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During the early modern period, pious confraternities and sororities evolved into formal associations with their own bylaws and record books. A trail of records from Amsterdam in the west to Moravia in the east enables us to examine the rich culture of women's sororities, primary among them women's burial societies. Sororities provided Jewish women with status and with formal roles in communal leadership. Early modern women publicly and jointly expressed their piety through their benevolent endeavors, developing new initiatives to further their activities. They actively managed the records and finances of these independent associations and volunteered their time and energy morning and night in what was often difficult labor. This article explores early modern women's sororities as seen through a wide range of texts and discusses as well the cooperation and competition between men's and women's burial societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jewish midwives in premodern Europe played important roles as medical practitioners, as female professionals, and as communal employees. In addition to coordinating medical and nursing services for birthing mothers, midwives served the community as liaisons to guard the morals of women. Two eighteenth-century Dutch Jewish midwives' registers discussed here testify not only to the broad social circles these women traversed and the religious and class boundaries they crossed but also to their professionalism and initiative in disseminating information about reproduction and maternal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]