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The Neotropical skipper genus Sodalia Evans, 1955 and its respective species are revised. Sodalia includes five species: S. sodalis (Butler, 1877) (type species), S. argyrospila (Mabille, 1876), S. coler (Schaus, 1902), S. petiti Gaviria-Ortiz, Dolibaina & A. Warren sp. nov. (described from low to mid elevations of the western Andes of Ecuador and from the Cordillera de la Costa in Venezuela), and Sodalia spangla (Evans, 1955) comb. nov. hitherto combined with Mnasitheus Godman, 1900. Lectotypes for Pamphila sodalis Butler, 1877 and Achlyodes argyrospila Mabille, 1876 are designated. The genus and species are redescribed and illustrations of relevant morphological characters necessary for identification are provided, as well as updated distributional maps.

The South American genus Panca Evans, 1955 and its respective species are revised. Previous to this study, the genus included solely its type species, Lerodea subpunctuli Hayward, 1934, until Panca moseri Dolibaina, Carneiro & O. Mielke, 2017 was described recently. However, as a result of a broader morphological study including closely related genera, we here propose that Panca assembles 12 species, most of which inhabit open environments such as the Cerrado biome and the natural grasslands of the Atlantic Forest biome. Eight species formerly included among other genera of Moncina are here combined with Panca: Panca satyr (Evans, 1955) comb. nov., Panca tobiasi (Mielke, 1992) comb. nov., Panca trogon (Evans, 1955) comb. nov., Panca steinhauseri (Dolibaina & A. Warren, 2015) comb. nov., Panca acroleuca (Plötz, 1884) comb. nov., and Panca mirnae (O. Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro & A. Warren, 2015) comb. nov. (all formerly in Artines Godman, 1901), Panca paulo (Bell, 1932) comb. nov. (formerly in Eutocus Godman, 1901), and Panca mictra (Evans, 1955) comb. nov. (formerly in Vidius Evans, 1955). Additionally, two new species are described from Brazil: Panca puri Medeiros, O. Mielke & Casagrande sp. nov. (from Pará, Pernambuco, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Paraná) and Panca xavante Medeiros, O. Mielke & Dolibaina sp. nov. (from Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal and Minas Gerais). A neotype for Apaustus acroleuca Plötz, 1884 is designated. Illustrations of the male and female genitalia and distribution maps are presented for all the species of Panca and an identification key is provided for both sexes.

The “Probetoriformes” species group of Symmachia Hübner, [1819] proposed by Stichel (1910; 1930) is redefined based on morphological evidence, and the species herein included in the group are revised. Two new species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are described: S. atlantica Dias, Dolibaina & Mielke sp. nov. and S. uirassu Dolibaina, Dias & Casagrande sp. nov. Additionally, one restituted status, S. championi Godman & Salvin, 1886 stat. rest., one revalidated status, S. belti Godman & Salvin, 1886 stat. rev., and one new status, S. meyi Brévignon, 1998 stat. nov., are proposed; therefore, the “Probetoriformes” species group, as herein conceived, includes 10 of the about 60 species of the “catch-all” genus Symmachia. A neotype for Papilio probetor Stoll, 1782 and lectotypes for S. probetor form astiama Seitz, 1913, S. belti and S. championi are designated. The female of the recently described species S. divisora Dolibaina & Leite, 2012 is recognized and described for the first time. Additionally, morphologic illustrations and a dichotomous key for species of the “Probetoriformes” species group are provided.

Two new species of Alychna Grishin, 2019, Alychna chulumani Medeiros, Dolibaina & O. Mielke sp. nov. from Bolivia (La Paz, Chulumani) and Alychna argenteus Medeiros, Dolibaina & Casagrande sp. nov. from Peru (Huánuco, Carpish) are described. Illustrations of the wing pattern, forewing stigma and male genitalia of the two species are provided.

The genus Praepedaliodes Forster, 1964, the only representative of the mega-diverse mostly Andean Pedaliodes complex lineage in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, is revised. Prior to this study, four species were known, P. phanias (Hewitson, 1862), P. granulata (Butler, 1868), P. amussis (Thieme, 1905) and P. exul (Thieme, 1905). Here, a further six are described, all from SE Brazil, expanding to 10 the number of species in this genus. Lectotypes are designated for P. phanias, P. granulata and P. amussis. The genus is most diverse in the Serra da Mantiqueira (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais) and in the Serra Geral (Paraná, Santa Catarina) with seven species occurring in both ranges. Praepedaliodes phanias is the most widespread species and the only one found in the western part of the Atlantic Forest; only this species and P. duartei Dias, Dolibaina & Pyrcz n. sp. occurring to near sea level. Other species, P. zaccae Dolibaina, Dias & Pyrcz n. sp., P. francinii Freitas & Pyrcz n. sp., P. sequeirae Pyrcz, Dias & Dolbaina n. sp., P. landryi Pyrcz & Freitas n. sp. and P. pawlaki Pyrcz & Boyer n. sp. are strictly montane and the highest species richness is reached at 1400–1800 m. One species, P. sequeirae n. sp., is a narrow endemic found only at timberline in the Agulhas Negras massif above 2300 m. Immature stages are described for two species, P. phanias and P. landryi n. sp. Molecular data (barcode region of cytochrome oxidase, subunit I) and adult morphology, including male and female genitalia, support the genus as monophyletic, belonging to a predominantly Andean clade of the Pedaliodes Butler, 1867 complex. Morphological evidences, in particular female genitalia comparative analysis, indicate the genera Physcopedaliodes Forster, 1964 and Panyapedaliodes Forster, 1964 as possibly the closest relatives to Praepedaliodes. Molecular data are inconclusive in this respect.

The rivorum species-group of the genus Leucania (Noctuidae: Noctuinae: Leucaniini) is circumscribed and taxonomically revised, with the inclusion of three species. New taxonomic hypotheses were achieved through the morphological analysis of about 250 specimens allied to the type material of L. rivorum Guenée, 1852; L. pampa Schaus, 1894, stat. rev.; and Neleucania multistria Köhler, 1947, stat. rev., the last two resurrected from synonymy with L. rivorum and Dargida lithophilus (Butler, 1882), respectively. Adult habitus and morphology of the genitalia support the transfer of Neleucania multistria to Leucania, comb. nov. Lectotypes for L. rivorum and L. pampa are designated to ensure nomenclatural stability and recognizability of these taxa. Additionally, the similar, rust-colored species Leucania chejela (Schaus, 1921) is compared with species of the rivorum species-group, and is recorded from South America for the first time. All species of the rivorum group are re-described, with high-resolution images of taxonomic characters of the adults (head, patagium, and male and female genitalia), and updated distributional maps presented.

The genus Tarmia Lindsey, 1925, long considered a junior synonym of Phanes Godman, 1901, is here revised and its status is revalidated based on morphological evidence. Two Andean species are included in Tarmia: the type species, T. monastica Lindsey, 1925 comb. rev., and a new species herein described, Tarmia greeneyi A. Warren, Medeiros, Dolibaina & O. Mielke sp. nov., from Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. The male’s symmetrical valvae and aedeagus with a twisted median portion, and the very wide ductus bursae of the female genitalia support Tarmia as valid genus apart of Phanes. Illustrations of the main diagnostic characters of both sexes and a distribution map are provided for the species of Tarmia.

We provide the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of the poorly known South American butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964, hitherto regarded as including three described species. A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequence data shows that Zischkaia is monophyletic and consists of two morphologically diagnosable clades. Morphological characters and DNA ‘barcodes’ support the recognition of twelve species in the genus, a significant increase even for the relatively poorly studied subtribe Euptychiina. Consequently, nine new species are described and named herein, including Z. arctoa Nakahara, sp. nov., Z. chullachaki Nakahara & Zacca, sp. nov., Z. baku Zacca, Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov., Z. arenisca Nakahara, Willmott & Hall, sp. nov., Z. argyrosflecha Nakahara, L. Miller & Huertas, sp. nov., Z. abanico Nakahara & Petit, sp. nov., Z. josti Nakahara & Kleckner, sp. nov., Z. mielkeorum Dolibaina, Dias & Zacca, sp. nov. and Z. warreni Dias, Zacca & Dolibaina, sp. nov. In addition, a neotype is designated for Satyrus pacarus Godart, [1824], and lectotypes are designated for Euptychia amalda Weymer, 1911, Euptychia fumata Butler, 1867 and Euptychia saundersii Butler, 1867.

Every year the area of transgenic maize planting in Brazil expands, however, our knowledge of the fauna of herbivorous insects associated with this genetically modified crop is restricted. In this work we report for the first time the occurrence of Leucania rawlinsi Adams, 2001 and L. senescens (Möschler, 1890) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Brazil with larvae feeding on Bt and non-Bt maize silk, as well as their braconid and tachinid larval parasitoids. In order to facilitate the specific identification of these species in future studies, redescriptions of adults including high resolution images are provided. In addition, spatiotemporal distribution data of both species are presented based on systematic surveys at 13 localities in Brazil and the examination of material deposited in several scientific collections. The results are presented and discussed to contribute to the evaluation of the complex of species associated with agricultural systems that include grass crops, especially maize, including Bt varieties.

Recent taxonomic studies on the genus Wahydra Steinhauser, 1991, have described five new species in the past two years, from high elevations in the Andes Mountains. A markedly distinct species of Wahydra is herein described and illustrated based on a single male specimen from Ecuadorian Andes, Wahydra graslieae A. Warren, Carneiro & Dolibaina, sp. nov. The new species is compared with other species of Wahydra, as well as with the somewhat similar species Lerema viridis (Bell, 1942) and Tigasis viridenex (Weeks, 1901).

Three new species of Synargis Hubner, 1819, from Paraguay and southern and central Brazil are described: Synargis fandanga sp. nov. from Paraguay (Amambay and Paraguari) and southern Brazil (Parana and Santa Catarina), Synargis rasqueada sp. nov. from central Brazil (Mato Grosso), and Synargis gorpa sp. nov. from southern Brazil (Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul). Lectotypes are designated for Lemonias axenus Hewitson, 1876, Ematurgina axenus ochrophlegma Sitchel, 1911, Ematurgina acervata Seitz, 1932, and Ematurgina perrupta Seitz, 1932. Ematurgina ochrophlegma f. dissimilis Hayward, 1949, is a new synonym of Synargis bifasciata (Mengel, 1902), and Ematurgina ochrophlegma f. distincta Hayward, 1949, is a new synonym of Synargis axenus (Hewitson, 1876). The revalidation of E. perrupta Seitz, 1932, and the new status Synargis ochrophlegma (Stichel, 1911) are proposed. Ematurgina perrupta ab. roeberi Seitz, 1932, and Ematurgina bifasciata ochrophlegma ab. leucomelaina Breyer, 1930, are considered unavailable names. Based on a previous phylogenetic hypothesis, the phylogeny of the genus Synargis is reassessed, adding these new and revalidated taxa, and nine additional characters. The ‘Synargis regulus’ species group and the ‘Synargis axenus complex’ are recovered as monophyletic, with S. gorpa sp. nov. sister to the remaining species of the ‘S. axenus complex’. Additionally, an up-to-date geographical distribution map and a dichotomous key are provided, and the taxonomy of the taxa involved is discussed. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

Moncini is the tribe of Hesperiidae that comprises the greatest diversity of small, brown, hard to identify skippers. The group is peculiarly classified as having many monotypic genera, thus offering low informative value to its systematics. This study presents a review of the genus Gallio Evans, 1955, a genus formerly recognized as monotypic, and describes three new species, Gallio imperatriz sp. nov. from Maranhão, Brazil, Gallio furtadoi sp. nov. from Mato Grosso, Brazil and Gallio eti sp. nov. from Madre de Díos, Peru and Acre, Brazil (type locality). A lectotype for Vehilius carasta Schaus, 1902 is designated. Gallio is therefore redescribed and illustrations and diagnosis to its species are provided. Keywords: Biodiversity, Butterfly, New species, Skipper systematics, Taxonomy

Two new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 are described from the upper Amazon basin: Euptychia attenboroughi Neild, Nakahara, FratelloLe Crom, sp. n. (type locality: Amazonas, Venezuela), and Euptychia sophiae Zacca, Nakahara, DolibainaDias, sp. n. (type locality: Acre, Brazil). Their unusual facies prompted molecular and phylogenetic analyses of one of the species resulting in support for their classification in monophyletic Euptychia. Diagnostic characters for the two species are presented based on wing morphology, wing pattern, presence of androconial patches on the hindwing, and genitalia. Our results indicate that the projection of the tegumen above the uncus, previously considered a synapomorphy for Euptychia, is not shared by all species in the genus. The adults and their genitalia are documented, and distribution data and a map are provided.ResumoDuas novas espécies deResumenSe describen dos nuevas especies de

Pseudotinea caprina (Hewitson, 1859) was described as Calydna caprina based on a single male specimen with type locality Brazil. Until now, only 3 more specimens (all males) had been known (Hall & Callaghan 2003), 2 from Castro, Parana, Brazil, deposited at The Natural History Museum, London, and 1 from Paineiras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, deposited at Colecao Entomologica Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. Pseudotinea Hall & Callaghan, 2003 was proposed to include 5 species: P. vulcanicus (Callaghan & Salazar, 1997), P. hemis (Schaus, 1927) and P. caprina described in Calydna Doubleday, 1847, whereas P. eiselei Hall & Callaghan, 2003 and P. gagarini Hall & Callaghan, 2003 described in the same paper as the genus Pseudotinea. The authors also emphasized the rarity of specimens, not only for P. caprina, but also for all species of the genus, and suggested that an evaluation of the conservation status of its species would be worthwhile. Until recently, the most recently collected specimen of P. caprina probably dates from before the 1950s, since its label lacks the date, and E. May (collector) ended his activities sometime around that decade. Since then, no other specimen has been collected despite a considerable collecting effort in its putative distribution. The females of P. gagarini and P. caprina were still unkown. Therefore, given the scarcity of information about P. caprina, the present work describes its first known female, adding new information and reviewing species distribution and its conservation status.

Rufocumbre gen. nov. (type species: Rufocumbre celioi sp. nov.), a new genus of Neotropical skippers belonging to the tribe Moncini is described to include five species known only from Brazil. Four new species are described: Rufocumbre celioi sp. nov. from the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul; Rufocumbre emeryi sp. nov. from the states of Mato Grosso, Distrito Federal, Goiás and Minas Gerais; Rufocumbre schneideri sp. nov. from the states of Tocantins, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais and Paraná; and Rufocumbre lucasi sp. nov. from the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. The taxon Cumbre belli eberti Evans, 1955 is transferred to the new genus and elevated to the species level, Rufocumbre eberti (comb. nov., stat. nov.). Adults, male androconia and genitalia of both sexes are illustrated for all species.

The species of Mesene Doubleday, 1847 collected at the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil (PNSD) are listed and supplemented by taxonomic and behavioral notes. In total, 30 specimens were collected, representing seven species including one new: M. monostigma monostigma (Erichson, [1849]), M. nepticula stigmosa Stichel, 1910, M. eupteryx Bates, 1868 stat. rest., M. paraena Bates, 1868, M. epaphus pyrrha Bates, 1868, M. leucophrys Bates, 1868, and M. gracielae sp. nov. The following notes on the taxonomy of Mesene are proposed: M. eupteryx Bates, 1868 stat. rest. is recognized as a valid species, M. epaphus sertata Stichel, 1910 syn. nov. is a new synonym of M. epaphus pyrrha Bates, 1868, and M. lecointrei P. Jauffret & J. Jauffret, 2008 syn. nov. is a new synonym of M. philonis Hewitson, 1874. Mesene margaretta (White, 1843), M. philonis and M. nola are recognized as closely related. Species encountered at the PNSD are illustrated, including the genitalia of males and females, when available.

The species of Argyrogrammana Strand, 1932 collected at the Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil (PNSD) are listed and detailed with behavioral notes. In total, 17 species were recorded, including 13 new records for Brazil (marked with an asterisk): A. alstonii (Smart, 1979)*, A. nurtia ludibunda Brevignon & Gallard, 1995*, A. pulchra (Talbot, 1929)*, A. bonita Hall & Willmott, 1995*, A. amalfreda (Staudinger, [1877])*, A. physis phyton (Stichel, 1911), A. halli Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov.*, A. celata Hall & Willmott, 1995*, A. gallardi Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov.*, A. aparamilla Hall & Willmott, 1995*, A. praestigiosa (Stichel, 1929), A. johannismarci Brevignon, 1995*, A. brevignoni Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov.*, A. rameli (Stichel, 1930), A. willmotti Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov.*, A. iracyi P. Jauffret & J. Jauffret, 2007 and A. saulensis tunari Gallard, 2008, comb. nov.*. Four new species are described, two from "amalfreda complex": A. halli Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov. and A. gallardi Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov.; one from "trochilia complex": A. brevignoni Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov.; and one from "stilbe complex": A. willmotti Dolibaina & Dias, sp. nov. Argyrogrammana iracyi saulensis Gallard, 2008 is recognized as a valid species, A. saulensis saulensis, stat. nov., and a new combination is proposed to A. saulensis tunari Gallard, 2008, comb. nov. The females of A. iracyi P. Jauffret & J. Jauffret, 2007 and A. saulensis tunari are recognized and figured for the first time. The taxonomy of the species found at the PNSD is discussed and adults are figured, including illustrations of the genitalia.

Two new species of Pheles Herrich-Schaffer, [1853], Pheles plaumanni Dolibaina & Dias sp. nov. and Pheles obscura C. Mielke, Dolibaina & Dias sp. nov. are described from southern Brazil. Through the comparative study of the morphology of the head, labial palpus and the genitalia two species are removed from Pheles and the following new combinations are proposed: Pachythone bicolor (Godman & Salvin, 1886) comb. nov. and Melanis caatingensis (Callaghan & Nobre, 2014) comb. nov. The species studied are pictured and details of the head and genitalia are illustrated.

The specific status of Euselasia satyroides Lathy, 1926, stat. rev., currently recognized as a synonym of Eurygona modesta Hewitson, 1856, is reinstated, and its immature stages, reared on Pouteria salicifolia (Sapotaceae), are thoroughly described and illustrated. The identity of some species of the genus Euselasia Hubner, [1819] belonging to the "Uriiformes" species group is clarified: lectotypes are designated to Eurygona eugeon Hewitson, 1856, Eurygona modesta Bates, 1868, Euselasia geon Seitz, 1913, and Euselasia satyroides Lathy, 1926, stat. rev.; Euselasia geon Seitz, 1913, syn. rev. is considered a synonym of Eurygona eugeon Hewitson, 1856. Additionally, a taxonomic dichotomous key for the species belonging to the "Uriiformes" group is provided.

The genus Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Heperiinae: Moncini) and its respective species are revised. Two new species are described, Cumbre haywardi sp. nov. from Peru and Argentina (type locality) and Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. from Ecuador and Peru (type locality). A lectotype for Phanis cumbre Schaus, 1902 is designated. The examination of the Phanes triumviralis Hayward, 1939 and Phanes belli Hayward, 1939 holotypes indicates that these taxa are new synonyms (n. syn.) of Poanes meridionalis Hayward, 1934, which is a valid species (stat. rev.).

Two new species of Esthemopsis C. Felder & R. Felder, 1865 from southeastern and northeastern Brazil are described, Esthemopsis sateri sp. nov. and Esthemopsis diamantina sp. nov., and revised and new combinations are proposed for Esthemopsis teras (Stichel, 1910) stat. rev. and Esthemopsis pallida Lathy, 1932 stat. nov., respectively. Lectotypes are designated for Lepricornis teras Stichel, 1910 and Esthemopsis caerulea pallida Lathy, 1932. The habitus of male and female specimens of the species discussed are illustrated; male head and labial palpus pictures, male and female genitalia illustrations are provided.

A new species from southern Brazil, Stichelia catarinensis sp. nov., is described and lectotypes for Charis dukinfieldia Schaus, 1902 and Phaenochitonia bocchoris suavis Stichel, 1911 are designated. Phaenochitonia bocchoris suavis Stichel, 1911 syn. nov. is considered synonymous with Amarynthis bocchoris Hewitson, 1876. Two species groups are recognized: " cuneifascia " species group, including S. cuneifascia and S. catarinensis sp. nov., and " bocchoris " species group, including S. bocchoris , S. dukinfieldia and S. pelotensis . Additionally, a taxonomic dichotomous key and morphologic illustration for the species of the genus are provided.