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Novel photocatalysts for CO2 reduction, which consist of a cadmium and zinc sulfide solid solution (Cd1−xZnxS), were successfully prepared by a simple two-step technique. The photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and low-temperature N2 adsorption techniques and were tested in the gas-phase photocatalytic reduction of CO2 under visible light (λ = 450 nm). All the synthesized Cd1−xZnxS solid solutions were capable of enabling the chemical transformations of CO2 under the conditions considered. Carbon monoxide was the major product during the CO2 reduction over Cd1−xZnxS (x = 0–0.87). Methane and hydrogen were also detected in the gas phase in low amounts. The activity of the prepared samples and the distribution of the reduction products strongly depended on the actual cadmium to zinc ratio. The Cd0.94Zn0.06S photocatalyst showed the highest activity, 2.9 μmol CO per gram per hour, and selectivity, 95%, during CO2 reduction under visible light in the presence of water vapor. The achieved values are very high for the sulfide-based photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of photocatalysts, 1%Pt/Cd1−xZnxS/g-C3N4 (x = 0.2–0.3) and Cd1−xZnxS/1%Pt/g-C3N4 (x = 0.2–0.3), were synthesized by varying the deposition order of platinum, and a solid solution of cadmium and zinc sulfides onto the surface of g-C3N4. The characterization of photocatalysts showed that, for 1%Pt/Cd1−xZnxS/g-C3N4, small platinum particles were deposited onto a solid solution of cadmium and zinc sulfides; in the case of Cd1−xZnxS/1%Pt/g-C3N4, enlarged platinum clusters were located on the surface of graphitic carbon nitride. Based on the structure of the photocatalysts, we assumed that, in the first case, type II heterojunctions and, in the latter case, S-scheme heterojunctions were realized. The activity of the synthesized samples was tested in hydrogen evolution from triethanolamine (TEOA) basic solution under visible light (λ = 450 nm). A remarkable increase in hydrogen evolution rate compared to single-phase platinized 1%Pt/Cd1−xZnxS photocatalysts was observed only in the case of ternary photocatalysts with platinum located on the g-C3N4 surface, Cd1−xZnxS/1%Pt/g-C3N4. Thus, we proved using kinetic experiments and characterization techniques that, for composite photocatalysts based on Cd1−xZnxS and g-C3N4, the formation of the S-scheme mechanism is more favorable than that for type II heterojunction. The highest activity, 2.5 mmol H2 g−1 h−1, with an apparent quantum efficiency equal to 6.0% at a wavelength of 450 nm was achieved by sample 20% Cd0.8Zn0.2S/1% Pt/g-C3N4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the photoreforming of rice and corn starch with simultaneous hydrogen production over a Cd0.7Zn0.3S-based photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. The photocatalyst was characterized by UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The influence of starch pretreatment conditions, such as hydrolysis temperature and alkaline concentration, on the reaction rate was studied. The maximum rate of H2 evolution was 730 μmol·h−1·g−1, with AQE = 1.8% at 450 nm, in the solution obtained after starch hydrolysis in 5 M NaOH at 70 °C. The composition of the aqueous phase of the suspension before and after the photocatalytic reaction was studied via high-performance liquid chromatography, and such products as glucose and sodium gluconate, acetate, formate, glycolate, and lactate were found after the photocatalytic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel composite photocatalysts consisting of a cadmium and zinc sulfide solid solution (Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal treatment of suspended Cd 0.3 Zn 0.7 S at 120 °C. The as-obtained materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-VIS diffuse reflection spectroscopy. The obtained photocatalysts were tested in the photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen from a Na 2 S/Na 2 SO 3 aqueous solution under visible light irradiation (λ = 450 nm). It is shown that the hydrothermal treatment of Cd 0.3 Zn 0.7 S at 120 °C increases the activity by a factor of 7.5 due to the phase transformations of the solid solution with the formation of the multiphase Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS sample. The deposition of gold on the surface of Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS leads to a further increase in activity: the achieved photocatalytic activity and quantum efficiency (450 nm) for 1%Au/Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS are 17.4 mmol g−1 h−1 and 42.6%, respectively. This excellent performance is found to be attributable to the transformation of Cd 1-x Zn x S from the cubic to the hexagonal phase during the hydrothermal treatment. Additionally, photoelectrodes based on Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS and FTO were synthesized and tested in a two-electrode cell. A high value of the photocurrent equal to 0.5 mA/cm2 is achieved for the Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS/FTO electrode. An investigation by means of impedance spectroscopy reveals the longer lifetime of photogenerated charge carriers in the Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS/FTO photoelectrode if to compare with Cd 0.3 Zn 0.7 S/FTO system. Image 1 • Au/Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS photocatalysts were prepared via simple hydrothermal synthesis. • The highest value of the photocatalytic activity was 17.4 mmol H 2 per hour per gram. • The highest apparent quantum efficiency was 42.6% (450 nm). • Photocurrent 0.5 mA/cm2 was achieved for the Cd 0.6 Zn 0.4 S/ZnS/FTO electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]