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Although historically understudied, parasites may play an important role in freshwater invertebrate population ecology and evolution. We quantified abundance of parasitic mites and trematodes in the freshwater mussel Pyganodon grandis, in a southeastern Alabama stream (USA), to assess parasite impact on adult mussel physiological condition and reproductive output. We used stepwise multiple regression analyses to assess the effects of mussel size and parasites on reproduction and condition. Multiple regression analysis found no multivariate models that predicted reproductive output or physiological condition. However, univariate models revealed that increased parasite densities predict reduced mussel reproductive output and physiological condition. These findings suggest that parasites may have important negative consequences for freshwater mussels. We hypothesize that elevated parasite loads may reduce mussel fitness in impounded or nutrient-enriched streams with high densities of intermediate hosts (chironomid midges). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]