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Hazra, Ashis Kumar, Jana, Debanjan, Smith, Graeme (2023): A new species of the genus Acrotelsella (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from Jhargram West Bengal, India. Zootaxa 5227 (5): 594-600, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5227.5.6

Genus Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 Type species: Ctenolepisma kraepelini Escherich, 1905., Published as part of Kaplin, V. G., 2023, A new species of the silverfish genus Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from Crimea, pp. 19-28 in Far Eastern Entomologist 471 on page 20, DOI: 10.25221/fee.471.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7616324, {"references":["Silvestri, F. 1935. Marquesan Thysanura. Bulletin of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,","Escherich, K. 1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica (Stuttgart), 18 (43): 1 - 164."]}

Kaplin, V.G. (2023): A new species of the silverfish genus Allacrotelsa Silvestri, 1935 (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from Crimea. Far Eastern Entomologist 471: 19-28, DOI: 10.25221/fee.471.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.471.2

Acrotelsella jhargramensis sp. n. (Figures 1–18, Table 1) Type material. Holotype male under the bark of a Sal tree (Shorea robusta), Bandarbhola, Jhargram, West Bengal, India [22°25′38″ N, 87°15′37″ E, elevation 82 m], 21.xi.2019, 1 male, coll. Dr. A. K. Hazra & D. Jana, Registration number 3144/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Paratype male, same date and locality as holotype, Registration number 3145/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, the district Jhargram, West Bengal, India. Diagnosis. Apical article of labial palps with high number of sensory papillae (10‒12); labrum with macrosetae not arranged in bushes; trichobothria lacking from the most posterior comb of the mesonotum; prosternum with 4+4 bristle combs of macrosetae, mesosternum with 2+2 bristle combs of macrosetae and metasternum with 1+1 bristle combs of macrosetae. Urotergite X acutely triangular (44°) with sharp and pointed apex; two pairs of abdominal styli. Description. Holotype male body length 12.4 mm in life, mottled brown with dark annulated antennae and caudal appendages (Fig. 1). Base colour (in alcohol) dorsally brownish yellow with a covering of light brown scales, ventrally whitish yellow. Shape of the body elongate, more or less parallel-sided, dorsoventrally compressed anteriorly, sub-cylindrical posteriorly; thorax slightly wider than abdomen (Fig. 2). Faintly brownish but distinct pigment on the segments of the maxillary palp. Antennae and caudal appendages with alternate dark and light bands of brown pigmentation. Antennal length 16.9 mm, longer than body and surpassing the body by 1.3 times when directed backwards. Near base, flagellomeres with one annulus; ninth interval composed of two annuli; most distal part of the antennae with eight annuli in each flagellomere; fifth annulus in each interval a dark ring. Oval scales present on both the scape and pedicel, basiconic sensilla present on apical flagellomeres. Head semi-circular in outline anteriorly; frons bearing two very conspicuous tufts of stout cephalic setae, pectinate and radially arranged. Numerous bifid and pectinate macrosetae present on both clypeus and labrum, those of the clypeus grouped in two tufts composed of 30‒32 macrosetae each and those on the labrum scattered over the outer third (Fig. 3). Eyes relatively small, located well behind the antennae. Head wider (1.42 mm) than long (0.98 mm). Maxillary palp (Fig. 4) five-segmented; terminal segment (0.45 mm) longer than penultimate segment (0.34 mm). Apical segment of labial palp (Figs. 5, 6) bearing ten horizontal sensory papillae on left labial palp and twelve horizontal sensory papillae on right labial palp, arranged in single rows; apical segment about 2.4× wider at the apex than at the base and 1.5× wider than long. Medial part of the pronotal collar (Fig. 7) composed of two rows of macrosetae, lateral regions with a single row of smooth macrosetae. Lateral margins of pronotum with 7+7 combs composed of 1−2 macrosetae each. Two trichobothrial areas on each side, associated with the inner end of the last comb (N) and between the two macrochaetae of N-3. Lateral margins of mesonotum (Fig. 8) with 12+11 combs each consisting of 1−3 macrosetae, including one trichobothrium between the macrochaeta and the margin of N-2; no macrochaetae associated with the trichobothrium of the most posterior lateral combs of the mesonotum. Lateral margins of metanotum (Fig. 9) with 10+10 combs composed of 1−3 macrosetae, including two trichobothrial areas, the trichobothrium located on the inner side of comb N and between the macrochaeta and the margin of comb N−1. Hind borders of pro, meso and metanota with 1+1 submedial bristle combs composed of five macrosetae each, the two pronotal combs separated by about 0.4× the width of the pronotum. Prosternum (Fig. 10) 1.4 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.9, subtriangular, posteriorly rounded; posteriorly with 4+4 bristle combs each composed of 2−5 macrosetae. Mesosternum (Fig. 11) 1.7 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.9, rounded-triangular in shape, with 2+2 posterior bristle combs each composed of four macrosetae. Metasternum 1.4 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.7; posterior margin broadly rounded with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of seven macrosetae (Fig 12); distance between metasternal combs 5.4× the width of a comb. Legs stout; femora moderate in size; tibiae and tarsi moderately elongate; pretarsi with slightly curved claws (Fig. 13). Scales present on coxae, femora, tibia and first tarsomere (Fig. 14). Length/width ratio of protibia about 2.5× longer than wide; protibia with two macrosetae inserted on dorsal margin, six macrosetae on ventral margin. Lengths of fore tarsomeres I‒IV 0.41, 0.13, 0.18 and 0.2 mm, respectively. Mesotibia 2.9× longer than wide, with two dorsal and five ventral macrosetae. Lengths of middle tarsomeres I‒IV 0.51, 0.16, 0.19 and 0.22 mm, respectively. Metatibia about 3.3× longer than wide, with two dorsal and four ventral macrosetae. Lengths of hind tarsomeres 0.71, 0.16, 0.21 and 0.26 mm, respectively. Urotergite I with 1+1 bristle-combs, each composed of five macrosetae; urotergites II−VII with 3+3 bristlecombs, each composed of 4−10 macrosetae; urotergite VIII with 2+2 bristle-combs, each composed of 4−12 macrosetae. Urotergite IX without bristle combs. The number of macrosetae per bristle comb on urotergites given in Table 1. Urotergite X (Fig. 15) triangular with sharply pointed apex; length 0.14 mm, length/width ratio about 1.2, with 4+4 bristle-combs of 2−4 macrosetae each. Urosternites I and II without setae, III−VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle-combs, each composed of 13−15 macrosetae. Width of the bristle combs and the gap between them varying on each urosternite; ratio of the distance between the combs and the width of a comb ranges from 3.0 on urosternite VIII to 6.2 on urosternite IV (Fig. 16). Two pairs of styli present, inserted on segments VIII (Fig. 17) and IX (Fig.18), both covered with scales. Styli IX length 1.4× that of styli VIII. Posterior margin of coxite VIII between the combs almost straight. Inner process of coxite IX long, triangular and pointed at tip with the angle of the posterior point (44°), about 1.6× longer than wide at its base and 1.8× longer than the outer process. Penis shape typical for the subfamily; length 0.53 mm, length/width ratio 0.8. Length of caudal filament up to 9.7 mm, that of cerci up to 9.9 mm. Most distal flagellomere of the caudal appendages with eight annuli, major macrochaetae restricted to the most distal annulus. Scales present on annuli 2, 4 and 6. Pigment absent from the most distal and most basal annuli of each flagellomere resulting in the banded appearance. Distribution and habitat. The specimens belonging to this new species were found under the bark of Sal trees (Shorea robusta) of Bandarbhola at Jhargram, West Bengal, India. Red laterite is the predominant soil in the district, supporting undergrowth of various types of herbs and shrubs on the forest floor. The weather is extremely humid and tropical. There are large numbers of termite mounds present on the forest floor.

Identification key to Ctenolepisma s. str. species from India 1. Urotergite VII with 3+3 bristle-combs.................................................................... 6 - Urotergite VII with 2+2 bristle-combs.................................................................... 2 2. Urotergite VI with 3+3 bristle-combs..................................................................... 4 - Urotergite VI with 2+2 bristle-combs..................................................................... 3 3. Urotergite X without well-defined bristle-combs........................................ Ctenolepisma (C.) nigrum - Urotergite X with 1+1 bristle-combs............................................... Ctenolepisma (Ct.) tripurense 4. Prosternum with only 1+1 small bristle-combs consisting in a row of 3‒4 macrosetae. Ovipositor with fewer than 30 divisions.................................................................... Ctenolepisma (C.) udumalpetense sp. n. - Prosternum with at least 2+2 bristle-combs, frequently with more than 5 macrosetae each. Ovipositor with more than 35 divisions............................................................................................ 5 5. Epidermic pigment absent or yellowish. Caudal filaments and antennae as long as or longer than body length. Lateral margins of prosternum convex...................................................... Ctenolepisma (C.) longicaudatum - Epidermic pigment intense, especially in appendages, usually purplish brown. Caudal filaments shorter than body length, antennae at most as long as body. Lateral margins of prosternum straight.................... Ctenolepisma (C.) ciliatum 6. Infralateral combs of urotergites broad, composed of about 15 macrosetae. Apex of the ovipositor acute. Adult specimens reaching 15 mm in length......................................................... Ctenolepisma (C.) alticola - Infralateral combs of urotergites smaller, with 3‒8 macrosetae.Apex of the ovipositor rounded. Adult specimens smaller, length upto 9 mm.......................................................................................... 7 7. Labial palp bearing three sensory papillae. Ovipositor with 70 divisions............... Ctenolepisma (C.) boettgerianum - Labial palp bears nine sensory papillae. Ovipositor with 54‒56 divisions......... Ctenolepisma (C.) venkataramani sp. n., Published as part of Hazra, Ashis Kumar, Jana, Debanjan, Mandal, Guru Pada & Molero-Baltanás, Rafael, 2022, On two new species of the genus Ctenolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from India, pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 5222 (1) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7456435

Hazra, Ashis Kumar, Jana, Debanjan, Mandal, Guru Pada, Molero-Baltanás, Rafael (2022): On two new species of the genus Ctenolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from India. Zootaxa 5222 (1): 59-68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.4

Ctenolepisma (Ctenolepisma) venkataramani sp. n. (Figures 1−17, Table 1) Type material. Holotype: Under leaf litter near the East Thiopathak Waterfalls, Sri Venkateshwara National Park, Andhra Pradesh, India [13°45’4” N, 79°20’16” E], 17.vii.2000, 1 female, coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3051/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Paratypes: Same locality as holotype, 17.vii.2000, 9 examples. (6 males and 3 females), coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3052/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Etymology. The species is named after Dr. K. Venkataraman, former Director of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for inspiration to explore the Indian Zygentoma. Diagnosis. Apical article of labial palps with an unusually high number of sensory papillae (nine). Trichobothria of nota arranged as in C. ciliatum. All thoracic sternites with 1+1 subapical bristle-combs of macrosetae. Urotergite I with 1+1, II-VII with 3+3 and VIII with 2+2 bristle combs. Urosternites I and II without setae, III–VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle combs. Urotergal combs with 4−8 macrosetae and urosternal combs with 8−9 macrosetae each. Urotergite X trapezoidal, similar to that of C. boettgerianum Paclt, 1961. Two pairs of abdominal styli. Ovipositor with 54−56 divisions. Description. Body length of female up to 8.8 mm; of male up to 7.8 mm. Base colour (in spirit) dorsally whitish yellow with a covering of light brown scales, ventrally whitish yellow. Shape of the body elongate, more or less parallel sided, dorso-ventrally compressed anteriorly, sub-cylindrical posteriorly; thorax slightly wider than abdomen (Fig. 1). Faintly brownish pigments distinct on sides and apical border of scapus and antennae, on second and third segment of maxillary palp; lateral margins of labial palp; upper part of coxa, lower part of trochanter, entire lateral margin of femur and outer margin of tibia; styli IX all along their length. Caudal appendages with uniform brown pigmentation, not arranged in alternating dark and light bands. Head semi-circular in outline anteriorly; frons bearing two very conspicuous tufts of stout cephalic setae, pectinate and radially arranged. Numerous bifid and pectinate macrosetae present in both clypeus and labrum; those of the clypeus are grouped in two tufts composed of 28−32 each (Fig. 2). Eyes relatively small, located well behind antennae. Head wider (1.17 mm) than long (0.58 mm). Antenna length up to 5.4 mm, shorter than body and reaching the sixth abdominal segment when directed backwards. Maxillary palp (Fig. 3) slender, five-segmented, last article slightly longer (0.39 mm) than penultimate (0.37 mm). Apical article of labial palp (Fig. 4) sub-globular in shape and bearing nine sensory papillae arranged in a single row; it is about 2.7 times wider at the apex than at the base and 1.1 times wider than long. Anterolateral row of the pronotum (Fig. 5) composed of a single row of bifid and smooth macrosetae. Pronotal collar with oblique sub-parallel rows of 3−5 macrosetae. Lateral margins with 8+8 combs composed of 2‒3 macrosetae each. Two trichobothrial areas on each side, associated to the inner side of the last comb (N) and to inner side of the N-3 comb; trichoid sensilla inserted on the outer side of the combs N and N−1 and on inner side of N-2, N-4, N-5 and N-6. Mesonotum (Fig. 6) lateral margins with 11 combs each consisting of 2−3 macrosetae, including two trichobothrial areas, one in the inner side of the last comb (N) and one in the outer side of the N-2 comb; trichoid sensilla present in the outer side of N-1 and in the inner side of N-3, N-4 and N-5. Metanotum (Fig. 7) lateral margins with 9+9 combs composed of 2‒3 macrosetae. Trichobothrial areas situated in the inner sides of the combs N and N-1; trichoid sensilla inserted on the outer side of combs N-1, N-2, N-5 and N-6 and on the inner side of combs N-2, N-3 and N-4. Hind borders of pro-, meso- and metanota with 1+1 bristle combs composed of 3−4 macrosetae each. Prosternum (Fig. 8) 1.2 mm long, its length/width ratio about 1, subtriangular, posteriorly elliptical in shape; apical part with 1+1 bristle combs each composed of 4 macrosetae. Mesosternum (Fig. 9) 1.4 mm long, its length/ width ratio about 1.1, semi-elliptical in shape, with rounded apex and 1+1 subapical bristle combs each composed of 4 macrosetae. Metasternum 1.3 mm long, length/width ratio about 0.9; posterior margin broadly rounded, with 1+1 bristle combs each composed of 4 macrosetae (Fig 10); the distance between these combs about 5 times the width of a comb. Legs stout; femora short, one strong seta on outer margin distally near the junction of tibiae; tibiae and tarsi moderately elongated; pretarsi with slightly curved claws (Figs. 11 and 12). Coxae and femora with scales. Protibia about 2.4 times longer than wide, with two macrosetae inserted in the dorsal margin and four macrosetae in the ventral margin. Protarsal tarsomere I length about 0.32 mm; tarsomere II, about 0.09 mm; tarsomere III, about 0.17 mm; tarsomere IV, about 0.12 mm. Mesotibia 2.7 times longer than wide, with two dorsal and three ventral macrosetae. Lengths of tarsomeres I, II, III and IV (in mm) on mesotarsus as follows: 0.41, 0.12, 0.15, 0.16. Metatibiae (Fig. 12) about 3 times longer than wide, with four dorsal and six ventral macrosetae. In the metatarsus, the length of tarsomere I is about 0.63 mm; of tarsomere II is about 0.13 mm; of tarsomere III is about 0.18 mm and of tarsomere IV is about 0.21 mm. Urotergite I with 1+1 bristle-combs, each composed of 4−5 macrosetae. Urotergites II−VII with 3+3 bristlecombs, each composed of 4−8 macrosetae, and urotergite VIII with 2+2 bristle-combs, each composed of 6−7 macrosetae. Urotergite IX without bristle combs. Urotergite X (Fig. 13) shorter than the width at its base, subtrapezoidal, short, with rounded posterolateral corners and faintly emarginated hind border with 1+1 prominent bristle-combs, each composed of 7 macrosetae. Urosternites I and II without setae, III−VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle-combs, each composed of (6)8-9 macrosetae. The width of the bristle combs and the gap distances between them varies in each urosternite, so that the ratio between the distance between the combs and the width of a comb varies from 8 on urosternite VII to 15 on urosternite III (Fig. 14). Both sexes with two pairs of styli, inserted on segments VIII (Fig. 15) and IX. In female, the ratio length of styli IX/ length of styli VIII about 1.2. Posterior margin of the coxite VIII round. Inner process of coxite IX triangular and pointed at tip, in the female about 1.5 times longer than wide at its base and 4 times longer than the outer process. Ovipositor very long, with 54−56 divisions, surpassing the apex of the inner process of the coxite IX by 4.3 times the length of this process (Fig. 16). Apical parts of gonapophyses not sclerotized, both the anterior and posterior regions with fine bristles; anterior region with two long setae (Fig. 17). Caudal filaments long but broken and incomplete on type material. Distribution and habitat. Specimens of Ctenolepisma venkataramani sp. n. were found in large numbers generally in shady, semi-decomposed leaf litter and under stones beside East Thiopathak Waterfalls at Sri Venkateshwara National Park. The species is supposed to be abundant in this tropical forest of Indian Deccan plateau. The conservation of this habitat will protect this Zygentoma species. Differential diagnosis. This new species is close to Ctenolepisma (Ctenolepisma) boettgerianum, as they have similar abdominal chaetotaxy (urotergite I with 1+1, II‒VII with 3+3 and VIII with 2+2 bristle combs; urosternites I and II without setae, III–VIII with 1+1 bristle combs), similar trapezoidal shape of the tenth urotergite and similar size. They differ in the characters presented in Table 1. The most remarkable character of the new species is the presence of an unusually high number of sensory papillae (nine) on the apical article of the labial palp, a condition that can be occasionally found in C. longicaudatum Escherich, 1905. In this latter species the number of papillae is variable, and most specimens bear the typical number (five), arranged as usual in a single row. However, C. longicaudatum is different because of its urotergal setation (3+3 combs in urotergite II‒VI), larger size (up to 15 mm or more), greater length of appendages and lighter epidermal pigment. Compared with other Indian species of the genus, there are 2 species of the subgenus Ctenolepisma s. str. bearing 3+3 combs on urotergites II‒VII and a trapezoidal tenth urotergite that are also present in some parts of Asia: C. mauritanicum (Lucas, 1846) and C. przewalskyi Kaplin, 1982. These species are easily distinguishable from C. venkataramani sp. n. as they have 2 or more pairs of bristle-combs in their prosternum (only one pair in the new species), and their ovipositor has a lower number of divisions (about 40 or less).

Ctenolepisma (Ctenolepisma) udumalpetense sp. n. (Figures 18−38) Type material. Holotype: Forest floor beside Trimurti dam, Udumalpet, Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, India (10°29’11” N and 77°9’46” E), 17.ix.2019, 1 female, coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3053/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Paratypes: Same locality as holotype, 18.ix.2019, 22 (12 males 10 females), coll. A.K. Hazra, Registration number 3054/H14, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Etymology. The species is named after the name of the locality Udumalpet, Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu, India, which is the type locality. Diagnosis. This new species is a relatively small Ctenolepisma s. str. (about 6 mm long) with five sensory papillae on the apical articles of their labial palps. Their trichobothrial areas are arranged as in C. ciliatum. It has 1+1 bristle-combs of macrosetae in each thoracic sternite, 3+3 bristle-combs in urotergites II-VI, trapezoidal urotergite X and two pairs of abdominal styli. Ovipositor short, with less than 30 divisions. As in related species, tibial scales are absent, but femoral scales are narrower than usual (not widely rounded, but ovoid or elliptical). Description. Body length of females up to 6.1 mm, males slightly shorter (5.8 mm). Habitus (Fig. 18) fusiform, with the thorax slightly wider (1.19 mm) than the abdomen base (1 mm). Body pigment dark, uniformly distributed; antennae with evenly distributed light pigmentation but terminal filaments show distinct light and dark annulations. Scales dorsally dark brown. Ventral scales lighter pigmented. Body scales are rounded, fan-shaped and ovoid (Fig. 19) Macrosetae bifid, plumose; chaetotaxy of head as usual for the genus. Both clypeus and labrum with numerous bifid and pectinate macrosetae. Clypeus with two tufts of setae, each composed of 32–34 macrosetae. In the middle of the clypeus, a tuft of smooth hair-like setae present composed of 14 setae (Fig. 20). Eyes black, composed of 12 ommatidia. Antennal length up to 4 mm, shorter than body, surpassing the thorax up to abdominal segment six when directed backwards. Apical article of maxillary palp (Fig. 21) slightly longer (0.34 mm) than the penultimate (0.31 mm). Apical article of the labial palp about as wide (0.24 mm) as long (0.23 mm), with 5 distinct ovoid sensory papillae arranged in a compact single row (Figs. 22, 23). Medial part of the pronotal collar (Fig. 24) composed of 3–4 rows of macrosetae, lateral regions each with a single row of smooth macrosetae. Lateral margins of pronotum (Fig. 25) with 6+5 combs composed of 1–3 macrosetae each, including two trichobothrial areas, one in the inner side of the last comb (N) and another in the inner side of the N-3 comb. Mesonotum (Fig. 26) lateral margins with 8+8 combs consisting of 1–3 macrosetae; only one trichobothrial area in the outer side of the N-1 comb observed. Metanotum (Fig. 27) lateral margins with 6+6 combs composed of 1–3 macrosetae; trichobothria not seen. Hind borders of pro-, meso- and metanota with 1+1 bristle combs composed of 1–2 macrosetae each. Thoracic sternites as in Figs. 28–30. Prosternum 0.65 mm long, its length/width ratio about 0.9, with rounded posterior apex; postero-lateral margin with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of 3–4 macrosetae. Mesosternum 0.84 mm long, its length/width ratio about 1.1, slightly wider than prosternum; its posterior apex rounded with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of 3 macrosetae. Metasternum 0.82 mm long, its length/width ratio about 0.9; with broadly rounded apex, with 1+1 bristle combs, each composed of 5 macrosetae; the distance between these combs about 5 times the width of a comb. Scales present on coxae and femora (Figs. 31 and 32); femoral scales (Fig.–33) smaller than coxal ones, elliptical and with rounded apical margin. Length/width ratio of protibia about 2.4; of mesotibia about 2.5 and of metatibia about 2.8. Two macrosetae present in the dorsal margin of the protibia and three macrosetae in the ventral margin; mesotibia with two dorsal and five ventral macrosetae; metatibia with one dorsal and four ventral macrosetae. Protarsal tarsomere lengths I‒IV 0.25 0.09 mm 0.12 0.1 mm, respectively. The length of tarsomeres I, II, III and IV (in mm) on mesotarsus as follows: 0.34, 0.08, 0.12, 0.1 mm. The length of tarsomeres I, II, III and IV (in mm) on metatarsus as follows: 0.48, 0.11, 0.13, 0.12. Urotergite I with 1+1 bristle-combs composed of 3 macrosetae. Urotergites II–VI with 3+3 bristle-combs composed of 2‒5 macrosetae, urotergites VII‒VIII with 2+2 bristle-combs composed of 3‒4 macrosetae. Urotergite X trapezoidal, wider than long at its base (length 0.48 mm, base width 0.99 mm, apical width 0.29 mm), ratio length/ width about 0.48, posterior margin slightly concave (Fig. 34), with 1+1 bristle-combs of 3–4 macrosetae each. Urosternites I and II without setae, III–VIII with 1+1 lateral bristle-combs with 4–6 macrosetae. The width of the bristle combs and the space between them varying on each urosternite; this distance ranging from 10 times the width of a comb on urosternite VII to about 17 times on urosternite III. On urosternite IV (Fig. 35) this ratio about 13. Both sexes with two pairs of styli on urosternites VIII and IX. Styli IX 2.3 times longer than the inner process of the corresponding coxite in males and 2.1 times longer in females. In females, the length of styli VIII 6.2 times longer than their width, and length of styli IX about 8.7 times longer than wide. Ratio of the length of styli IX/ length of styli VIII is 1.2–1.5 for females and 1.3–1.5 for males. Inner process of female coxite VIII obliquely rounded. Length of inner process of coxite IX twice its width at its base and 4 times longer than the outer process. Ovipositor short, not surpassing the tip of coxite IX (Fig. 36). Anterior gonapophysis with 29 divisions, bearing 2–3 small setae at the apex. Posterior gonapophysis with 27 divisions. Penis as in Figures 37 and 38. Distribution and habitat. Specimens of Ctenolepisma udumalpetense sp. n. were found in large numbers generally in shady semi-decomposed dry leaf litter in forested regions. It is an active insect on the ground in leaf litter beside Trimurti Dam. The species is abundant in this tropical semi- evergreen forest of the Southern part of India. The protection of this habitat will help to conserve this Zygentoma species. Differential diagnosis. C. udumalpetense sp. n. is probably related to species of the subgenus Ctenolepisma s. str. with trapezoidal tenth urotergite, 3+3 bristle-combs in urotergites II-VI and two pairs of abdominal styli, such as Ctenolepisma (C.) ciliatum (Dufour, 1831) or C. (C). longicaudatum Escherich, 1905. Apart from these two species, some others have been described that share the aforementioned characters: C. (C.) iranicum Molero, Kahrarian & Gaju, 2016, C. (C.) armeniacum Molero-Baltanás, Gaju-Ricart, Bach de Roca & Mendes, 2010 and C. (C.) abyssinicum Mendes, 1982 from Iran, Armenia and Ethiopia, respectively. All of these species also possess on the apical article of the labial palp five strong ovoid sensory papillae arranged in a single row (Figs 22–23). They differ from C. udumalpetense sp. n., in the following characters: 1. The prosternum of C. udumalpetense sp. n. has a more rounded apex and only 1+1 pairs of bristle-combs (Fig. 28). Macrosetae of these combs are, as well as those of meso- and metasternum, arranged in a single row. However, related species have at least 2+2 bristle-combs in the prosternum (frequently, 3+3 or more); moreover, the apex of this sternite in C. ciliatum and C. abyssinicum is more acute and the combs of thoracic sternites of C. armeniacum and C. iranicum are double (consist of at least two rows of macrosetae). 2. Ctenolepisma udumalpetense sp. n. has a maximum body length of 6.1 mm, whereas similar species typically reach 8 mm or more. 3. The ovipositor of C. udumalpetense sp. n. is relatively short, not surpassing the tip of the inner process of coxites IX. In the other related species mentioned babove, the ovipositor not only surpasses the apex of coxite IX but also the tip of the styli IX. The number of divisions is also higher in these previously known species (35- 49 in C. ciliatum, even more in other species), while the new Indian species has 29 divisions. This character and the smaller size could correspond to young silverfish, but no specimens of C. udumalpetense sp. n. have been found with a greater size or a longer ovipositor. 4. The femoral scales of C. ciliatum, C. armeniacum and C. iranicum are rounded, while in C. udumalpetense sp. n. are narrower, more or less elliptical (Figs. 31–32). This character has not been described in the remaining species.

Silverfish are known as one of the major pests which feed on paper and starch-based materials and can cause serious problems in museums, libraries and archives. Ctenolepisma calvum (Ritter, 1910) was first recorded from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and has also been known from Central American countries including Guyana and Cuba. Recently, its rapid spread to European countries, including Austria, Czech, Germany and Norway, has been reported. In addition, there are unverified records of C. calvum from 17 more countries in the on-line citizen-science platforms iNaturalist. We report C. calvum in Japan for the first time, from Hokkaido, Miyagi, Tokyo, Fukuoka and Nagasaki Prefectures. The specimens in Japan were observed in detail by stereomicroscope, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The occurrence of this species is a serious problem from the viewpoint of protection of cultural properties. We also registered their mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene in EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ.

Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew (2019): Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4): 139-181, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719

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Two bristletail species of the order Zygentoma, Allacrotelsa dubia (Lucas, 1842) (Lepismatidae) and Lepidotrix pilifera (Menge, 1854) (Lepidotrichidae), are recorded in Late Eocene Rovno amber for the first time. One new species of the order Microcoryphia, Lepismachilis eocaenica sp. nov., most similar to L. (B.) targionii (Grassi, 1887), is described.

The long-tailed silverfish Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (Lepismatidae: Zygentoma) is a nuisance problem in buildings and a major concern in museums, libraries and archives where it cause damage to historical and priceless items. We used laboratory bioassays and two field studies of infested buildings to evaluate spatial and temporal elements of a poisoned bait strategy. In both laboratory experiments and field studies, the efficiency of poisoned bait with indoxacarb as the active ingredient was significantly improved by placing many small bait droplets evenly distributed along all edges of the treated area compared to more clustered distributions. Extended duration of bait presence and removal of competing food sources improved the control effect significantly in the laboratory bioassays. Bait-treated populations also showed a significant decline in the number of eggs deposited and emergence of new nymphs. The study supports poisoned bait as an efficient and low risk approach against the long-tailed silverfish in which extended duration of bait presence, wide distribution of bait droplets in combination with sanitation was crucial for control in the infested premises.

The lockdowns that came with policies to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in 2020 required some 90% of museums and historic properties across the globe to be closed. Lowered visitor numbers and reduced staffing levels allowed a range of fauna to make their way indoors, bringing an increase in birds, rodents and insect pests. Silverfish are shy, so benefit from low occupancy in museums and present a potential vector for damage to books and paper. This study is the first to report changes in insect populations in museums and examines six years (2015–2020) trapping data for silverfish and similar insects (Lepismatidae): Lepisma saccharinum, Ctenolepisma calvum, Ctenolepisma longicaudatum and Ctenolepisma lineatum from: (i) the Technisches Museum Wien, (ii) Schonbrunn Palace, (iii) Hofburg Museum and a shorter record from (iv) Weltmuseum Wien. Analysis of the trap contents gives an impression that the number of insects caught had increased over time, but 2020 was distinctive and gave typically higher insect numbers during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to other years, especially for Lepisma saccharinum. Individual traps caught up to 100 silverfish in only a few weeks. Because silverfish usually need between four months to one year to become mature, we assume that it was increased activity during museum closure and not higher reproduction which led to higher numbers. The parts of the museums showing increased populations under lockdown were similar to the areas where they were more frequent in earlier years. This means that such areas deserve continued monitoring even when the museum is closed. No damage to paper objects were reported in the museums investigated.

Heterolepisma Escherich, 1905 Heterolepisma Escherich, 1905: 63. Isolepisma Escherich, 1905: 61. Notolepisma Tillyard, 1924: 242. Type species: Lepisma pampeana Silvestri, 1902 by subsequent designation, see Paclt, 1967: 25., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B. & Mitchell, Andrew, 2019, Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands, pp. 139-181 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4) on page 143, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719, http://zenodo.org/record/4653485, {"references":["Escherich, K. 1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica (Stuttgart) 43: 1 - 164.","Tillyard, R. J. 1924. Primitive wingless insects. Part I. The silverfish, bristletails and their allies (Order Thysanura). New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 7: 232 - 242.","Silvestri, F. 1902. Materiali per lo studio dei Tisanuri. I-V. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 33: 204 - 249.","Paclt, J. 1967. Thysanura. Fam. Lepidotrichidae, Maindroniidae, Lepismatidae. Genera Insectorum 218 e: 1 - 86."]}

Maritisma dispar (Uchida, 1944) n. comb. Heterolepisma dispar Uchida, 1944: 185. Heterolepisma dispar, a species inhabiting coastal cliffs from the Japanese Island of Honshu, appears, from the original description and illustrations, to share many of the unusual characters such as the macrochaetae along the anterior margin of the frons, the short urotergite X, the long, spaced urosternal combs and the long parameres. The chaetotaxy of urosternite I was not mentioned but the species shares so much of the unusual morphology of H. coralinium sp. nov. that it is likely to also possess a medial comb. Both species lack a glabrous anterior margin to the frons, both have a very broad ultimate article to the labial palp, urotergite X is greatly reduced and they have unusually long urosternal combs with widely spaced macrochaetae. These characters differentiate them from the remaining species with medial combs on urosternite I. However, the illustration of Uchida suggests that the pronotal collar is complete in H. dispar. This Japanese species is here provisionally transferred to the new genus., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B. & Mitchell, Andrew, 2019, Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands, pp. 139-181 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4) on page 171, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719, http://zenodo.org/record/4653485, {"references":["Uchida, H. 1944. Die Bestatigung der nicht bescriebenen Art, Heterolepisma dispar Silv. (Thysanura). Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 22 (4): 185 - 189."]}

Maritisma gen. nov. http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 56115144-6890-4115-88A2-9716C9C5EF95 Type species. Maritisma coralinium sp. nov. Diagnosis. Medium-sized silverfish. Body shape as in Fig. 169. Pigment apparently absent or very limited e.g., around eyes. Macrochaetae smooth with apical bifurcations. Scales multiradiate, rounded with ribs not very close together; lanceolate or triangular scales apparently absent.Antennae possibly with rod-like basiconic sensilla. Chaetotaxy of frons consisting of a row of macrochaetae along anterior margin joining laterally with rows along the sides of the head which run back along the margin and up over the eyes, peri-antennal groups weak. Clypeus with longer macrochaetae laterally and across the face proximally, with small setae medially. Labrum with many macrochaetae distributed across the proximal half and some smaller setae in the anterior half. Eyes of about 12 ommatidia. Apical article of labial palp broad with 3+2 papillae of the aufgelöst type (individual subunits of each papilla not packed closely together), those more distal very long. Pronotum with narrow setal collar which is largely interrupted medially. Thoracic nota with marginal setae and a few submarginal combs each of just a single or two macrochaetae; each lateral margin with two open trichobothrial areas, each anterior trichobothrial area of the pronotum with a macrochaeta laterad of the trichobothrium; posterior margin with 1+1 combs each of a single macrochaeta. Thoracic sternites free, sub-parabolic with submarginal macrochaetae along the more distal lateral regions. Legs typical for the Heterolepismatinae; tarsi with four articles, pretarsi with two claws and a medial empodial claw. Urotergites I–VII with 3+3 small combs, urotergite VIII with 2+2 combs, urotergite IX with 1+1 sublateral setulae. Urotergite X very short, rounded with a few macrochaetae along each lateral margin. Urosternite I with medial comb, urosternites II–VIII with 1+1 long combs, each macrochaeta of all combs distinctly spaced apart from adjacent macrochaetae. Coxites IX of both sexes typical for the Heterolepismatinae, with large, prominent parameres. One pair of styli only (IX). Ovipositor of female simple. Etymology. The genus name derives from the Latin word "maritimus" referring the proximity of known collection sites to the ocean combined with the suffix -isma, used for many silverfish. It is treated as grammatically neuter. Remarks. When initially examined by the first author, the specimen did not immediately appear to belong to the Heterolepismatinae, however with due consideration, most characters were generally in agreement with those associated with the Heterolepismatinae. Molecular data could not be obtained for this species due to the length of time the specimens had been in 70% ethanol. The character analysis places M. coralinium sp. nov. closest to the H. stilivarians group predominantly because both share the presence of macrochaetae rather than setae on the labrum, however the species share little else in common. The stilivarians group is currently under revision and the available molecular data places it quite distant from the remaining Australian species of Heterolepisma for which molecular data is available. The new genus can easily be distinguished from all described Heterolepismatinae (except H. dispar – see below) by the following combination of characters: the presence of chaetotaxy on the anterior margin of the frons, the absence of branched papillae on the ultimate article of the maxillary palp, the presence of 3+3 combs on urotergite I, the presence of a medial comb on urosternite I, the very long 1+1 combs of eight or more spaced macrochaetae on urosternites II–VI, the number of pairs of styli (one pair in both sexes), the wide ultimate article of the labial palp and the much shorter urotergite X., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B. & Mitchell, Andrew, 2019, Species of Heterolepismatinae (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) Found on some Remote Eastern Australian Islands, pp. 139-181 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (4) on pages 170-171, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1719, http://zenodo.org/record/4653485

Heterolepisma sclerophylla Smith, 2014 Fig. 7 Heterolepisma sclerophylla Smith, 2014: 9. Type material examined. Holotype. 1♀ (HW 1.28) (AMS K.260990, K.260991 on two slides) NSW: Broulee, 35.8578��S 150.1621��E 15 m asl, 17.xi.2010, Graeme Smith. Paratypes. 1♀ (HW 1.23) (AMS K. 377563 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1♀ (HW 1.25) (AMS K.261218, K.261219 on two slides) same data as holotype; 1♂ (HW 1.25) (AMS K.260992, K.260993 on two slides) same data as previous; 1♂ (HW 1.23) (AMS K. 377565 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1♂ (HW 1.13) (AMS K. 377566 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1♀ (HW 1.15) (AMS K. 377567 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1 juvenile ♀ (HW 0.84) (AMS K. 377568 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1♂ (HW 1.15) (AMS K. 377569 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1♂ (HW 1.10) (AMS K.261074, K.261075 on two slides) same data as holotype; 1♀ (HW 1.08) (AMS K. 377570 in ethanol) same data as holotype; 1♀ (HW 1.20) (AMS K. 377561 in ethanol) same locality and collector as holotype 19.xi.2010; 1♀ (HW 1.40) (AMS K. 377562 in ethanol) same data as previous. Other topotypic material examined. 1♀ (HW 1.20) (AMS K.261216, K.261217 two slides) same locality as holotype, 18.ii.2016, Graeme Smith; 1♀ (HW 1.10) (AMS K.261142 head, thorax and abdominal segments I���IV on one slide); 1♀ (HW 1.10) (AMS K.261143, K.261144 on two slides) same data as previous; 1♂ (HW 1.13) (AMS K.261145, K.261149 on two slides) same data as previous; 1♀ (HW 1.13) (AMS K.261152, K.261153 on two slides) same data as previous; 1♀ (HW 1.18) (gbs004988 in 100% ethanol) same data as previous; 1♀ (HW 1.03) (AMS K.261150, K.261151 on two slides) same data as previous. Material from other localities of the same lineage. 1♂ (HW 1.18) (AMS K.260994, K.260995 two slides) NSW: Guerilla Bay headland, 35.8321��S 150.2313��E 87 m asl, 17.xi.2010, Graeme Smith; 1♀ (HW 1.23) (AMS K.261202, K.261203 on two slides) NSW: Jibbon, 34.0781��S 151.1674��E 18 m asl, 1.i.2016, Graeme Smith; 1♀ (HW 1.00) (AMS K.261184, K.261185 on two slides) same data as previous. Comments. The Broulee group has a comparatively short ovipositor both relative to head width (1.49���1.95 HW) and in the number of divisions (32���37). Most other lineages have ovipositors in mature specimens exceeding twice the head width and with 35���41 divisions. It also seems to have lower levels of pigment overall and the density and strength of the macrochaetae on the head and notal collar is less than for other lineages (Fig. 7). The Nowra lineage has a similarly short ovipositor but appears to have much darker pigment on the labial and maxillary palps and to a lesser extent on the legs. It has denser chaetotaxy along the sides of the head near the eyes (2���4 rows wide versus 2���3 rows wide). The ovipositor length was reported in Smith (2014) as up to 2.09 times head width. This was based on the result from a specimen (originally recorded as K. 377564 in ethanol but now replaced by K. 261219 as slide) and was quite different to other specimens measured (range 1.49���1.79). This specimen was re-measured and the measurement is here corrected to 1.95 times HW. This is still much longer than other specimens from Broulee but the specimen only has 35���37 divisions which is within the normal range for the Broulee specimens (32���37). Each individual division is longer than seen with other specimens of this lineage. The lineage has been collected from three localities along the central and southern coasts of New South Wales. All localities listed have sandy soils, but this may represent a sampling bias rather than be a true indication of habitat. In the type locality it is quite common among dry Eucalypt leaves caught between the fronds of cycads (Macrozamia sp. Zamiaceae). At Guerilla Bay it was collected within abandoned termite galleries on a standing tree and at Jibbon it was collected from dry leaf litter protected from rain beneath a fallen tree or in a large hollow at the base of the tree. It was occasionally found hiding within the bark of certain spongy-barked Eucalyptus or Corymbia trees using pyrethrum sprays, where it was usually collected together with a more abundant (but not yet described) species related to Heterolepisma highlandi Smith. One Broulee specimen (K. 261145) was unusual in that one of its maxillary palps was shorter than usual and had several plumose sensilla along its length rather than the usual three, as found on the other palp where they were more evenly spaced along the article rather than in the distal half. In all specimens examined the plumose sensilla on the palps of the males are much larger (2���3 times larger diameter) and more elaborate than those on the female., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew, Lee, Timothy R. C. & Espinasa, Luis, 2019, DNA Barcoding and Integrative Taxonomy of the Heterolepisma sclerophylla species complex (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Heterolepismatinae) and the Description of Two New Species, pp. 1-32 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1677, http://zenodo.org/record/3837977, {"references":["Smith, G. B. 2014. Two new species of Heterolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from eastern New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology: The Journal of the Entomological Society of New South Wales 42 (2013): 7 - 22 (published 2014)."]}

Heterolepisma coorongooba sp. nov. Figs 6, 8���36 Holotype. ♀ (HW 1.30) (AMS K.261208, K.261209 on two slides) NSW: Glen Davis, above Coorongooba campground, 33.1271��S 150.3232��E 313m asl, 20.vi.2015, Graeme Smith. Paratypes. 2♀♀, 1♂, 1 juvenile, all same data as holotype including 1♀ (HW 1.15) (AMS K.261210, K.261211 on two slides); 1♀ (HW 1.11) (AMS K.261212, K.261213 on two slides); 1♂ (HW 1.08) (AMS K.261204, K.261205 on two slides); 1 juvenile (HW 0 3) (AMS K. 377726 in ethanol). Diagnosis. This species is very similar to Heterolepisma sclerophylla differing in having one fewer pairs of styli in both the male and female (i.e. IX only in ♂, VIII and IX in the ♀). Compared to the lineage from the type locality it also has a longer ovipositor and thicker and perhaps more densely packed chaetotaxy along the pronotal collar and margins of the head. Description Appearance: Medium to large silverfish, scale covering in life uniform or slightly mottled grey with brown antennae, terminal filaments brown with lighter annuli around larger macrochaetae resulting in distinctly banded appearance (Fig. 6). Body length: H+B up to 9.1 mm (♀) 7.0 mm (♂); maximum HW 1.30 mm; thorax: length up to 2.5 mm (or 0.27���0.36 H+B); width up to 2.05 mm, usually slightly widest at the mesonotum; antennae damaged in all specimens, maximum preserved length of antenna 4.4 mm (or 0.56 H+B); terminal filaments damaged in all specimens, maximum preserved length of cercus 2.8 mm (or 0.31 H+B); maximum preserved length of median dorsal appendage 3.4 mm (or 0.42 H+B). Body neither elongate nor broad with thorax slightly wider than abdominal segment I, the following abdominal segments about the same width until the fourth or fifth after which the abdomen tapers posteriorly. Pigmentation: Pigment brown in alcohol preserved specimens. Present around eyes and to a lesser extent behind the peri-antennal group of macrochaetae; pedicel and scape very lightly pigmented distally, rest of flagellum uniformly lightly pigmented; all articles of maxillary palp with pigment especially in the four most distal articles although much less in the ultimate article; labium with pigment on the three most distal articles, being strongest on the penultimate, especially distally. Pigment present in anterior corner and along margins of all nota. Legs not heavily pigmented, with light pigment along outer margin of the coxa and the trochanter, apically on the outer femur and strongest on the tibia especially on the dorsal surface, present on basal article of tarsi, urotergite X and coxites IX with light pigmentation; styli IX pigmented in distal three quarters; other styli with less pigment. Ovipositor with yellowish hue. Terminal filaments with rings of pigment, with the pigment present in all annuli except the annuli bearing the large macrochaetae. Pigmentation is much reduced in juvenile specimens. Macrochaetae: Bifid apically, or simple, light to darker brown in colour. Often quite thick e.g., the stronger macrochaetae of the pronotal collar measured about 50 microns in diameter in the holotype (HW 1.30) compared to 38 microns in the similar-sized holotype of H. sclerophylla (HW 1.28) from Broulee (compare Figs 7, 8). They also appear to be more densely packed. Scales: Unevenly rounded or ovoid, with numerous parallel ribs that do not extend beyond the margin (Fig. 9); in alcohol dorsal scales with dark brown ribs; ventrally mostly hyaline. Lanceolate scales not observed. Scales absent from flagellum of antennae, mouthparts and terminal filaments. Head: Wider than long (Fig. 10) with marginal rows about three macrochaetae wide along the sides of the vertex decreasing to two wide in front of the antennae and six strong curved macrochaetae along the anterior margin, the lateral rows extend back above the eyes, as well as a small 1+1 peri-antennal groups not quite isolated from the marginal rows at the level of each antenna. Clypeus with numerous setae, some long and thin, others more robust arranged in 1+1 lines in the proximal lateral regions but not forming combs. Labrum with thin setae only. Eyes dark, composed of about 12 ommatidia.���Antennal scape with a subdistal rosette of setae, very conspicuous from above (Fig. 11), and numerous setae along the sides and over the ventral face; pedicel short, 0.51 times the length of the scape (range 0.47���0.55), with many setae mostly distally and on the ventral face; repeating intervals of distal end of antennae (Fig. 12) of eight annuli, the most apical annulus of each interval (T-annulus) with a trichobothrium and at least one small inconspicuous rod-like basiconic sensillum (type B of Adel, 1984), the second and forth annuli also each with a sausage-shaped type C sensillum (confirmed also to be present on same annuli in holotype of H. sclerophylla).���Mandibles typical for genus with welldeveloped molar and incisor areas; a group of about nine strong setae distally adjacent to the pectinate molar area and a bush of 50+ setae and macrochaetae externally.���Maxilla (Fig. 13) with three large macrochaetae externally proximal to the palp, the lacinia with three strong teeth, one shorter than the rest, seven lamellate processes and a row of eight simple setae, the galea longer than the lacinia with setulae on the outer face. Palp with rosettes of distinctly stronger setae (some ���carrot-shaped���) subapically on the three basal articles, all articles with numerous fine setae, apical article of maxillary palp 4.6 times longer than wide (range 4.1���4.9) and 1.23 times longer than penultimate article (range 1.16���1.27), the ultimate article in both sexes with three ���branched��� papillae, those in the female less robust than those in the male.���Labium (Fig. 14) short and broad with rows of strong setae on the prementum and submentum; glossae and paraglossae quite broad with short curved setulae; labial palp short, apical article eccentric suboval, 1.1 times as long as wide (range L/W 0.8���1.3) with 2+3 papillae of compact type in a ���cluster formation��� where the slightly larger distal papillae curve around the two smaller proximal papillae and a curved club-like thin-walled basiconic sensillum and at least one rod-like basiconic sensillum, which can also be confirmed as present on the holotype of H. sclerophylla. Thorax: Pronotum (Fig. 15) with strong setal collar of short, apically bifurcated setae and cilia with a row of longer macrochaetae spaced along the back of the collar including 1+1 long thin simple setae about one third in from each side, the density and length of the smaller more marginal macrochaetae of the collar decreases only slightly towards the middle but not the size and density of the larger spaced macrochaetae in the posterior row; lateral margins also with numerous shorter but quite robust, apically bifurcate setae as well as several larger more erect submarginal macrochaetae; trichobothrial areas open and in contact with the lateral margins, the anterior one (Fig. 16) located just anterior to the mid-point along the margin, with or without a large submarginal macrochaeta, when present laterad to the trichobothrium (this macrochaeta missing on the left side of the holotype) and with a cilium and a few setulae; posterior trichobothrial area (Fig. 17) near posterior lateral corner with two submarginal macrochaetae between the trichobothrium and the margin as well as a few setae and setulae; posterior margin slightly concave with 1+1 combs (Fig. 18) each of two macrochaetae, the more postero-mediad lying flatter than the other, each comb associated with a setula and a few cilia.���Mesonotum with lateral chaetotaxy similar to pronotum but less dense (Fig. 19), except the submarginal macrochaetae anterior to the trichobothrial areas are grouped into combs of two, each associated with a cilium and a few setulae, the more posterior of these on the left side of the holotype of only one macrochaeta, both trichobothrial areas (Fig. 20) of similar configuration to those of pronotum except anterior area has a macrochaeta mediad of the trichobothrium. The posterior combs of the mesonotum are unusual in that they both consist of only a single macrochaeta in the illustrated holotype (Fig. 21) whereas in the paratype K. 261204 one consists of two macrochaetae and the other of only one and in the other paratypes (K. 261213 and K. 261210) two macrochaetae are present on both sides.���Metanotum (Figs 22, 23) similar to mesonotum; both posterior combs consist of two equal sized insertion points. The trichobothrium appears to be absent from the right posterior area of the holotype. a Small infralateral setae b More posterior seta insertion smaller Presternum narrow, with transverse row of strong setae and numerous cilia and setulae (Fig. 24).���All thoracic sterna and coxae with hyaline scales. Prothoracic sternum pointed cordiform, almost as long as wide at its base (range L/W 0.91���1.00) and reaching to about two thirds the length of the coxa, rounded apically and with a medial furrow (Fig. 24), most of lateral margins with numerous small marginal setae and cilia, with 6���7 larger submarginal macrochaetae forming weak combs parallel to the edges in the distal third.���Mesosternum (Fig. 25) 1.08 times longer than broad (range 1.01���1.12) with an acutely rounded apex, with setae and cilia along the distal quarter of the margins, with 1+1 distal combs of four apically bifurcate macrochaetae and 1+1 subposterior more pointed macrochaetae.���Metasternum (Fig. 26) 0.79 times longer than wide (range 0.77���0.80) with less pointed, even slightly concave, apex, each comb of four macrochaetae. Legs fairly long (Figs 24, 26), tibia L/W ratio of legs PI 3.0 (range 2.9���3.2), PII 3.4 (range 2.8���4.0), PIII 3.9 (range 3.5���4.2); tarsi L/W ratio PI 7.0 (range 6.3���8.0), PII 7.0 (range 6.3���7.7), PIII 8.5 (range 7.4���9.7). Legs increasingly longer from front to back, mean ratio PI/PIII (tibia 0.62, tarsus 0.72). PI with transverse comb of about six macrochaetae laterally on the precoxa. Coxa of all legs covered with hyaline scales and with strong macrochaetae and numerous cilia and setulae in a row about two macrochaetae wide along the external margin, a strong seta on the inner margin subapically and group of about six curved setae at the apex over the articulation. Trochanter lacking scales, with fine and one stronger seta over the surface. Femur with numerous setae over most of the surface and along the margin; anterior distal end with two strong, quite deeply bifurcate stout macrochaetae and another simple stout macrochaeta more proximal; posterior margin with several strong macrochaetae as illustrated. Tibia with numerous long setae over the ventral surface, with three stout macrochaetae on or near the anterior margin and six or seven stout macrochaetae along the posterior margin; apical spur with several setae. Tibia of PIII with a long thin, laterally projecting trichobothria-like seta inserted dorsal to the proximal stout macrochaeta on the anterior margin, which is about two times as long as the tibia is wide. Tarsus with four articles, all with numerous setae, some on the ventral surface quite long and strong. Pretarsus with long curved lateral claws and a strong curved shorter medial claw. Abdomen: Urotergite I usually with 2+2 combs each of one to three macrochaetae (usually two) located quite close together, urotergites II-VII with 3+3 combs of macrochaetae as in Table 7 (Figs 9, 27���29) noting that the more posteromedial insertion point of each submedial comb was occasionally, quite a bit smaller than the other insertion point, but mostly of about the same size; each comb also associated with up to five marginal setae, five setulae and four cilia. Urotergite VIII with 2+2 combs, lacking the sublateral comb; urotergite IX (Fig. 30) with two infralateral setae on each side as well as a setula and a few cilia. Urotergite X short, parabolic in both sexes (Fig. 31), L/W at base about 0.52 (range 0.51���0.55) with many strong setae along entire margin and obscure 1+1 submarginal macrochaetae in the posterolateral corners. Urosternite I glabrous, urosternites II���VIII (Fig. 32) with 1+1 single macrochaetae (Fig. 33), each associated with 0���2 small marginal setae as well as a few cilia and/or setulae. Coxites of segment VIII in ♀ (Fig. 34) with one or two small macrochaetae, one or two small marginal setae and a cilium mediad of the stylus base and some small setae, setulae and a cilium laterad of the stylus base. Styli in two pairs in the ♀ (VIII���IX); all styli with several noticeably longer and stronger setae apically (Fig. 34) as well as stronger setae along the middle of the ventral face. Styli IX 2.4 times as long as styli VIII (range 2.2���2.8). Coxite IX of ♀ (Fig. 34), the internal process acute apically, about three times longer than the external process (range 2.9���3.2) and 1.5 times as long as broad at its base (range 1.5���1.6), not reaching to half the length of the stylus; external and internal margins of internal process and external margin and apex of outer process with many moderately strong setae directed both up and down.���Ovipositor (Fig. 34), very long and thin (up to 2.34 HW), surpassing the apex of stylus IX by more than the length of the stylus (excluding terminal macrochaetae), composed of 34���39 divisions. Distal divisions of gonapophyses VIII and IX with only short fine setae and setulae. Cerci not well preserved in slide material, with basal divisions shorter than long, gradually becoming longer distally, equally wide as long by about the eighth division after which they become even longer with more annuli each with a rosette of setae and some with trichobothria with the large macrochaetae restricted to the most distal annulus of each division; the most distal surviving divisions with up to four annuli, this annulus without pigment.���Medial filament of similar arrangement. Male: As for female except only one pair of styli (segment IX). Coxites IX (Fig. 35) with acute inner process about 1.3 times longer than wide at its base and about three times longer than the external process, reaching to just under half the length of the stylus. Both process also with several strong setae mostly apically emerging from both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the processes close to or on the margin. Parameres a little longer than wide, with about thirty fine setae (Fig. 36). Penis typical for genus with numerous glandular setae apically, each set on a protuberance. Subadult stages: the single juvenile specimen available, K.377726 (HW 0.63) had a single pair of styli (IX) and no indication of urosternite VIII dividing into separate coxites nor any nascent genitalia (ovipositor or parameres). The thoracic sternites conformed to those of the adults and the long thin setae on the tibia of PIII was present and very long (about three times the width of the tibia), tergite X was round but shorter than in the adults and the feathered papilla of the maxillary palp could not be seen. Habitat. Heterolepisma coorongooba was collected from leaf litter protected from rain under a fallen but still elevated, log. Etymology. The species name is derived from the proper noun Coorongooba referring the creek that flows through the valley from where it was collected. Comments. The morphology of this species is very close to that of H. sclerophylla, differing from it only in the absence of the most anterior pair of styli in both sexes. It differs from the Broulee lineage in the length of the ovipositor (2.17���2.34 times HW versus 1.49���1.95), but not so much in the number of divisions (34���39 versus 32���37) and the more robust macrochaetae. The Megalong, North Nowra and Glenbrook lineages also have more robust macrochaetae and a longer ovipositor (but more divisions) leaving the fewer styli as the only unambiguous defining character., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew, Lee, Timothy R. C. & Espinasa, Luis, 2019, DNA Barcoding and Integrative Taxonomy of the Heterolepisma sclerophylla species complex (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Heterolepismatinae) and the Description of Two New Species, pp. 1-32 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (1) on pages 16-22, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1677, http://zenodo.org/record/3837977, {"references":["Adel, T. 1984. Sensilleninventar und sensillenmuster auf den Antennen von Thermobia domestica und Lepisma saccharina (Insecta: Zygentoma). Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 2: 191 - 217."]}

Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew, Lee, Timothy R. C., Espinasa, Luis (2019): DNA Barcoding and Integrative Taxonomy of the Heterolepisma sclerophylla species complex (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Heterolepismatinae) and the Description of Two New Species. Records of the Australian Museum 71 (1): 1-32, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1677

Heterolepisma Escherich, 1905 Heterolepisma Escherich, 1905: 63. Type species: Lepisma pampeana Silvestri, 1902 by subsequent designation (Paclt, 1967: 25). Isolepisma Escherich, 1905: 61. Notolepisma Tillyard, 1924: 241., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew, Lee, Timothy R. C. & Espinasa, Luis, 2019, DNA Barcoding and Integrative Taxonomy of the Heterolepisma sclerophylla species complex (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Heterolepismatinae) and the Description of Two New Species, pp. 1-32 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1677, http://zenodo.org/record/3837977, {"references":["Escherich, K. 1905. Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica (Stuttgart) 43 (18): 1 - 164.","Paclt, J. 1967. Thysanura. Fam. Lepidotrichidae, Maindroniidae, Lepismatidae. Genera Insectorum 218 e: 1 - 86.","Tillyard, R. J. 1924. Primitive wingless insects. Part I. The silverfish, bristletails and their allies (Order Thysanura). New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 7: 232 - 242."]}

Heterolepisma highlandi Smith 2014 Heterolepisma highlandi Smith, 2014: 16. Type material (paratype). 1 juvenile ♀ (HW 0.88) (AMS K. 377604 in ethanol) NSW: Wee Jasper, 35.0591��S 148.6489��E 552 m asl, 21.viii.2010, Graeme Smith and Phil Fleming., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew, Lee, Timothy R. C. & Espinasa, Luis, 2019, DNA Barcoding and Integrative Taxonomy of the Heterolepisma sclerophylla species complex (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Heterolepismatinae) and the Description of Two New Species, pp. 1-32 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1677, http://zenodo.org/record/3837977, {"references":["Smith, G. B. 2014. Two new species of Heterolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) from eastern New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology: The Journal of the Entomological Society of New South Wales 42 (2013): 7 - 22 (published 2014)."]}

Heterolepisma buntonorum Smith 2016 Heterolepisma buntonorum Smith 2016a: 58. Material examined. 1♀ (HW 1.43) (AMS K.261244 K.261245 on two slides) TAS: Knocklofty, 42.8752��S 147.2957��E 270 m asl, 13.ii.2016, Stephen Bunton., Published as part of Smith, Graeme B., Mitchell, Andrew, Lee, Timothy R. C. & Espinasa, Luis, 2019, DNA Barcoding and Integrative Taxonomy of the Heterolepisma sclerophylla species complex (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae: Heterolepismatinae) and the Description of Two New Species, pp. 1-32 in Records of the Australian Museum 71 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.71.2019.1677, http://zenodo.org/record/3837977, {"references":["Smith, G. B. 2016 a. On some silverfish taxa from Tasmania (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae and Nicoletiidae). Records of the Australian Museum 68 (2): 45 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.68.2016.1652"]}

Four new species of the bristletail families Ateluridae (Atelura abkhazica sp. n. and Nipponatelurina caucasica sp. n.) and Lepismatidae (Lepisma xylophila sp. n. and L. adygei sp. n.) are described. Atelura abkhazica sp. n. differs from the other species of the genus Atelura in a smaller size, smaller number of ovipositor divisions, in the presence of apical sensory cones on the male parameres, which are absent in the other species of the genus, and in a fewer number of lateral pegs on urotergite X. The genus Nipponatelurina comprises two species (N. kurosai Mendes et Machida, 1994 and N. caucasica sp. n.). The distinguishing features of N. caucasica sp. n. include a significant number of short minute thin cilia on the head capsule, a longer ultimate segment of the maxillary palp, and a fewer number of setae at the posterior margin of urosternites IV–VII. Lepisma xylophila sp. n. differs from L. saccharinum and L. chlorosoma in the distribution of epidermic pigment and in the urotergites chaetom. Lepisma adygei sp. n. is most closely related to the synanthropic species L. saccharinum, but differs in the size of the body, color of scales on the upper surface of the body, and in the structure of the labial palps, urotergite X, ovipositor, and parameres.

The purpose of this application, under Articles 78.1, 78.2.3 and 80.2 of the Code, is to resolve an ongoing issue involving the gender of the name of the silverfish genus Lepisma Linnaeus, 1758 and other generic names derived from Lepisma. Under Direction 71 issued by the Commission in 1957, Lepisma is deemed to be of feminine gender despite being etymologically neuter. Unfortunately, Direction 71 did not explicitly advise on the treatment of genus-group names derived from Lepisma, all of which are neuter under Article 30.1.2 of the Code but nonetheless have generally been treated as feminine. Under Article 29.5 of the Code, prevailing use of the family name lepismatidae so spelled is not affected by the generic-level gender problem, but the scope of the gender-related confusion extends to almost half of the generic and specific names in the family lepismatidae Latreille, 1802, including such cosmopolitan peridomestic pests as Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus, 1758 and Ctenolepisma longicaudata Escherich, 1905. Three possible resolutions are proposed: that the Commission confirm that Direction 71 stands and the gender of Lepisma is feminine and also either (1) confirm that under Article 30.1.2 of the Code all generic names derived from Lepisma are of neuter gender, thereby filling the gap in Direction 71, or (2) rule under the plenary power that all generic names derived from Lepisma are of feminine gender, thereby endorsing current usage; or (3) that the Commission use their plenary power to rescind Direction 71 such that Lepisma assumes its etymologically correct neuter gender, while also confirming that under Article 30.1.2 of the Code all genera with names derived from Lepisma are of neuter, not feminine, gender. Reasons are given for preferring the third option, despite the resulting need to emend at least 129 species-group names in the genera involved.

Genus CTENOLEPISMA Ctenolepisma lineata (Fabricius, 1775) four lined silverfish, Four-lined Silverfish (Notton, 2018) Baltanas et al. (2012) classified the species C.lineata abandoning the obsolete variety Ctenolepisma lineata var pilifera. The species has an approximate size of up to 13.5mm (Baltanas et al, 2012) characteristic 4 longitudunial strips (Notton, 2018) pigmentation may be faint in synathropic specimens (Baltanas et al, 2012). Notton (2018) remarks that this species has previously been found in the UK. Baltanas et al (2013) states that C.lineata is wipespread in Central Europe and is facultative synanthropic. Ctenolepisma longicaudata (Escherich 1905) Giant Silverfish, grey Silver fish (Notton, 2018) Length up to 20mm, cosmopolitan, established in the UK 2014 (Notton, 2018), first reported by Goddard et al (2016) distribution is expanding rapidly (Notton, 2018) C.longicaudata, has a carrot shaped, tapered and flattened body like the other members of the family, it is uniformly silver grey scalled with obvious bristles at the sides of the body with long and slender tail filaments and antennae. Is believed to have become established in the UK in 2014 (Notton, 2018), but was first reported by Goddard et al. (2016). Its distribution in the UK is expanding rapidly (Notton, 2018). This species can tolerate a lower range of humidities than and thus has the potential to outrange L. saccharina (Notton, 2018), Published as part of Chick, Andrew I. R., 2018, A Revised Checklist of the UK Silverfish (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae), pp. 447-450 in Zootaxa 4504 (3) on page 449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/2606432, {"references":["Notton, D. G. (2018) Identifying insect pests in museums and heritage buildings, 2 nd Edition. The Natural History Museum, London, 64 pp.","Baltanas, R. F., Ricart, M. G. & Bach de Roca, C. (2013) New data for a revision of the genus Ctenolepisma (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae): rediscription of Ctenolepisma lineata and new status for Ctenolepisma nicoletii. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 48, (1 - 2), 66 - 80.","Goddard, M. R., Foster, C. W. & Holloway, G. J. (2016) Ctenolepisma longicaudata (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) new to Britain. The British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 29, 33 - 36."]}

Ctenolepisma guanche Mendes, 1993 Garcia de Orta. Série de Zoologia, 18 (1/2): 87 Holotype. Canary Islands. La Gomera, La Caldera: 1♂ 01.III.1990 W.L. Hansen & A. Pedersen leg., on slide (NHMD 228961). Paratype. Canary Islands. La Gomera, La Caldera: 1♀ 01.III.1990 W.L. Hansen & A. Pedersen leg., on slide (NHMD 228962). Current status: Valid name. Ctenolepisma latisternata Mendes, 1992 Garcia de Orta. Série de Zoologia, 19 (1/2): 98 Holotype. Congo. Loango: 1♀ 14.III.1906 (no collector on label), on slide (NHMD 228963). Current status: Valid name., Published as part of Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., 2018, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods, pp. 201-236 in Zootaxa 4457 (2) on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1341991, {"references":["Mendes, L. F. (1992) Novos dados sobre os tisanuros (Microcoryphia e Zygentoma) da America do Norte. Garcia de Orta. Serie de Zoologia, 16 (1 / 2), 171 - 193."]}

Neoasterolepisma soerenseni (Silvestri, 1908) Bollettino del Laboratorio di zoologia generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d'agricoltura in Portic i, 2: 364 Holotype. Mauritania: 1♂ (no date available on the label) Sörensen leg., on slide (NHMD 205883). Current status: Valid name. Original combination: Lepisma soerenseni. Transferred to Neoasterolepisma by Mendes (1988)., Published as part of Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., 2018, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods, pp. 201-236 in Zootaxa 4457 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1341991, {"references":["Silvestri, F. (1908) Materiali per lo studio dei Tisanuri VIII-XI. Bollettino del Laboratorio di zoologia generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d'agricoltura in Portici, 2, 359 - 396.","Mendes, L. F. (1988) Revisao do genero Lepisma Lin., 1758 s. lat. (Zygentoma, Lepismatidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia, 2, 1 - 236."]}

Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik, Reboleira, Ana Sofia P.S. (2018): Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods. Zootaxa 4457 (2): 201-236, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1

Ctenolepisma tanzanica Mendes, 1982 Revue de Zoologie Africane, 96 (3): 618 Holotype. Tanzania. East Usambara Mountains, Amani: 1♂ 26/I/1977 H. Enghoff leg., on slide (NHMD 205889). Current status: Valid name., Published as part of Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., 2018, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods, pp. 201-236 in Zootaxa 4457 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1341991

Prolepismina tuxeni Mendes, 1982 Entomologica Scandinavica, 13: 97 Holotype. United States of America. San Bernardino County, California: 1♂ 8/IV/1966 E.B. Larsen leg., on slide (NHMD 205956). Paratype. United States of America. San Bernardino County, California: 1♀ 8/IV/1966 E.B. Larsen leg., on slide (NHMD 205958). Current status: Valid name., Published as part of Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., 2018, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods, pp. 201-236 in Zootaxa 4457 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1341991

Desertinoma palaearctica (Wygodzinsky, 1950) Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KjØbenhavn, 112: 141 Holotype. Afganistan. Pirzadar: 1♂ 18/V/1949 N. Haarløv leg., on slide (NHMD 205940). Paratype. Afganistan. Pirzadar: 1♀ 4/VI/1948 N. Haarløv leg., on slide (NHMD 205942). Current status: Valid name. Original combination: Bakerella palaearctica. Transferred to Desertinoma by Kaplin (1992)., Published as part of Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., 2018, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods, pp. 201-236 in Zootaxa 4457 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1341991, {"references":["Wygodzinsky, P. W. (1950) The 3 rd Danish Expedition to Central Asia. Zoological Results 2. Thysanura (Insecta) aus Afghanistan. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn, 112, 139 - 155.","Kaplin, V. G. (1992) The bristletails Desertinoma gen. n. (Thysanura: Lepismatidae) of the world fauna. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 3, 22 - 29."]}

Acrotelsa collaris (Fabricius, 1793) Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, 2: 64 Syntypes. West Indies (as “Ins. Amer.”): 2ex. (no date on label) Dr. Pflug leg., dry on pins (NHMD 62177, NHMD 62178). Current status: Valid name. Original combination: Lepisma collaris. Transferred to Acrotelsa by Escherich (1905). Additional notes: Specimen NHMD 62177 has two original labels: “Ex Ins. Amer.” and “Mus. S. & T.L.”, which mean “from Insulae Americae” and “Collection Sehestedt & Tønder Lund”. This specimen corresponds to the “ type?” referred to by Zimsen (1964: 623). Specimen NHMD 62178 has one original label: “Mus. S. & T.L.”., Published as part of Eusébio, Rita, Sendra, Alberto, Enghoff, Henrik & Reboleira, Ana Sofia P. S., 2018, Catalogue of the type material in the entomological collection of the Natural History Museum of Denmark: basal hexapods, pp. 201-236 in Zootaxa 4457 (2) on page 231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1341991, {"references":["Fabricius, J. (1793) Entomologia systematica emandata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus descriptionibus. Vol. II. Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft, Hafniae, 349 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 125869","Escherich, K. (1905) Das System der Lepismatiden. Zoologica, Stuttgart, 43, 1 - 164.","Zimsen, E. (1964) The type material of I. C. Fabricius. Vol. 11. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 656 pp."]}

A survey of wingless insects belonging to the orders Microcoryphia (=Archaeognatha) and Zygentoma (=Thysanura s. str.) has been performed in subterranean habitats of central Iran. As a result, several new species have been discovered. In this work, three new species are described: a new species of bristletail of the family Machilidae,Haslundiellairanicasp. n., a new silverfish of the family Lepismatidae,Ctenolepismasubterraneumsp. n., and a new Nicoletiidae, Lepidospora (Brinckina) momtazianasp. n.These new taxa are compared with related species in their respective genera and keys for their identification are provided: one for all known species ofHaslundiellaand one for all basal insects of subterranean environments of Iran which includes those previously reported. Moreover, the previously published keys of IranianCtenolepismaand the subgenus Brinckina are modified to include the new species. Three additional species of Lepismatidae are reported in this work:Neoasterolepìsma palmoniiandCtenolepismatargioniiare newly recorded from Iran and both species, together withAcrotelsacollaris, are cited for the first time in the subterranean habitats. This survey progresses the knowledge on the biodiversity of these insects in Iran.

Smith, Graeme B. (2015): New Silverfish Taxa from Queensland (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae). Records of the Australian Museum 67 (3): 67-81, DOI: 10.3853/j.2201-4349.67.2015.1641, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.2201-4349.67.2015.1641

3.139 Genus Cretalepisma Mendes & Wunderlich, 2013 Cretalepisma Mendes & Wunderlich, 2013: 17. Type species: Cretalepisma kachinicum Mendes & Wunderlich, 2013., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 283, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin, Bai, Ming (2017): A catalogue of Burmite inclusions. Zoological Systematics 42 (3): 249-379, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715

3.140 Genus Burmalepisma Mendes & Poinar, 2008 Burmalepisma Mendes & Poinar, 2008: 492. Type species: Burmalepisma cretacicum Mendes & Poinar, 2008., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 283, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Mendes, L. F., Poinar, G. O. 2008. A new fossil silverfish (Zygentoma: Insecta) in Mesozoic Burmese amber. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44: 491 - 494."]}

194) Cretalepisma kachinicum Mendes & Wunderlich, 2013 Cretalepisma kachinicum Mendes & Wunderlich, 2013: 18. Type specimen(s). H (♀): F2329/BU/CJW (SMF)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 283, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313

195) Burmalepisma cretacicum Mendes & Poinar, 2008 Burmalepisma cretacicum Mendes & Poinar, 2008: 493. Type specimen(s). H (♀): B-TH 1 (PACO). P (?): B-TH 1A (PACO)., Published as part of Guo, Mingxia, Xing, Lida, Wang, Bo, Zhang, Weiwei, Wang, Shuo, Shi, Aimin & Bai, Ming, 2017, A catalogue of Burmite inclusions, pp. 249-379 in Zoological Systematics 42 (3) on page 283, DOI: 10.11865/zs.201715, http://zenodo.org/record/5360313, {"references":["Mendes, L. F., Poinar, G. O. 2008. A new fossil silverfish (Zygentoma: Insecta) in Mesozoic Burmese amber. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44: 491 - 494."]}