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A novel psychrotolerant, Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain 537T, was isolated from sea-ice samples from the Arctic. Strain 537T was able to grow at 4-26 degrees C, with optimum growth occurring at 20-21 degrees C. Strain 537T had Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone and contained iso-C15:0 2-OH and/or C16:1 omega7c (22.95 %), C15:1 (17.64 %) and C17:1 omega8c (13.74 %) as the predominant cellular fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 38.9 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 537T formed a coherent cluster within the genus Colwellia. The highest level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.5 %) exhibited by strain 537T was obtained with respect to the type strain of Colwellia aestuarii. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties and DNA-DNA relatedness data, strain 537T represents a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia polaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 537T (=CGMCC 1.6132T =JCM 13952T).

A novel psychrotolerant, Gram-negative, motile bacterium, designated strain 328(T), was isolated from sea-ice samples collected off the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean (7 degrees 23' 14'' N 14 degrees 06' 55'' W). Strain 328(T) was able to grow at 0-37 degrees C, with optimum growth at 25-27 degrees C. It possessed phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as major phospholipids and C(10 : 0) 3-OH (31.78 %), C(18 : 1)omega7c (27.50 %) and iso-C(15 : 0) 2-OH and/or C(16 : 1)omega7c (19.22 %) as predominant cellular fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain 328(T) was 45.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 328(T) was a member of the genus Marinomonas (92.7-96.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 328(T) was considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marinomonas. The name Marinomonas arctica sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 328(T) (=CGMCC 1.6498(T)=JCM 14976(T)) as the type strain.

A Gram-negative, psychrophilic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain 20188(T), was isolated from marine samples collected from the Arctic (7 degrees 00' 24'' N 16 degrees 59' 37'' W), and was identified taxonomically by means of a polyphasic study. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 20188(T) was closely related to members of the genera Phaeobacter. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strain 20188(T) and the type strains of Phaeobacter inhibens, Phaeobacter gallaeciensis and Phaeobacter daeponensis were 97.0, 96.8 and 96.2 %, respectively. The temperature range for growth was 0-25 degrees C, with optimum growth occurring at 19-20 degrees C and at approximately pH 6.0-9.0. Strain 20188(T) had ubiquinone-10 as the major respiratory quinone and C(18 : 1)omega7c and 11-methyl C(18 : 1)omega7c as major fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 59.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness data, strain 20188(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Phaeobacter, for which the name Phaeobacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 20188(T) (=CGMCC 1.6500(T)=JCM 14644(T)).

A novel bacterial strain, designated 170(T), was collected from high latitude Arctic locations (77 degrees 30' N to approximately 81 degrees 12' N), including the Canadian Basin and Greenland Sea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strain 170(T) was related to members of the genus Glaciecola and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Glaciecola mesophila. Cells were Gram-negative, psychrophilic, motile rods. The temperature range for growth was 4-15 degrees C, with optimum growth at 12 degrees C and at approximately pH 6.0-9.0. Strain 170(T) contained C(16 : 1)omega7c, C(16 : 0), C(12 : 1) 3-OH and C(18 : 1)omega7c as major fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characterization, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA relatedness data, strain 170(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Glaciecola, for which the name Glaciecola psychrophila is proposed. The type strain is 170(T) (=CGMCC 1.6130(T)=JCM 13954(T)).