based on these data we calculated the optimal temperature for performance, the optimal performance breadth and thermal safety margin. Air temperatures and operative temperatures were different between sites. However, we only found differences between populations in the minimum critical temperatures, with these being lower at higher latitude. We note that P. scapulatus populations adjust optimal temperatures of performance to field body temperatures and preferred temperatures, which could reduce the costs of thermoregulation in lizards with limited daily activity and who inhabit sites with variable and unpredictable environment temperatures. We conclude that Pristidactylus scapulatus has thermal sensitivity in locomotor performance, is a moderate thermoregulator with respect to the environment and is a eurithermic lizard, which has thermal flexibility in the cold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document constitutes the third and last part of the Third Argentine Consensus on the Management of Bipolar Disorders carried out by the Argentine Association of Biological Psychiatry (AAPB). Continuing with the initial objective, this section of the Consensus on the Management of Bipolar Disorders is focused on the management of bipolar disorders in special populations. This section constitutes a comprehensive review and expert consideration of the scientific evidence on: a) the management of bipolar disorders in treatment-resistant patients; b) the management of bipolar disorder in childhood and adolescence; c) the management of bipolar disorders in women during their perinatal period and, d) the management of bipolar disorders in older adults., (CC BY NC ND)

This document constitutes the second section B of the Third Argentine Consensus on the Management of Bipolar Disorders, focused on synthesizing the most updated evidence on therapeutic approaches for adult patients. The scope of this section is to provide therapeutic recommendations for managing bipolar disorders in adults, (i) acute mania (ii) bipolar depression (iii) mixed stated (iv) suicidality and (vi) psychological interventions. In addition, the current manuscript outlines the assessment and management of side effects of pharmacotherapeutic treatments., (CC BY NC ND)

The Third Argentine Consensus on the management of bipolar disorders (TB) is an initiative of the Argentine Association of Biological Psychiatry (AAPB). As a reference document, this consensus pursues two main objectives: on the one hand, to summarize and systematize the best available evidence on the comprehensive management of this pathology; on the other, to provide a useful, up-to-date instrument for psychiatrists, multidisciplinary teams dedicated to mental health, and government agencies. During a period of approximately six months of work -that is, from May to October 2022- a committee of experts made up of 18 professionals and representatives of the three most important Psychiatry and Mental Health associations in Argentina (that is, the AAPB, the Argentine Association of Psychiatrists, AAP, and the Association of Argentine Psychiatrists, APSA) have focused on updating the information regarding TB. Finally, this document was prepared as a result of an exhaustive review of the bibliography published to date, which was strategically divided into three parts: the first deals with the generalities of TB; the second deals with the comprehensive treatment of the pathology; finally, the third analyzes TB in the context of special situations., (Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Methods: An electronic, anonymous, multicenter survey housed by Monkey Survey was sent to physicians in LA and included questions about hospital and pediatric critical transport, resources available and level of car. Nineteen Latin-American countries were asked to complete the survey., Results: A total of 212 surveys were analyzed, achieving a representativity of 19 LA countries, being most participants (59.4%, n = 126) from South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela). Most surveys were conducted by physicians of tertiary level centers (60.8%, n = 129), most of the institutions were classified by the participants as public health care centers (81.6%, n = 173). Most of the surveyed physicians (63.7%, n = 135) reported that there is a coordination center for critical care transport (CCT). In most cases, physicians report that a unified transport system for pediatric critical patients does not exist in their countries (67.45%, n = 143). Only 59 (30.7%) surveys reported the use of an exclusively pediatric critical care transport system. Most of these transport systems are described as a mixture of public and private efforts (51.56%, n = 99), but there is also a considerable involvement of government-funded critical transport systems (43.75%, n = 84). Specific training for personnel devoted to transportation of critically ill patients is reported in 55.6% (90), and the medical equipment necessary to carry out the transport is available in 67.7%. The majority (83.95%, n = 136) mentioned that access to advanced life support courses is possible. Training in triage and disaster is available in 44.1%. Physicians and registered nurse were identified as the transport providers in 41.5%, and only one third were made by pediatricians-pediatric nurse. The main reasons for transfers were respiratory illness, neonatal pathologies, trauma, infectious diseases, and neurological conditions. Overall, pediatric transport was reported as insufficient (70.19%, n = 148) by the surveyed physicians in LA and nonexisting by some of them (6.83%, n = 15). There were no regulations or laws in the majority of the surveyed countries (63.13%), and in the places where physicians reported regulatory laws, there were no dissemination (84.9%) by the local authorities., Conclusions: In LA, there is a great variability in personnel training, equipment for pediatric-neonatal transport, transport team composition, and characterization of critical care transport systems. Continued efforts to improve conditions in our countries by generating documents that standardize practices and generating scientific information on the epidemiology of pediatric transfers, especially of critically ill patients, may help reduce patient morbidity and mortality., Competing Interests: Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)