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In 2003, the United States saw an epidemic of monkeypox that was later traced back to rodents of West Africa infected with the monkeypox virus (MPXV). Disease in the United States seemed less severe than the smallpox-like disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). In this study, researchers analyzed data from Central Africa: two distinct MPXV clades were confirmed by sequencing the genomes of MPXV isolates from Western Africa, the United States, and Central Africa. By comparing open reading frames across MPXV clades, scientists can infer which virus proteins might account for the observed variation in pathogenicity in humans. Monkeypox can be prevented and controlled with a better understanding of MPXV's molecular etiology and epidemiological and clinical features. In light of the current outbreaks worldwide, we provide updated information on monkeypox for medical professionals in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mainstreaming adaptation measure in cities are crucial for urban climate resilience. • Urban development and planning processes is one of the vital tools for integrating climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. • Mitigation and adaptation effort at the city level needs interdisciplinary exchange of idea, resources, responsibility across different disciplines and local government department. • Need more urban climate change case studies from Global South, especially from Africa. Cities in Africa are experiencing rapid urban and population growth. They are also among the most affected by global environmental challenges. The increasing frequency of extreme climate change events has significant implications and poses a serious challenge for policymakers to build resilient urban societies. In Africa, a considerable amount of effort has been invested in building a climate resilient society. This study made an assessment of current urban planning and development practices at the city level and evaluated their effectiveness in mainstreaming adaptation strategies to climate change. Based on our case study of the city of Kigali in Rwanda, we examined various urban development policies and plans. The study used an assessment framework developed by Kumar et al. (2015). This study revealed that out of the plans analyzed, only a fraction explicitly addressed climate change, with most lacking comprehensive climate adaptation measures. Our study further spotlighted Kigali's limited climate change awareness, analytical capacity, and resource allocation. This echoes a wider trend across African cities, which, despite experiencing climate risks, often overlook its integration into developmental plans. As the global conversation pivots to climate resilient planning and policies, the experiences and challenges of African cities emerge as invaluable. Their experiences highlight specific challenges and stress the need to modify development policies and planning practices with a strong focus on climate. Through this research, we echo the urgency to not only recognize but actively incorporate these vital African perspectives, mainstreaming climate efforts into local development ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submitral left ventricular aneurysm is a rare cardiac anomaly that was first reported from African countries and initially termed as "annular left ventricular aneurysm". Submitral aneurysm (SMA) causes out-pouching of the left ventricular wall, adjacent to the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Generally, SMA opens into left ventricle (LV) with a wide mouth and not into left atrium (LA). We report a case of Submitral Aneurysm with two openings: one into LV and the other into LA. This case also highlights the compression of coronary arteries by the submitral aneurysm. Large SMA can cause compression of left main coronary artery rarely. Having a knowledge of this point can help the clinician. SMA generally have an opening in LV but in this case SMA has two openings (One in LV and another in LA). This knowledge can help in proper surgical management., (© Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2011.)