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Background: Antibiotics are overused in poultry industry, and this has resulted in the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The current study is aimed at determining antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of Enterobacteriaceae isolates from poultry in the west of Algeria. Methodology: Different chicken samples (kidney, bone and intestine) were collected and processed for culture using standard microbiological methods to isolate Enterobacteriaceae. Isolates were identified biochemically using API 20E, while isolated Escherichia coli was typed for O1, O2 and O78 antigens using slide agglutination with specific antisera. All identified isolates were tested against 26 antibiotic disks using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method according to the CLSI standards. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined for selected isolates. Conjugative plasmid transfer, plasmid incompatibility and colicin tests were used to detect transferable resistance traits in 48 selected E. coli isolates. Results: One hundred and thirty-eight bacteria species were isolated, which included Escherichia coli (n=107), Salmonella spp (n=11), Klebsiella spp (n=8), Enterobacter spp (n=7), Pseudomonas spp (n=3) and Citrobacter spp (n=2). Serotyping identified 24 agglutinable E. coli isolates with O78:K80 (n=11), O1:K1 (n=9) and O2:K1 (n=4). Antibiotic susceptibility showed high frequency of E. coli resistance to nalidixic acid (89.7%), tetracycline (82.2%), streptomycin (82.2%), nitrofurantoin (68.2%), ampicillin (45.8%), ticarcillin (44.9%), piperacillin (42.1%), and chloramphenicol (15.9%). The percentage of multi-drug resistance isolates (resistance to more than 3 antibiotic classes) was 87.9%. The results of conjugative transfer in 48 E. coli isolates shows that the most important resistance traits transferred by plasmids are ASTeSuTmp (18.5%) and SuTmp (12.3%). Conclusion: This study confirmed the presence of multiple antibiotic resistant E. coli and other members of family Enterobacteriaceae in poultry in Algeria, and showed that these antibiotic resistance traits are easily disseminated by plasmids, with dire consequences on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen commonly associated with severe nosocomial and community acquired infections especially through the acquisition of extended spectrum ß-lactamases (ESßL) and biofilm formation capacity. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of K. pneumoniae ESßL (KP-ESßL)-producing isolates in the Regional Military University Hospital of Oran (HMRUO) Algeria, characterize their antibiotic resistance profile, genetically detect blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes, and evaluate their biofilm formation capacity. Methodology: Different clinical specimens including blood, cerebrospinal fluids, urine and catheter, pus, perirectal abscess, and surgical wounds were collected from patients with suspected clinical infections in different units and departments of the hospital. The specimens were cultured on Blood, MacConkey and CLED agar (for urine only) plates and incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37°C for preliminary identification of bacteria using conventional colony morphology, Gram stain reaction, and disk diffusion test for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). Confirmation of isolates, antibiogram, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and detection of resistance phenotypes, were carried out by the automated Vitek 2 (BioMérieux) identification and susceptibility method. ESßL production was confirmed by the synergy and combination disk tests. ESßL genes were detected by conventional simplex PCR and biofilm formation was detected by the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Results: A total of 630 patients' clinical samples (one sample per patient) were processed. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 40 (6.3%) samples, and 15 of these (37.5%) produced ESßL. In the disk diffusion AST assay, all 40 K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to ampicillin and ticarcillin while all 40 isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin, imipenem and ertapenem. KP-ESßL producing isolates were more frequently recovered from intensive care unit (33.3%) and from urine (46.7%) samples. Group 1 blaCTX-M genes were detected in 13 of the 15 (86.7%) KP-ESßL isolates, and 46.7% of these isolates were moderate biofilm producers. Conclusion: There is need for health departments to put in place preventative measures through regular surveillance of these resistant pathogens and initiating appropriate infection prevention and control strategies to limit their spread in Algerian hospitals and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]