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• As a major method of polar detection, the passive detection of the narrowband components of cross-ice underwater target signals has never been studied before. • The results of processing of the experimental data show that the α comparative detector based on the simplified 1D Kalman filter proposed in this paper can smoothen the noisy frequency domain to reduce interference and improve detection performance. • This manuscript is applied to the narrowband signals generated by ships in the Arctic to verify the proposed method. Provide prior knowledge for the application of the detection method in this paper to passive detection of polar narrowband signals in the future. This study deployed receivers and sources of sound on the Songhua River and the Arctic Ice Station—areas covered with ice—in field experiments to examine and verify the feasibility of the passive detection of narrowband signals of underwater targets across ice. The classic method for the detection of narrowband signals based on power spectrum estimation was used. However, the spectrum was noisy, making it difficult to establish a detection threshold, which in turn, affected the results of detection. To solve this problem, an α -comparative detector based on the one-dimensional Kalman filter was developed to smoothen the frequency domain and improve detection capability. The results of experimental data processing show that under special impulse noise interference in areas covered with ice, the proposed method of signal processing reduced signal interference in the frequency domain to enable a clearer observation of narrowband signals. The feasibility of using the proposed method for the passive detection of narrowband signals of underwater targets across ice was also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]