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Neea rubescens, a new species from central and eastern Amazonia, is described and its relationships are discussed based on morphological and spectral data. The species occurs in terra firme forests in the states of Amazonas and Pará. In addition to the description, a distribution map and notes on the taxonomy of the new species are provided, as well as a comparative table distinguishing morphologically similar species and an updated key for the 25 species of Neea known from Brazil. Finally, a second-step lectotype for the morphologically similar Neea ovalifolia is designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]