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Banded langur (Presbytis femoralis) is an endangered leaf-eating colobine, found in Johor and Pahang in Malaysia. However, with less than 500 individuals reported to be surviving in Johor, their behaviour and ecology remain unknown among primatologists. This study provides the first systematic data on the daily activity budget of the species in Malaysia. Scan sampling technique was used to observe and record P. femoralis behaviour with 10 min interval starting from February 2018 to November 2018. The results are based on 186 h and 20 min of direct observation in the wild. The animals spent most of the time for resting (43 ± 13%) followed by moving (26 ± 9%), feeding (26 ± 7%), social activities (4 ± 3%), and others (1 ± 0%). Seasonality significantly influences the activity budget of the animals resulting in increased resting and moving in the non-fruiting season. Feeding activities decreased in the non-fruiting season compared with the fruiting season, whereas social activities remained the same. We concluded that the daily activity budget of P. femoralis in this study portrays comparable behavior to other langurs in Malaysia that would help in conservation and management of the species in terms of understanding temporal and spatial requirements of P. femoralis in a highly fragmented habitat.

Agonistic behavior in Crocodylus porosus is well known in the wild, but the available data regarding this behavior among the captive individuals especially in a farm setting is rather limited. Studying the aggressive behavior of C. porosus in captivity is important because the data obtained may contribute for conservation and the safety for handlers and visitors. Thus, this study focuses on C. porosus in captivity to describe systematically the agonistic behaviour of C. porosus in relation to feeding time, daytime or night and density per pool. This study was carried out for 35 days in two different ponds. The data was analysed using Pearson’s chi-square analysis to see the relationship between categorical factors. The study shows that C. porosus was more aggressive during daylight, feeding time and non-feeding time in breeding enclosure (Pond C, stock density =0.0369 crocodiles/m2) as compared to non-breeding pond (Pond B, stock density =0.3317 crocodiles/m2) where it is only aggressive during the nighttime. Pond C shows the higher domination in the value of aggression in feeding and non-feeding time where it is related to its function as breeding ground. Chi-square analysis shows that there is no significant difference between ponds (p=0.47, χ2= 2.541, df= 3), thus, there is no relationship between categorical factors. The aggressive behaviour of C. porosus is important for the farm management to evaluate the risk in future for the translocation process and conservation of C. porosus generally.

Morphism refer to polymorphic species, in which multiple colour variants coexist within a population. Morphism in primates is common and langurs also exhibit certain characteristics of morphism, such as conspicuous natal coats. Banded langurs (Presbytis femoralis) and dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus) exhibits the same characteristics of conspicuous natal coats, but these coats are only limited to infants and changed when they reached adulthood. This article reports the first discovery of rare brown morph of two adult male banded langurs and one leucistic adult female dusky leaf monkey in Malaysia. We also conducted a systematic literature search to review the diversity of morphism in leaf monkey globally.

Schlegel’s Banded Langur (Presbytis neglectus) are understudied species of leaf-monkey which are distributed in Johor, Malaysia and Singapore. The alternative conservation measures that we propose is highlighting this species as nature tourism product to ensure the sustainability of this highly fragmented species. PrimaTourism is a term referring to primate-based tourism has served the conservation of primate in various country and species worldwide. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the ranging behaviour of Schlegel’s Banded Langur and evaluate its potential for PrimaTourism programme. Kampung Johor Lama, Kota Tinggi has been identified as the study site to pursue this endeavor, in which two groups of P. neglectus, group 1 called “Dara” consists of 4 adults and group 2 called “Puteh” consists of 12 individuals of adults, sub-adults and juveniles are targeted for focal observation. Five checkpoints have been successfully identified throughout 2637 minutes of observation with group 1 spent the longest time in Check Point B for 707 minutes and group 2 spent the longest time in the Check Point A for 420 minutes. Checkpoint A was the most frequented by P. neglectus clocking total time for both groups at 1015 minutes. The results indicate reliable sighting in checkpoint A and B for possible PrimaTourism product development. Good sighting, safe distance from the primate, endemism, rarity, attractive behaviour and morphology fulfil the criteria of nature tourism product for the species in Kampung Johor Lama.