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Coenosia Meigen is a cosmopolitan genus of Coenosiinae (Diptera: Muscidae) found in different environments. This large genus has been divided in different subgroups in the diverse bioregions of the...

The genus Coenosia Meigen, 1826 (Muscidae: Coenosiinae) is known from all biogeographic regions and is found at high altitudes and in different latitudinal zones. Adults and larvae are predaceous on other insects and some species exhibit sexual dimorphism which can hinder the identification and the association of conspecific specimens. Coenosia inaequalis Malloch, 1934 and Coenosia uniformis Malloch, 1934 are endemic to the Patagonian forest and were each described from a single female specimen. We integrated ecological samples with molecular identification to find the male counterpart of these female-based species. This integrated taxonomy was achieved by analyzing the frequency and co-occurrence of C. inaequalis with an unknown male morphospecies, and its subsequent evaluation with DNA barcoding. This has enabled a redescription of C. inaequalis to be made, with detailed images of the ultrastructural morphology of the terminalia of both sexes. We propose a new synonymy: C. uniformis as a new junior synonym of C. inaequalis.

Coenosia attenuata (Stein, 1903) is a predatory fly which feeds on other insects and can be used as a possible biologicalcontrol agent. We report this insect in Uruguay for the first time. The flies were found in greenhouses on tomatoesand sweet peppers and identified using both DNA barcoding and morphological characteristics.

Stomopogon Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a Neotropical genus recorded from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Peru. In this contribution, the genus is revised, and three new species are described, one from Bolivia (Murillo, La Paz), one from Brazil (Palmas, Paraná) and one from Peru (Wayqecha, Cuzco). The descriptions include color images, illustrations and ultrastructural morphology of the terminalia of the adult. We provide an identification key to the species of Stomopogon and an updated map with species’ distributions. Stomopogon acuta (Malloch, 1934) is proposed as a new junior synonym of S. inculta Stein, 1911.

An identification key to the seven known Iranian species of the genus Coenosia Meigen, 1826 is given, including Coenosia persica Pont & Parchami-Araghi, sp. nov. as well as the newly recorded C. humilis Meigen, 1826, C. nigridigita Rondani, 1866 and C. testacea (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). Photographs of the habitus and male genitalia of the studied material in addition to illustrations of the male genitalia of the new species are provided.

El género Notoschoenomyza Malloch es un pequeño grupo de múscidos predadores endémicos de Sudamérica. Actualmente, el género incluye 8 especies de las cuales solo N. immaculate (Walker) y N. costata Snyder se encuentran registradas para Argentina. Este trabajo presenta una redescripción de N. sulfuriceps Malloch sobre especímenes macho y hembra con detalles de la terminalia, e incluye datos sobre hábitat, nuevos registros de distribución y una clave para las especies de Argentina. The genus Notoschoenomyza Malloch is a small group of predaceous muscids endemic to South America. Currently, the genus includes eight species, of which only N. immaculate (Walker) and N. costata Snyder are listed for Argentina. This study presents a redescription of N. sulfuriceps Malloch based on male and female specimens, with detailed images of the terminalia, and includes notes on its habitat, new distributional records, and a key to the species recorded from Argentina. Fil: Patitucci, Luciano Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Spathipheromyia Bigot is a small group of predaceous muscids endemic of the Neotropical region. Currently, the genus includes 14 species of which only Spathipheromyia atra Malloch, 1934, S. magellani Malloch, 1934 and S. guttipennis (Thomson, 1869) are listed for Argentina. We present a new species Spathipheromyia goliat sp. nov. for Argentina and registered S. albiceps Malloch, 1934 for the first time for Argentina. Also we present a more detailed description of male and female terminalia of S. albiceps, S. atra, and S. guttipennis, notes on their habitat, new records, a key to species, and a discussion on structure of male terminalia. Fil: Patitucci, Luciano Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Olea, María Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

The new genus, Sumapazomyia gen. nov., is proposed for a new species, S. inusitata sp. nov., from the National Natural Park Sumapaz, Bogota, Colombia. The unique morphology of the head and mouthparts, in combination with characters from the male and female terminalia, demonstrate that this new species represents a new and remarkable genus within the muscid tribe Coenosiini.

The genus Pygophora Schiner, 1868 currently consists of some 80 species within the subfamily Coenosiinae (Yoshizawa, Tachi, Praxaysonbath, & Suzuki, 2015). The genus is strictly an Old World genus,...

Japanese species of the genus Pygophora Schiner, 1868 are reviewed, with redescription of the following species: P. boninensis Snyder, 1965; P. confusa, 1915; P. immaculipennis Frey, 1917; P. lepidofera (Stein, 1915); P. longicornis (Stein, 1918); P. macularis (Wiedemann, 1830); P. maculipennis Stein, 1909; P. respondens (Walker, 1859); P. unicolor (Stein, 1920). New occurrence records are presented to P. macularis (Wiedemann, 1830), P. respondens (Walker, 1859), and P. unicolor (Stein, 1920). Pygophora trimaculata Karl, 1935 is excluded from Japanese species, as it had been based on a misidentification. The male and female terminalia are illustrated, and an identification key to the Japanese species is provided.

Drepanocnemis Stein (Diptera, Muscidae) is a small genus of flies that occur in high altitudes in the Colombian Andes, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Herein we describe Drepanocnemis aurifrons sp. nov. from Cuzco, Peru, which is found from high (2904 m) to lower altitudes (707 m). An updated phylogeny, key to species and map of species’ distributions are provided, together with images and illustrations of the male and the female terminalia. Keywords: Andes, Coenosiinae, Limnophorini, Phylogeny, Taxonomy

The nearly complete mitogenome of aquatic predator species, Lispe assimilis Wiedemann, 1824, was obtained using a next-generation sequencing approach, which is the first report in Coenosiinae (Caly...

A new monotypic genus, Tapantiomyia gen. nov., is proposed for a new species of muscid fly, T. enigmatica sp. nov., found in the Tapantí National Park, Costa Rica. It is only known by a single male specimen taken in a Malaise trap in tropical cloud forest, but deserves immediate attention because of its bizarre, stilt-legged appearance in combination with several other unique apomorphies that preclude placement in any known genus of Muscidae. Tapantiomyia enigmatica is so strange that it tend to run out to Scathophagidae rather than Muscidae in keys to families of Diptera. However, the morphology of the male genitalia provides decisive evidence for a placement in Coenosiinae, a large and diverse group of predatory Muscidae. Two tribes, Limnophorini and Coenosiini, are currently recognized within Coenosiinae, but the monophyly of Limnophorini remains uncertain. Tapantiomyia is tentatively assigned to the Limnophorini.

Palpilongus gen. n. is herein described for one species – P. bifurcus sp. n., from Costa Rica, based on male and females. The striking morphological characters of the species – palpus very long, about as long as prementum; upper calypter truncate and very short and setae of male sternite 5 bifurcated, confirm that this new species is also a new genus in the tribe Coenosiini. Male and female terminalia were dissected and illustrated.

The purpose of this application, under Articles 70.2 and 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the current usage of the generic name Coenosia Meigen, 1826, for a well-established genus of muscid flies. The type species of Coenosia has long been assumed to be Musca tigrina Fabricius, 1775. However, the correct type species is Musca fungorum De Geer, 1776, which is currently recognized as a valid species of Mycophaga Rondani, 1856, a genus of anthomyiid flies. Acceptance of Musca fungorum De Geer, 1776 as the type species of Coenosia would change the current concept of that genus to that of the anthomyiid Mycophaga, and the current muscid generic name Coenosia would become Caricea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 as the next available name. To avoid the nomenclatural instability that would result from following the Principle of Priority, it is proposed that all type fixations for Coenosia Meigen, 1826 prior to that of Musca tigrina Fabricius, 1775 by Westwood (1840) be set aside. In addition, it was noted tha...

Cordiluroides Albuquerque is a genus of Neotropical Coenosiinae (Muscidae), known from six species. The genus is here recorded for the first time from Costa Rica, on the basis of three species: C. listrata Albuquerque, 1954, C. insularis (Willliston, 1896) and C. bistriata (Wulp, 1896) sp. rev.. We provide a key for the identification of these Costa Rican species, redescribe and illustrate their external morphological characters and terminalia. C. bistriata and C. vittifera (Stein, 1904) are both considered to be good species and are re-instated from the synonymy of C. insularis. The type material of C. listrata (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro), of C. insularis and C. bistriata (The Natural History Museum, London) and of C. vittifera (Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) has been examined.

A new species of Notoschoenomyza Malloch, N. diminuta sp. nov. from Chile, is described and the male and female terminalia are illustrated. A key to the identification of all Notoschoenomyza species is presented.

Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve and Philornis Meinert are the only known Muscidae whose larvae are parasites of birds. Passeromyia is known from the Old World and Philornis from the New World. Opinions on the relations between these two genera and their systematic positions among the Muscidae have varied. This survey aims to clear the discussion on the relations of Passeromyia, Philornis, and of some allied genera and give an overview of the classification of the Muscidae based on cladistic methodology. Thirty-two terminal taxa (2 of them outgroups) were analysed based on 54 characters. The cladistic analysis, carried out using Hennig86, resulted in 1 minimal tree (length 373), with a consistency index of 71 and a retention index of 85. Philornis and Passeromyia belong to a monophyletic group, supported by a synapomorphy, the presence of a cocoon, enclosing the pupa. The phylogenetic relationships found in this group are: (Muscina (Philornis (Phaonina ((Fraserella, Passeromyia) (Synthesiomyia (Calliphoroides, Reinwardtia)))))). Other probable monophyletic muscid groups, like Muscinae (with Stomoxyini and Muscini) and Coenosiinae (with Limnophorini and Coenosiini) are also discussed. Phylogenetic patterns within Reinwardtinae and Dichaetomyiinae could be explained by a Gondwana distribution. Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve e Philornis Meinert são os únicos gêneros de Muscidae cujas larvas são parasitas de aves. Passeromyia é conhecido do Velho Mundo e Philornis, do Novo Mundo. Opiniões sobre as relações entre esses dois gêneros e suas posições sistemáticas entre os Muscidade têm variado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo esclarecer as relações de Passeromyia, Philornis e de alguns gêneros relacionados com eles e dar uma visão da classificação de Muscidae com base na metodologia cladística. Foram analisados 32 táxons terminais (2 deles como grupos externos), com base em 54 caracteres. Na análise cladística foi utilizada o Hennig86. A análise resultou em uma árvore de menor comprimento (373), com índice de consistência 71 e índice de retenção 85. Philornis e Passeromyia pertencem ao mesmo grupo monofilético, suportado por uma sinapomorfia - presença de um casulo envolvendo a pupa. As relações filogenéticas encontradas neste grupo são: (Muscina (Philornis (Phaonina ((Fraserella, Passeromyia) (Synthesiomyia (Calliphoroides, Reinwardtia)))))). Outros prováveis grupos monofiléticos de muscídeos, como Muscinae (com Stomoxyini e Muscini) e Coenosiinae (com Limnophorini e Coenosiini), também são discutidos. Os padrões filogenéticos dentro de Reinwardtinae e Dichaetomyiinae podem ser explicados por uma distribuição Gondwana.

With about 5000 species in ca. 180 genera, the Muscidae is the most species-rich family in the muscoid grade of Calyptratae (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha), the others being the Fanniidae, Scathophagidae and Anthomyiidae. Muscidae is remarkable for its young age, high species diversity in all biogeographic regions, and an unusually diverse range of feeding habits at the larval stage (e.g., saprophagy, phytophagy, carnivory, endoparasitism, haematophagy). We here review muscid classification and biology and present a molecular phylogeny based on four mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI, CYTB) and three nuclear genes (28S, Ef1a, and CAD) for 84 species from 40 genera. Our analysis is the first to include species from all biogeographic regions and all currently recognised muscid subfamilies and tribes. We provide strong support for the monophyly of the Muscidae, and for the first time also for the first split within this family. The ancestral larval feeding habit is reconstructed to be saprophagy with more specialised coprophagous saprophagy, phytophagy, and carnivory evolving multiple times from saprophagous ancestors. The origins of carnivory in larvae are significantly correlated with a reduction of the number of larval instars from three (ancestral) to two and one. The genus Achanthiptera which was previously in its own subfamily is shown to be closely related to Azeliini. However, it appears that Azeliinae is paraphyletic because Muscinae is sister-group to the Azeliini while the azeliine Reinwardtiini are polyphyletic. Coenosiinae and Muscinae are monophyletic, but Muscini is paraphyletic with regard to Stomoxyini. Because many subfamilies are apparently para- or even polyphyletic, we review the history of muscid classification in order to reveal how the currently used classification originated.

Syllimnophora Speiser belongs to the Limnophorini tribe of the Coenosiinae subfamily. The genus can be distinguished from the others by the presence of cilia on the apical half of the dorsal surface of vein R1, combined with a strongly projected gena. In he Neotropical Region 28 species are known, three of them recorded from Ecuador - S. atrovittata (Stein), S. browni (Snyder) and S. suavis (Stein). The study of material from South America deposited at Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris) enabled the description of one species new to science - S. argentifrontata sp. nov. from San Miguel de Ibarra (Ecuador). A key to the identification of the four species is given.

Summary The phylogenetic relationships among world genera of Coenosiini (Diptera: Muscidae: Coenosiinae) were investigated using parsimony. The analysis involved forty-six ingroup terminal taxa, representing 100% of the genera currently assigned to this tribe, three outgroups and sixty-seven adult male and female morphological characters. The monophyly of Coenosiini is confirmed by the position of the three katepisternal bristles, equidistant from each other and placed at the points of an equilateral triangle. Genera Andersonosia, Agenamyia, Anthocoenosia, Drepanocnemis, Pachyceramyia and Rhabdotoptera are removed from Coenosiini and temporarily placed in Limnophorini. The other genera fall into two groups: the Lispocephala-group, comprised of genera with mainly Old World species and the Nearctic genus Pentacricia; and the Coenosia-group, with the highest level of generic diversity in South America. Each group is defined by synapomorphies of its constituent genera: Lispocephala-group by the presence of a posteroventral apical seta on the hind tibia, the presence of two arms in male sternite 6 (not forming a ring) and the short or very short female ovipositor; the Coenosia-group by the presence of a developed epiproct and narrow sternites 6 and 7 of the female ovipositor. The following new generic synonymies are proposed (junior synonyms in parentheses): Lispocephala Pokorny (=Pectiniseta Stein), Coenosia Meigen (=Tenuicosta Stein; Dexiopsis Pokorny), Neodexiopsis Malloch (=Haroldopsis Albuquerque), Pilispina Albuquerque (=Levallonia Albuquerque; Noelia Albuquerque; Parvomusca Medeiros; Cholomyioides Albuquerque), Apsil Malloch (=Raymondomyia Malloch), Stomopogon Malloch (=Angolia Malloch; Angolina Pont) and Pygophora Schiner (=Chouicoenosia Cui & Xue).

Coenosia macrotriseta sp. n. is described from the Western Cape, South Africa, with C. globuliseta Pont being redescribed and new illustrations provided. As judged by external morphological characters, particularly the presence of globular setae, the two species are very closely related. They are, however, very widely separated geographically and differ clearly as regards genital structure.

Japanese species of the genus Cephalispa Malloch, 1935 are revised. Cephalispa kudoi sp. nov., C. okinawaensis sp. nov. and C. triquetra sp. nov. are described. Lispocephala xanthogaster (Shinonaga, 2003) is transferred to the genus. A key to Japanese species is provided.

Bithoracochaeta Stein is redescribed based on type material and good series of other species. The redescription includes characteres recently used in the modern classification of Muscidae. Coments on the position of the genus in Coenosiinae subfamily and illustration of proboscis, katepisternum and female terminalia are also presented.

Amicitia Emden, 1940 is an Afrotropical genus of Coenosiinae (Diptera, Muscidae), with four known species described by Emden (1940): A. insignis, A. lucens, A. modesta and A. seclusa. All examined holotypes are deposited at "The Natural History Museum" (London, UK). Notes on the species and illustrations, especially of the terminalia are presented.

First record of Coenosia attenuata Stein (Diptera, Muscidae) from Chile, with biological notes. Coenosia Meigen (Muscidae, Coenosiinae) species are known as predators of other insects and play an important role as potential biocontrol agents. Six species of Coenosia have been recorded in Europe preying on insects pests, one of them is Coenosia attenuata Stein. This species was recently recorded from the Neotropical Region and is herein recorded for the first time to Chile. Biological notes were included. As espécies de Coenosia Meigen (Muscidae, Coenosiinae) são conhecidas predadoras de outros insetos, apresentando um papel importante como potenciais agentes de controle biológico. Seis espécies de Coenosia têm sido registradas na Europa predando insetos praga, uma delas é Coenosia attenuata Stein. Esta espécie foi recentemente registrada na Região Neotropical e é aqui registrada pela primeira vez no Chile. Notas biológicas são incluídas.

Spilogona Schnabl (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae, Limnophorini) está representado na América Latina por oito espécies. O exame de material tipo de quatro espécies - S. golbachi Snyder, S. hirticeps (Stein), S. trichops (Stein) e S. semicinerea (Stein), a primeira depositada na Fundación e Instituto Miguel Lillo (Argentina) e as demais no Stlaatliches Museum für Tierkunde (Alemanha) permitiu a redescrição dos adultos e a descrição com ilustrações das terminálias masculinas e femininas, as três últimas, pela primeira vez. Spilogona Schnabl (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae, Limnophorini) is represented in Latin America by eight species. The examination of type-material of four species - S. golbachi Snyder, S. hirticeps (Stein), S. trichops (Stein) and S. semicinerea (Stein), the first one deposited at Fundación e Instituto Miguel Lillo (Argentina) and the others at Stlaatliches Museum für Tierkunde (Germany), enabled the redescription of the adults and the description with illustrations of the male and female terminalia, the last three for the first time.

Taxonomy and morphology of Apsil Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae, Coenosiini) with new records, description of a new species and a key to identification. Apsil Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae, Coenosiini) includes 10 species, most of them described from Chile, but some also from Argentina. Five of them and one new species were found at the California Academy of Sciences collection (San Francisco, California) during the course of a project developed in that institution. Almost all material studied was collected in Chile, mainly by M. E. Irwin, during the year of 1966. Brief diagnosis of the known studied species (A. apicata Malloch, A. atripes Malloch, A. dilata Malloch, A. maculiventris Malloch (female described for the first time) and A. spatulata, Malloch), the description of A. mallochi, sp. nov. and a key for the identification of all known species are given. Color illustrations of some morphological characters make easier the recognition of the species. New geographic records were assigned.Taxonomia e morfologia de Apsil Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae, Coenosiini) com novos registros, descrição de uma nova espécie e chave para identificação. Apsil Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae, Coenosiini) inclui 10 espécies, a maioria delas descrita do Chile, mas algumas também da Argentina. Cinco delas e uma espécie nova foram encontradas na coleção da Califórnia Academy of Sciences (São Francisco, California), durante projeto desenvolvido naquela instituição. Quase todo material foi coletado no Chile, principalmente por M. E. Irwin, durante o ano de 1966. Diagnoses das espécies conhecidas estudadas (A. apicata Malloch, A. atripes Malloch, A. dilata Malloch, A. maculiventris Malloch (fêmea descrita pela primeira vez) e A. spatulata, Malloch), descrição de A. mallochi, sp. nov. e uma chave de identificação para todas as espécies conhecidas são fornecidos. Ilustrações coloridas de alguns caracteres morfológicos facilitam o reconhecimento das espécies. Novos registros grográficos são assinalados.

Nine new species of Neodexiopsis Malloch from Parana, southern Brazil, are described: Neodexiopsis cinerea sp. nov. and N. paranaensis sp. nov. from Ponta Grossa; N. facilis sp. nov., N. legitima sp. nov., N. similis sp. nov. and N. uber sp. nov. from Guarapuava; N. erecta sp. nov., N. pura sp. nov. and N. rara sp. nov. from Colombo. A key to the identification of the Brazilian species of Neodexiopsis is also presented.

Description of a new species of Cordiluroides Albuquerque (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae). Cordiluroides paulistensis sp. nov. from Salesopolis, São Paulo, Brazil is described and illustrated.

Little is known about the morphology of the quitinized structures related to the spermatheca of Muscidae (Diptera). Most papers illustrate only the spermatheca, which shape has little systematic significance when analyzed as a separate character. The analysis of these structures in 16 Muscidae species, made it possible to clarify and understand some characters, which can be used in further phylogenetic analysis. The species selected to this study belong to different sub-families: Muscinae, Muscini: Biopyrellia bipuncta (Wiedemann, 1830); Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758; Azeliinae, Reinwardtini: Philornis univitattus Dodge, 1968; Cyrtoneurininae: Charadrella malacophaga Lopes, 1938; Cyrtoneurina polystigma (Wulp, 1896); Neomuscina neosimilis Snyder, 1949; Mydaeinae: Brontaea debilis (Williston, 1896); Graphomyia mexicana Giglio-Tos, 1893; Mydaea plaumani Snyder, 1941; Scutellomusca marginata (Albuquerque, 1954); Phaoninae: Dolichophaonia gallicola (ALbuquerque, 1958); Phaonia nigriventris (Albuquerque, 1954); Coenosiinae, Limnophorini: Limnophora saeva (Wiedemann, 1830); Coenosiini: Coenosia camorinensis Albuquerque, 1956 and Neodexiopsis paulistensis Albuquerque, 1956. The structures were described based on seven diagnostic characters.

Exsul Hutton (Diptera, Muscidae) is revised and the genus diagnosis is enlarged. The female of Exsul singularis Hutton is described for the first time. The male and female terminalia of all species are described and illustrated. Exsul alfredoi sp. n. is described and illustrated and compared with the other known species. A key to separate the species is given.

A cladistic analysis for 27 muscid genera is given, running the PAUP program (SWOFFORD, 1985). The 35 characters used in this study are polarized based on three outgroups of related families. A cladogram showing hypothetical phylogenetic relationships among genera and a discussion of the characters enable to propose a sequencial phylogenetic classification of Muscidae at tribal level. The following seven subfamilies and eight tribes are included: Achanthipterinae; Atherigoninae; Muscinae, with Muscini and Stomoxiini; Azeliinae, with Azeliini and Reinwardtiini; Phaoniinae; Mydaeinae, with Graphomyiini and Mydaeini and Coenosiinae, with Coenosiini and Limnophorini. Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 has not a defined position in the obtained cladogram to the considered levels. The neotropical species of Phaonia (aut.) must be separated in a new genus. The proposed classification is compared with contemporaneous classifications. The greatest congruence is found with that of SKIDMORE (1985).

The terminalia of the following four species of Notoschoenomyza Malloch, 1934 are described and illustrated: Notoschoenomyza annulata (Stein, 1911); N. costata Snyder, 1957; N. immaculata (Walker, 1836); N. spinicosta (Stein, 1904). As terminálias das seguintes quatro espécies de Notoschoenomyza Malloch, 1934 são descritas e ilustradas: Notoschoenomyza annulata (Stein, 1911), N. costata Snyder, 1957, N. immaculata (Walker, 1836), N. spinicosta (Stein, 1904).