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Travnjaci predstavljaju najrasprostranjeniji vid biljnog pokrivača na svetu i zauzimaju oko 40% svetskog kopna. Za što bolje korišćenje ovih površina, neophodno je primenjivati određene agrotehničke mere, a pre svega adekvatno đubrenje i blagovremeno košenje. Istraživanja su vršena u Mitrovom Polju na biljnoj zajednici Danthonietum calycinae, na nadmorskoj visini 684 m. Cilj rada je bio utvrđivanje uticaja đubrenja, vremena košenja (početak metličenja i puno cvetanje dominantne vrste zajednice) i kalcizacije (1000 kg ha-1 kreča) na floristički sastav, prinos i kvalitet travnjaka tipa Danthonietum calycinae. Tokom istraživanja su primenjeni sledeći tretmani đubrenja: N0P60K60, N0P60K60+Klebsiella planticola, N0P60K60+Bacillus subtilis, N60P60K60, N120P60K60, N180P60K60. Primena đubriva i košenje na početku metličenja su povećali privrednu vrednost pokošene biomase. Na tretmanima sa mineralnim azotom uz dodatak fosfora i kalijuma je došlo do povećanja udela trava osrednjeg kvaliteta, dok je na tretmanima bez azota povećan udeo leguminoza. Upotrebom mineralnog azota (pri konstantnoj količini fosfora i kalijuma) i kasnijim košenjem, povećan je prinos u svim godinama istraživanja. Najveći prinos postignut je na tretmanima N180P60K60, posebno u drugoj godini (9,50 t ha-1). Povećanje količine primenjenog azota sa 120 kg ha-1 na 180 kg ha-1 nije dalo adekvatno povećanje prinosa, pa se može zaključiti da upotreba viših količina azota nije ekonomski opravdana. Biomasa košena na početku metličenja sadržala je značajno više proteina u odnosu na biomasu košenu u fazi punog cvetanja. Sadržaj proteina u biomasi na tretmanima sa azotom je povećan odmah u prvoj godini, dok je na tretmanima bez azota neophodno bilo tri godine dok dominaciju preuzmu leguminoze. Najveći prinos proteina po jedinici površine je dobijen na tretmanima N180P60K60, u drugoj godini istraživanja (968 kg ha-1). Na ranije košenim tretmanima je dominirao neproteinski azot, dok je na kasnije košenim tretmanima ustanovljena veća koncentracija nerazgradive frakcije proteina. Brojnost generativnih izdanaka travnih vrsta značajno je stimulisana kasnijim košenjem i dodavanjem azota. Primena đubriva i kalcizacija je imala pozitivno delovanje na brojnost mikroorganizama zemljišta, osim na tretmanima N180. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se optimalni i ekonomski isplativi rezultati sa aspekta prinosa i kvaliteta biomase, kao i očuvanja mikrobiološke aktivnosti zemljišta i životne okoline, dobijaju na tretmanima N120P60K60 i kosidbom na početku metličenja. Abstract: Grasslands are the most widespread vegetation type worldwide, covering about 40% of the world's land. Management primarily proper fertilisation and timely mowing are required to ensure the best possible use of these areas. The research on the Danthonietum calycinae association was conducted at Mitrovo Polje, at an altitude of 684 m, on a ranker soil formed on serpentine rocks. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of fertilisation, mowing date (beginning of heading and full flowering of the dominant species) and liming (1000 kg ha-1 lime) on the floristic composition, yield and quality of Danthonietum calycinaе grassland biomass. The fertilisation treatments used in the study included N0P60K60, N0P60K60+Klebsiella planticolа, N0P60K60+Bacillus subtilis, N60P60K60, N120P60K60 and N180P60K60. Fertilisation and mowing at the beginning of heading increased the economic value of the harvested biomass. Treatments with mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium led to an increase of the medium-quality grasses, while the treatments without nitrogen increased proportion of legumes. Application of mineral nitrogen and late mowing promoted biomass yield in all years of the research. The highest yield was achieved in N180P60K60 treatments, especially in the second year (9.50 t ha-1). Application of nitrogen rate, from 120 kg ha-1 to 180 kg ha-1 was not appropriate increase dry matter yield, so using higher rate of nitrogen is not profitable. The biomass mowed at the beginning of heading contained significantly more protein than the biomass mowed at full flowering. Protein content in the biomass under nitrogen treatment increased as early as the first year, whereas on treatment without nitrogen, protein content increasing was achieved in third year of experiment. The highest protein yield per unit area was obtained in N180P60K60 treatment in the second year (968 kg ha-1), when the highest amount of precipitation was recorded. Plots mown at the earlier date were dominated by nonprotein nitrogen, whereas those mown at the later date had a higher concentration of the undegradable protein fraction. Number of generative tillers of grass species was significantly stimulated by late mowing and increasing of nitrogen fertilisation. Fertilisation and liming promoted the soil microbial count, except under N180 treatment. The research results suggest that the high, optimal and profitable dry matter yield and biomass quality, as preserving soil fertility and the environment, was achieved under N120P60K60 treatment and mowing during early heading.

Savremena poljoprivredana proizvodnja mora da odgovori na sve veće zahteve u pogledu zaštite životne sredine, smanjenja troškova proizvodnje i rasta tražnje za visoko kvalitetnim i zdravstveno bezbednim proizvodima. U takvim uslovima, jedan od odgovora poljoprivrednih proizvođača na postavljene izazove je i gajenje ozimih međuuseva jer oni mogu pružiti različite ekološke i proizvodne prednosti u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Zbog toga, cilj rada je ispitati koje biljne vrste se mogu gajiti kao ozimi međuusevi u našim agroekološkim uslovima, kakav je njihov uticaj na zemljište, kakve su prednosti njihove primene za stočnu hranu ili za zelenišno đubrenje i kakav im je uticaj na sledeći usev. Ogled je postavljen na tri lokaliteta po metodi slučajnog blok sistema u tri ponavljanja. Istraživanja su izvršena u dva proizvodna ciklusa, od oktobra 2011. godine, kada su posejani ozimi međuusevi, do septembra 2013. kada je pokošen kukuruz za silažu. Biljne vrste korišćene za ozime međuuseve su maljava grahorica (Vicia vilosa Roth., sorta NS-Sirmium), ozimi tritikale (x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus, sorta Odisej) i njihova smeša. Pored varijanti sa ozimim međuusevima u ogled su uključene i varijante sa đubrenjem mineralnim azotom prema N-min metodi do 120 kg/ha azota (N1) i do 160 kg/ha azota (N2), kao i kontrola. Ozimi međuusevi posejani u prvom bloku su korišćeni za krmu, dok su međuusevi posejani u drugom bloku zaorani. U zavisnosti od vremenskih uslova ispitivane biljne vrste i njihove smeše gajene kao ozimi međuusevi, mogu da ostvare visoke prinose. Njihovim zaoravanjem značajno se može popraviti sadržaj mineralnog azota u zemljištu i obezbediti značajno povećanje proizvodnje kabaste stočne hrane na gazdinstvima. Dinamika mineralnog azota u zemljištu visoko je zavisna od ozimih međuuseva i najniži sadržaj azota je posle njihove žetve. Od ispitivanih vrsta, najvišu količinu azota iznosi tritikale, zatim ozima krmna smeša, a najmanje ozima grahorica. Od setve do žetve silažnog kukuruza, sadržaj mineralnog azota u zemljištu se povećava na svim tretmanima. Sadržaj mineralnog azota na kraju vegetacije je viši na tretmanima gde je zelena masa međuuseva odneta sa parcele. Međutim, preostalakoličina azota (ARNS) posle žetve kukuruza statistički je značajno viša na tretmanima gde su zaorani ozimi međuusevi od tretmana gde su oni odneti sa parcele i kreće se u intervalu od 66 do 150 kg N ha-1, a najveća je posle ozime krmne smeše. Prinosi zelene mase kukuruza u naknadnoj setvi posle ozimih međuuseva niži su u odnosu na varijante sa đubrenjem i kontrolu i kreću se od 6,6 t ha-1 do 22 t ha-1, dok kvalitet silokrme zadovoljava energetski potencijal kao i sadržaj proteina i minerala za kvalitetnu ishranu stoke na gazdinstvima. Datum, A modern agricultural production must respond to increasing demands in terms of environmental protection, reduction of production costs and an increased demand for high quality, safe and healthy products. In such conditions, one of the responses of agricultural producers to the challenges posed is also cultivation of winter cover crops, because they can provide different advantages in agricultural production in terms of ecology and production. Therefore, the aim of the research is to examine which plant species can be cultivated as winter cover crops in our agroecological conditions, their impact on the soil, the benefits of their application as animal feed or green fertilizer, and the impact they have on the subsequent crop. The field experiment was conducted on three locations using the random block design with replications. The research was carried out in two production cycles, from October 2011, when the winter cover crops were sown, to September 2013, when corn was reaped for silage. Herbaceous species used for winter cover crops are hairy vetch (Vicia vilosa Roth., variety NS-Sirmium), winter triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm. Ex A. Camus, Odyssey variety) and their mixture. In addition to variants with winter cover crops, variants with fertilization with mineral nitrogen according to the N-min method up to 120 kg/ha of nitrogen (N1) and up to 160 kg/ha of nitrogen (N2), as well as a control, are included in the field experiment. Winter cover crops sown in the first block were used for fodder, while the winter cover crops sown in the second block were ploughed. Depending on weather conditions of the tested plant species and their mixture grown as winter cover crops, they can achieve high yields. Their ploughing can significantly improve the content of mineral nitrogen in soil and provide a significant increase in voluminous fodder production in farms. The dynamics of mineral nitrogen in soil is highly dependent on winter cover crops and the nitrogen content is the lowest after their harvest. Out of the tested species, the highest nitrogen uptake was by triticale, then winter forage mix and the smallest by winter vetch. In the period from sowing to harvest of silage corn, thecontent of mineral nitrogen in soil increases with all treatments. The content of mineral nitrogen at the end of the vegetation is higher with treatments where the green mass of the cover crops were taken away from the plot. However, the remaining quantity of nitrogen (ARNS) after corn harvest was, statistically speaking, significantly higher in treatments where winter cover crops were ploughed, from the treatment where they were taken away from the plot and ranges from 66 to 150 kg N ha-1; the largest nitrogen content was measured after winter forage mix. The green mass yields of corn in subsequent sowing after winter cover crops are lower compared to fertilized variants and the control and range from 6.6 t ha-1 to 22 t ha-1, while the quality of silage meets the energy potential, as well as the content of proteins and minerals for quality livestock feed on farms.

Winter wheat is, after maize, the second-ranked field crop in Croatia (149797 ha or 16.8% of cultivated arable land of the country: status 2011). Annual yield variation of wheat in the 2006-2010 period i Croatia were from 4-0 to 5.5 t/ha. There are indications that low wheat yields in Croatia are mainly associated with precipitation excess, especially during autumn/winter period and drought stress in spring. Aim of this study was testing management practices and yields of winter wheat on PIK Vinkovci d.d. (Vukovar-Syrmium County) in the period from 2010 to 2012 with emphasis on weather characteristics effects. The growing season 2009/2010 was less favorable for winter wheat growing mainly due to excessive precipitation. For example, precipitation in the October-June period (Gradiste Weather Bureau) were close to double higher than in the 2010/2011 and the 2011/2012 growing season and for 57% higher compared to the long-term (1971- 1990) average. Mean yields of wheat on PIK Vinkovci d.d. were 6.12 t/ha (1155 ha), 6.86 t/ha (889 ha) and 7.76 t/ha (1218 ha), for 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively. Srpanjka and Lucija are dominant cultivars on PIK Vinkovci and they covered 61%, 78% and 90% of total harvested area, for 2010, 2011, and 2012, respectively.