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Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection of pre-competition anxiety with gut microbiota and metabolites in wrestlers with different sports performances., Methods: One week prior to a national competition, 12 wrestlers completed anxiety questionnaires. Faecal and urine samples were collected for the analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites through the high-throughput sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene in conjunction with untargeted metabolomics technology. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely, achievement (CP) and no-achievement (CnP) wrestlers, on the basis of whether or not their performances placed them in the top 16 at the competition. The relationship amongst the variations in gut microbiota, metabolites, and anxiety indicators was analyzed., Results: (1) The CP group exhibited significantly higher levels of "state self-confidence," "self-confidence," and "somatic state anxiety" than the CnP group. Conversely, the CP group displayed lower levels of "individual failure anxiety" and "sports competition anxiety" than the CnP group. (2) The gut microbiota in the CP group was more diverse and abundant than that in the CnP group. Pre-competition anxiety was linked to Oscillospiraceae UCG_005, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcaceae and TM7x. (3) The functions of differential metabolites in faeces and urine of the CP/CnP group were mainly enriched in caffeine metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and VEGF and mTOR signaling pathways. Common differential metabolites in feces and urine were significantly associated with multiple anxiety indicators., Conclusions: Wrestlers with different sports performance have different pre-competition anxiety states, gut microbiota distribution and abundance and differential metabolites in faeces and urine. A certain correlation exists between these psychological and physiological indicators., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to reveal the relationship between rapid weight loss and injury patterns during the training of elite wrestlers, expected to represent South Korea., Methods: Since 2019, data for elite wrestlers have been collected prospectively by the Korean Training Center. The data were stratified by sex, wrestling style, weight class, injury location, injuries during the weight-loss period, and weight loss method. The χ2 test was used to compare groups. The risk of injury was indicated by the Poisson rate with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI)., Results: There were 120 male Greco-Roman, 120 male freestyle, and 100 female freestyle wrestling. The mean weight loss among wrestlers was 5.52 (±1.44) kg, and the mean duration of weight loss was 7.96 (±3.31) days. In general, all wrestlers used similar weight loss methods. We recorded 914 injuries in 340 athletes. Wrestlers had significantly higher injury rates during weight loss periods than during other periods of training (23.18 VS 11.93; p < 0.001). Most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (38.0%), followed by the upper extremities (25.9%), trunk (24.8%), and the head and neck area (11.3%). The injury severity was significantly influenced by sex, wrestling style, and weight class., Conclusion: Rapid weight loss is related to the incidence of sports injuries in wrestlers. Most injuries occur during rapid weight loss periods in South Korean elite wrestlers. Moreover, the injury site and injury severity depend on sex, wrestling style, and weight class.

Background: Sports specialization is becoming an increasingly common training strategy in young athletes. Very little research currently exists examining the occurrence of serious injury (>3 months off sport or loss of season) in elite-level wrestlers who specialize early (before age 12 years)., Hypothesis: Wrestlers who specialize early will sustain more serious injuries than wrestlers who specialize at age 12 years or older., Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study., Methods: We sent an anonymous online survey to a total of 312 elite-level wrestlers (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes and World/Olympic team members) containing questions documenting age of specialization and number of serious injuries sustained. The number of serious injuries both before and after starting college were compared between wrestlers specializing at <12 years old and ≥12 years old using an independent-samples t test. Respondents' opinions on the necessity of early specialization and their primary source of encouragement to specialize were also reported., Results: A total of 143 wrestlers completed the survey, for a total response rate of 46%. Thirty-six (25%) wrestlers specialized at <12 years old. The early specialization group sustained significantly more serious injuries than the late specialization group (1.14 vs 0.60; P = 0.035). Sixty-two (43%) believed early specialization was necessary to achieve elite-level status. The decision to specialize was encouraged primarily by the athlete (78/143; 55%), parents (37/143; 26%), and coaches (22/143; 15%)., Conclusion: Elite wrestlers who specialize prior to age 12 years sustain a greater number of serious injuries before starting college than those who specialize at or after the age of 12 years., Clinical Relevance: Athletes, coaches, and parents should consider the risk of injury before adopting a wrestling-specialized training strategy at a young age.

In February 1921, catch wrestlers Ad Santel and Henry Weber traveled to Japan to engage in several public bouts against fighters from the Kōdōkan judo school. The matches were held in a sumo ring at Tokyo's Yasukuni shrine and became a mega-event, attracting between 20,000 and 25,000 spectators. The Kōdōkan judo headquarters and the center's founder Kanō Jigorō positioned themselves in opposition to the bouts to protect the Kōdōkan brand. What became known as the 'Santel Incident' (Santeru jiken) caused major controversy in Japan's judo community. To understand the significance of the Santel Incident in the history of Kōdōkan judo, this article focusses on the aspects of medialization, commercialization, and eventization of sports, thus placing the bouts within the larger context of contemporary Japanese and global sport history. We demonstrate that the challenge by the American professional wrestlers brought to the surface generational tensions as well as divergent visions concerning the definition of judo between sports and martial art, and professionalism and amateurism. Our analysis is based on close readings of contemporary primary sources, including Japanese newspaper articles, research essays in judo magazines, and (auto)biographical writings, some of which are analyzed and discussed for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fighting effectiveness of combat sports athletes depends, among other factors, on response time. Athletes must react swiftly to various actions of their opponents during the combat. Understanding the determinants of response time can provide valuable insights and optimize the sports training process. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Led Lighting Training (LLT) on response time of athletes representing extremely different combat sports. Introduction. Elite taekwon-do athletes aged 26.67 ± 7.79 years with training experience of 13.67 ± 6.75 years, and elite wrestlers aged 26.0 ± 3.74 years with training experience of 13.0 ± 3.74 years, participated in the study. Each participant performed a 6-minute physical exertion requiring concentration and proper decision-making as part of LLT. It consisted of three two-minute motor tasks performed on Batak Lite. Response time was recorded during the exercise, with one-minute breaks between motor tasks.Material and Methods. Among taekwon-do athletes, the lowest level of response was noted during the first LLT task, whereas the highest was observed in the third task. Response time significantly improved with time of exertion among taekwon-do athletes, while it remained similar among wrestlers after 2, 4, and 6 minutes of the test. Only in the first round did taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers significantly differ in response time (p = 0.0025). Response time and training experience did not reveal a significant correlation.Results. The specificity of training, which is determined by the specificity of combat, does not differentiate elite taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers based on their response abilities. Taekwon-do athletes should control the type and duration of warm-up exercises before combat.Conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a new generation of independent professional wrestlers, the combat art of wrestling is no longer confined to the ring (where wrestling matches take place), it spills out across the digital spaces of social media, such as Twitter. Back breakers, piledrivers and sharpshooters (wresting attacks) may be what gets a wrestler over with the crowd during a live performance, but razor barbed tweets and engaging video promos (short, recorded messages), can be just as effective at gaining popularity. Independent professional wrestlers are using social media and digital technology to redefine what it means to be a professional wrestler and earn a living from this often-misunderstood popular entertainment. Unlike global stars like Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson, independent wrestlers are often famous only to small but dedicated enclaves of fans. Using the theory of micro-celebrity, together with data gained through interview, this article explores developments in on- and offline performance and celebrity. It develops understanding of independent wrestling as a distinct sub-genre which has largely been overlooked in scholarship. It then explores the concept of micro-celebrity, which is the idea of a fame attached to online performance. Finally, it explores these ideas in relation to one contemporary wrestling persona – Charles Crowley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Firefly Funhouse Match is a professional wrestling match between WWE wrestlers John Cena and (the late) “The Fiend” Bray Wyatt at WWE’s Wrestlemania 36 (2020). The present paper attempts to critically analyze the “Firefly Funhouse Match” from a variety of theoretical angles. The match is in essence a dive into the unconscious. Mikhail Bakhtin used the term “carnivalesque” to characterize writing that aims to destabilize the hierarchical status quo. In this sense the Firefly Funhouse Match is carnivalesque because it mocks the dominant/traditional forms of professional wrestling. In a conventional wrestling match, there will be a fixed ring, a referee, a dedicated time-slot, a certain geographical location, and so on. But all these notions are subverted in the Firefly Funhouse match: there is no referee, no linear temporal progression, no fixed ring, no concrete geographical location, and we have frequent changes of time-space. The match turns the hierarchical scale on its head. We also find interconnected chronotopes in the match. The wrestling match explores the differences between grandiose epic heroism and the fragmented postmodern man. The match parodies established character archetypes in professional wrestling, urging us to question the face value of scripted roles. It also contains many postmodern elements, such as intertextuality, magic realism, unpredictability, nonlinear storytelling, deconstruction of a fixed identity, fragmentation and irony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study: Spectacle plays a key role in sports wrestling in attracting viewers' attention, creating emotional involvement, and making the sport an integral part of culture. Aim: To identify the most significant indicators of wrestlers' competitive activity based on the analysis of the 2021 Olympic Games, which influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Material and Methods: The study involved 289 wrestlers. An analysis of protocols and video recordings of 340 matches at the 2021 Olympic Games in three types of sports wrestling was conducted: in women's wrestling - 113 matches (n=96 female wrestlers), in Greco-Roman wrestling - 113 matches (n=97 wrestlers), and in freestyle wrestling - 114 matches (n=96 wrestlers). Expert assessment method was used to evaluate the indicators of competitive activity. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using licensed Excel spreadsheet packages. Results: For Greco-Roman wrestling and women's wrestling, the ratio of actions performed in par terre and standing is about 70 to 30. Whereas, for freestyle wrestlers, almost 80% of actions are performed in standing. The efficiency coefficient of wrestling in standing for Greco-Roman style wrestlers averaged 1.43 points per action; for freestyle wrestlers, it was 1.78 points per action, and for female wrestlers - 2.01 points per action. The highest number of one-point actions was performed in Greco-Roman wrestling, which significantly and statistically significantly (p<0.05) exceeds the indicators in freestyle and women's wrestling. Meanwhile, female wrestlers and freestyle wrestlers statistically significantly (p<0.05) executed more two-point actions. The average number of actions per match does not significantly differ (p>0.05): 4.23 actions for Greco-Roman wrestling; 4.47 actions for freestyle wrestling, and 4.08 actions for women's wrestling. However, when considering the average number of points scored per match, statistically significant differences were found. Thus, Greco-Roman style wrestlers score an average of 6.95 points, this indicator is statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) than in freestyle (8.12 points) and in women's wrestling (8.07 points). Conclusions: The analysis of matches at the 2021 Olympic Games made it possible to identify competitive activity indicators that influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Positive indicators include: a large number of technical-tactical actions performed in standing; execution of throws in par terre by Greco-Roman style wrestlers; a high percentage of early victories in matches. Negative indicators: execution of simple one-point and two-point technical-tactical actions; in Greco-Roman wrestling, a large number of matches that ended with a score of 1:1; interruptions in matches (Challenge, Negative Wrestling, Caution), lack of dynamism in the match, and the inability to score too many points. The obtained results will help provide recommendations for changing competition rules and enhancing the spectacle of sports wrestling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study aim: Wrestling involves a high risk of transmission in terms of Covid-19 as it is performed using close one-to-one physical contact. This field research study examined wrestlers' approach to and awareness levels of the pandemic. Method: The study sample consists of 214 male wrestlers aged 19.15 ±1.78 years who participated in the U-23 Turkish National Freestyle Wrestling Championship. The data was collected using a personal information form and the Pandemic Awareness Scale. The statistical analysis consisted of an independent sample t-test, descriptive statistics, and a One-Way ANOVA test for multi-group comparison. Results: Non-smokers and the wrestlers who complied with the precautions had statistically higher awareness score averages (p < 0.05). A statistically significant relationship between awareness scores and variables, including education level, being a national athlete, being diagnosed with Covid-19, losing a first-degree relative to Covid-19, having been vaccinated, and the number of vaccine doses was not found (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the level of awareness of the pandemic is high among non-smokers and wrestlers who complied with the necessary precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wrestling is the national sport of the Turks and has maintained its importance from Central Asia to modern times. When the Turks came to Anatolia, they brought wrestling with them. Here, the Central Asian Turkish wrestling tradition took a new form by being influenced by the Persian wrestling tradition. In this way, the Turkish wrestling lodge culture came into being. As a result, wrestling huts were opened in the period of the Anatolian Seljuks and Principalities. The tradition of wrestling huts continued with the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans established wrestling lodges in Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul, Manisa and throughout the Ottoman territory. Professional wrestlers were trained in these lodges for centuries. Edirne Sheikh Cemaleddin Wrestlers Lodge is one of these institutions. According to Evliya Çelebi Seyehatnamesi and Ottoman archival documents, the lodge, which was an important institution for wrestling in Edirne, was still in operation for a long time. There are many official records of the lodge from the period in question. Detailed information about the lodge can be obtained from these records. In light of the analyzed primary philological sources, the importance of the lodge in the background of Edirne wrestling becomes understandable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effects of an 8-week plyometric training program on certain physical parameters in wrestlers. Nineteen athletes, who have been involved in wrestling and have not experienced neurological, auditory-visual disorders, or severe injuries to the upper or lower extremities within the last year, participated in the study. The athletes were divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=9). The experimental group underwent approximately 60 minutes of plyometric training, including warm-up exercises, three times a week for eight weeks, guided by their coach. Measurements taken in the study include the athletes' height, body weight, and body composition, Wingate anaerobic power test, and back strength measurements. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical package. The Wilcoxon Test was used for intra-group pre-test and post-test comparisons, and the significance level was set at p<0.05. In the VKK values, a significant decrease was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group, while the control group saw a significant increase (p<0.05). Similarly, in the VYY values, the experimental group displayed a significant decrease between the pre-test and post-test, while the control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test in both groups (p<0.05) for the PPW and AP values. In the right and left claw strength values, a statistically significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group but not in the control group (p<0.05). In back strength values, no significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in both groups. The lack of a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test in both groups indicates a focus on lower extremity exercises. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that plyometric training improves physical attributes, especially strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressure on wrestlers to be exposed to injuries cause them to have reinjury anxiety in the next term. Aim was to investigate anxiety levels toward sport-injuries. The sample consisted of 408 (263 male, = 18 years) Turkish professional and amateur wrestlers. Demographics were obtained through onlineplatform with Google Forms due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic including personal information Form and Sports Injury Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Independent-sample t-test was used for gender, professional/amateur, rehabilitation after injury, and competitions during which wrestlers were injured. Pearson correlation analysis was used for the relationship between variables, the Sports Injury Anxiety Scale, and its sub-dimensions. There was a significant difference between groups in terms of disappointment, weak perception-anxiety according to gender variable (p<.05). There were significant differences in terms of professional, and amateur wrestler variables' losing skills, and reinjurysubdimensions (p<.05). There were significant differences in SIAS grand-average, reinjury-anxiety, disappointment-anxiety, suffering, weak perception-anxiety, losing-skills according to treatment according to reinjury-variable (p<.05). In conclusion, the cause of sports injury anxiety may be due to professionalization levels of athletes. It can be recommended that psychological and sociological support from parents, trainers, and experts may help wrestlers to have a readiness for any sportive injury. Güreşçilerde sakatlıklara maruz kalma baskısı sonraki dönemlerde tekrar sakatlık kaygısı yaşamalarına neden olabilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, spor yaralanmalarına yönelik kaygı düzeylerini incelemekti. Örneklemi 408 (263 erkek, = 18 yaş) Türk profesyonel ve amatör güreşçileri oluşturmuştur. Demografik, kişisel bilgiler ve Spor Yaralanması Kaygı Ölçeği (SIAS) dâhil olmak üzere tüm veriler devam eden COVID-19 salgını nedeniyle Google Forms ile çevrimiçi ortamda toplandı. Cinsiyet, millilik durumu, yaralanma sonrası tedavi ve yaralanılan müsabaka değişkenleri için bağımsız örneklem t-testi kullanıldı. Spor Yaralanmaları Kaygı Ölçeği değişkenleri ve alt boyutları arasındaki ilişki için Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanıldı. Cinsiyet değişkenine göre hayal kırıklığına uğratma ve zayıf algılama kaygısı bakımından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark saptandı (p<.05). Profesyonel ve amatör güreşçi değişkenlerinin yeteneğini kaybetme ve tekrar yaralanma alt boyutları açısından anlamlı farklılıklar bulundu (p<.05). Yaralanma sonrası tedaviye göre yeniden yaralanma, hayal kırıklığına uğratma, acı çekme, zayıf algılama kaygısı ve yeteneğini kaybetme kaygısı SIAS genel ortalamada anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdi (p<.05). Sonuç olarak spor yaralanma kaygısının nedeni sporcuların profesyonelleşme düzeylerinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir. Ailelerden, antrenörlerden ve uzmanlardan psikolojik ve sosyolojik destek alınması, güreşçilerin herhangi bir sportif yaralanmaya karşı hazırlıklı olmalarına yardımcı olabilir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying factors influencing wrestling performance is important for determining which capacities should be developed the most. This research aimed to investigate whether anthropometric indices, generic fitness, and specific fitness performance determine the competitive success of young wrestlers. This research included 49 Croatian Greco–Roman male wrestlers aged 17.75 ± 1.51 years. Variables included training and competing experience, anthropometric indices, generic fitness (countermovement jump and handgrip strength), and specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT). Wrestlers were separated into medallists and non-medallists (i.e., wrestlers who won a medal at the previous National Championship and wrestlers who did not win a medal, respectively). The t-test for independent samples was used to determine the differences between the two categories in all variables. Moreover, discriminant analysis was performed to identify differences in a multivariate manner. Medallists and non-medallists did not differ in anthropometric indices and wrestling experience. Medallists had better results in the countermovement jump (t = 2.55, p < 0.01), handgrip strength (t = 2.77, p < 0.01), and SWFT performance (t = 2.29, p < 0.05) than non-medallists. The discriminant analysis confirmed that performance categories differed in generic and specific fitness tests (Wilks' Lambda = 0.73, p < 0.05). It could be suggested that coaches should develop both the generic and specific fitness of their wrestlers to become more successful at competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reverse grip barbell curls and barbell triceps extension exercises on increasing the maximum strength of the arm muscles of wrestling athletes. Materials and methods. This type of research is quasi-experimental. The population in the study was 24 wrestling athletes. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling techniques, namely 10 male wrestling athletes. The research instrument was carried out by lifting a load that was only able to be lifted 1 time or expressed ability (maximum strength) using a barbell. The data analysis technique used is hypothesis testing using the t-test formula. Results. The results of this study showed that the exercises of reverse grip barbell curls and barbell triceps extension have an effect on the increase in the maximum strength of the arm muscles of wrestling athletes; from the initial test and the final test results, there was an increase with a difference of 1.04, namely from an average score of 29.9 kg in the pre-test to 32.3 kg in the post-test. Conclusions. The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant influence of the reverse grip form of barbell curls and barbell triceps extension on the increase in maximum strength of the arm muscles in wrestling athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiologic and genomic investigation of SARSCoV-2 infections in members of Japan's national wrestling team after participation in international tournaments in 2021 revealed multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 not reported in Japan. The attack rate among wrestlers was high. Results suggest possible transmission during matches. We recommend early case detection and response practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to reveal the characteristics of personal disposition by determining the goal orientation of wrestlers. The first study was conducted in 2023, and we compared these results with the results obtained from a study conducted in 2011. Sixty Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers took part in the study. Methods: Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire - TEOSQ was used. Variation analysis, descriptive statistics, and comparative analysis (the Mann-Whitney criteria) were applied. The mathematical and statistical processing packages IBM SPSS v 23.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2016 were used. Results: The variation analysis of the experimental data showed that the subjects generally demonstrated a higher task orientation than ego orientation. The comparative analysis of the goal orientation between the groups showed that there was no statistically significant difference between them. As the orientation to the task prevailed over the ego orientation, this confirmed the hypothesis that in most of the studied persons, the goal orientation was aimed at the masterful performance of the tasks. Conclusion: The obtained data are of essential importance for increasing the effectiveness of sports training, as the conducted research expands the picture of sports activity with the manifestations of goal orientation and its reflection on the personality qualities of wrestling competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A survey was conducted on the habits of wrestlers using nutrition, nutritional supplements, sports, energy drinks, vitamins, and drugs during and out of the season Material and Methods: The results were evaluated as a percentage (%) and frequency(f) in the SPSS 21.0 package program. 69 male and 36 female licensed athletes participated in the study. 79.71% of male athletes and 63.89% of female athletes are national athletes. There is a dietitian in the clubs where 76.81% of male athletes and 47.22% of female athletes wrestle. During the season, 46.38% of male athletes and 47.22% of female athletes skip meals. 84.38% of male athletes and 52.94% of female athletes skip breakfast. 53.62% of male athletes and 52.78% of female athletes consume 3 main meals + 2 snacks. Results: Before the competition, 34.78% of male athletes had a protein-based diet, and 36.11% of female athletes had a plant-based diet. After the competition, 36.23% of male athletes adopt a protein-based diet, 33.33% of female athletes consume protein and 33.33% of them prefer consuming carbohydrates. 81.16% of male athletes and 66.67% of female athletes consume the last meal 2.5 - 3 hours before the competition. 75.36% of male athletes and 44.44% of female athletes consume between 1.5 and 2.0 L of liquid after the competition. 91.30% of male athletes and 72.22% of female athletes stated that they received information about nutrition from their trainers. 97.10% of male athletes and 91.67% of female athletes use one or more nutritional supplements. Conclusions: Athletes use the most protein supplements, creatine, BCAA, L-carnitine, and fish oil. 10.14% of male athletes and 13.89% of female athletes consume energy drinks, 95.65% of male athletes and 88.89% of female athletes use sports drinks, 95.65% of male athletes and 83.33% of female athletes get vitamins. So that a possible injury in the competition does not affect their performance, 8.69% of male athletes and 22.22% of female athletes use analgesics before the competition. As a result, we think that it is important for athletes and coaches to follow up-to-date nutrition information, which will be given by experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The physical fitness is essential for wrestlers to perform successfully. The Tabata Protocol can be appropriate to develop these physical qualities. Aim: This study aims to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training using "Tabata protocol" on the physical fitness of teenage wrestlers. Material and Methods: 16 participants were randomly assigned to two groups of Tabata training (n=8) and the control group (n=8). All mentioned variables were measured before and after 4 weeks of the intervention. Tabata training group performed Tabata protocol in 2-3 sets of 8 exercises with 20 sec of training and 10 sec of rest. The control group kept up their normal training routine during the same time. Physical fitness components were measured. The collected data were statistically analyzed by an independent t-test at a significance level of P>0.05. Results: Wrestlers in both groups significantly increased physical fitness components except flexibility (P<0.05). Tabata training was significantly more efficient in endurance of core muscle (P= 0.019, ES= 0.490) and upper body strength (P= 0.001, ES= 0.490) than control group (P<0.05). Also, results showed that for leg explosive power, only Tabata training had a positive effect (P= 0.026, ES=0.541). Conclusions: Our results suggest that wrestlers after Tabata protocol interventions can obtain better physical fitness, and event time benefits with more efficient performance and time-efficient manner compared with control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the first half of the nineteenth century the Cornish economy was thriving, dominated by the metal mining industry. When the economy was thriving Cornish wrestling was at the height of its popularity when a large number of wrestlers entered numerous tournaments for lucrative prizes and witnessed by large crowds. It was also the time when the sport flourished in London. The leading wrestler during this period was Tom Gundry, who in a relatively short career won many of the tournaments in Cornwall, Devon and London and consequently was able to amass a significant sum in prize money. Despite his prominence he occasionally resorted to match-fixing or 'faggoting' with his opponents. During the second half of the nineteenth century, however, there was a collapse of the economy which had a deleterious effect upon Cornish wrestling with decreases in numbers of wrestlers, tournaments, prize money and spectators. The sport also disappeared from London. The common thread running throughout the nineteenth century is a 'persistence of difference'. Cornwall's historical experience was different from the rest of Britain and that difference has persisted over time and has led to a unique identity. Cornish wrestling contributed to the construction of that identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Spor Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the physical changes resulting from technical training applied to adolescent wrestlers. Twenty-four male wrestlers volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental group (EG, n=14) and Control group (CG, n=14). The EG had a mean age of 12.54±0.82 years, a mean body weight of 48.36±8.23 kg, and a mean height of 156.18±8.58 cm. The CG had a mean age of 13.62±0.33 years, a mean body weight of 47.43±6.65 kg, and a mean height of 158.24±2.26 cm. The EG performed a 12-week technical training specific to freestyle wrestling while the CG continouned their regular wrestling training. Before and after the 12 week training period, skinfold thickness and body circumference measurements were carried out. There were significant differences between pre and post tests in subscapula, biceps, triceps, pectoral, abdominal, suprailiac, abdominal, suprailiac, and tight (p<0.05). No significant change was observed in the abdominal, suprailiac skinfold thickness measurements. Subscapula, biceps, triceps, triceps, pectoral, and tight parameters significantly decreased after the 12 week period (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test in EG (p>0.05). There are significant changes between the pre and post tests in shoulder, chest, chest (inspiration), chest (expiration), abdomen, hip, thigh, forearm tight, calf, arm, arm circumference, forearm circumference measurements (p<0.05). After the technical training, all circumference measurements significantly decreased except for one shoulder. There was no significant difference between the pre test and post test in one shoulder and calf circumference measurements (p>0.05). However, there were significant changes in the pre test and post test in the CG. The houlder, chest, chest (inspiration), chest (expiration), abdomen, hip, thigh, forearm thigh, arm, arm circumference, and forearm measurement increased after a 12-week standart wrestling training period (p<0.05). As a result, this study revealed that a 12 week technical training specific to the wrestling declined skinfold thickness like regular wrestling training. Except single shoulder measurements, body circumference measurements demonstrated significant increases after technical training. These results indicate that technical training in freestyle wrestling positively contributes to the physical development of adolescent wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies related to attitudes toward the use of prohibited substances in Turkish athletes are scarce. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has implemented anti-doping educational policies emphasizing doping-related education in studies conducted among Turkish wrestlers. However, it is still unclear the extent to which the wrestlers comply and adhere to these anti-doping policies. No research has previously examined the effect of anti-doping education on athletes' mindfulness and moral disengagement in doping (MDD). Therefore, the present study has a two-fold objective: first, to examine whether doping-related education (DRE) and the status of being a national athlete (NA) have an effect on athlete mindfulness and MDD. Second, to analyze the relationship between each sub-dimensions of athlete mindfulness: awareness (ASD), judgment (JSD), and refocus (RSD) with MDD. Methods: A total of 409male wrestlers participated in this study. MANOVA analysis showed that NA and DRE alone have no effect on MDD but have a general effect on mindfulness. Results: The highest effect was on the ASD of being an NA (ηp² = 0.173). When the interaction effect of NA&lowbar;DRE was examined, significant difference in MDD (F = 8.218, p = 0.004), ASD (F = 8.476, p = 0.004), JSD (F = 5.844, p = 0.016), and RSD (F = 11.476, p = 0.001) were found. MDD has a weak negative relationship with ASD (r = -0.126) and RSD (r = -0.041) and a weak positive relationship with the JSD sub-dimension (r = 0.140). Those results suggest that being a NA and having received anti-doping education affect moral disengagement in doping and athletes' mindfulness. Discussion: As a conclusion, it is recommended to increase awareness and anti- doping education among national-standard Turkish wrestlers to prevent them from engaging in doping behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Response time is one of the determinants of performance effectiveness in wrestling competitions. Its high levels help wrestlers fight more effectively when performing appropriate technical and tactical actions. Different factors such as a proper warm-up, unexpected situations, muscle fatigue, asthenic reactions, competition prestige and previous injuries may exert an influence on perceptual abilities (including RT and MT) and affect fighting effectiveness. Getting to know determinants of response time may provide a lot of valuable practical information that can be used in wrestling-related training. The study sought to determine changes in response time in Greco-Roman wrestlers produced by LLT. Material and Methods Twenty-four Greco-Roman wrestlers (age = 18.6 1.8, years of experience = 6.0 1.6) took part in the study. The wrestlers were divided according to two weight classes (lightweight and heavyweight). Within LLT programme, they performed special motor tasks using Batak Pro (15 minutes in total). Between the tasks, response time (reaction time and movement time) was measured. Reaction time test (RT, version S1) of the Vienna Test System was used in the study. Results Response time changed in a variety of ways (different directions and intensity of changes). The changes were noted both in RT and MT. Contrary to LLT, a standard warm-up did not contribute to an improvement in RT. The greatest changes were observed after ten minutes of exercising. Intragroup differences in response time grew smaller in the course of the task performance. No differences in response time were noted between wrestlers representing different weight classes. Conclusions Physical exertion within LLT affects response time in Greco-Roman wrestlers regardless of their weight classes. The most favourable changes occur after 10 minutes of exercising that requires high attentional focus (exercises performed after a standard warm-up). The type of warm-up and the exercises used may constitute a factor improving performance effectiveness. It is recommended that in a pre-competition warm-up, more time should be devoted to exercises requiring high attentional focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Study Aim: Special physical preparedness of wrestlers is one of the main factors for achieving the highest possible results in competitive activity. Physical qualities can differ significantly among wrestlers of the same skill level, but different individual styles. In this regard, this study is aimed at improving the methods of special physical training of qualified wrestlers, taking into account individual styles of wrestling. Material and Methods: The study involved 30 wrestlers of middle weight categories (72 kg, 77 kg, 82 kg). The participants were divided into two groups: control group - 15 athletes, average age (18.96±1.09) years, average weight (76.27±5.58) kg; experimental group - 15 people, average age (19.07±0.95) years, average weight (75.87±5.68) kg. All participants belonged to athletes of a high level of skill. Training tasks were developed to improve the methodology of special physical training of wrestlers, taking into account the styles of wrestling. The proposed program was tested in a pedagogical experiment that lasted one year. Significance of differences between groups was assessed using nonparametric signs (z) and Rosenbaum (Q) tests. Results: during the experiment, the increase in the results of special physical preparedness among the wrestlers of the experimental group is much higher in all tests and it is in the range from 6% to 14%, and in the control group it is lower - from 2% to 3%. Also, these results were confirmed by a non-parametric criterion of signs. So, the wrestlers of the experimental group at the end of the experiment showed an improvement in performance. A significant increase in the results in the «Pull up» test was shown (z=1; p<0.01). The time to complete the tests significantly decreased: «10 back arch throws» (z=0; p<0.01), «10 suplexes» (z=0; p<0.01), «Flips on the gymnastic "bridge"» (z=0; p <0.01), «Running on the wrestling "Bridge"» (z=0; p<0.01), «10 forward somersaults» (z=0; p<0.01), «Three series of 15 back arch throws» (z=3; p<0.05). The number of repetitions in the tests increased: «Pull-up in 20 s» (z=4; p>0.05), «Push-up in 20 s» (z=4; p>0.05). Conclusions: The fulfillment of the developed training tasks by the wrestlers of the experimental group made it possible at the end of the experiment to show significantly better results in terms of special physical fitness than the athletes of the control group (p<0.05-0.01). Such results testify to the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and the possibility of its implementation in the training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is assumed that the selection of gifted children aged 13-14 years old is dominated by those with accelerated biological development. A better understanding of this problem can greatly improve the selection process for gifted children. The paper aimed to determine the differences in motor, functional, and sport-specific skills between children with different levels of biological acceleration. The study was conducted on a sample of 26 wrestlers aged 13.8±0.74 years old selected from the city of Zagreb. The participants were divided into three groups according to the acceleration of biological development (early maturers, n=9; normal, n=10; late maturers, n=7) and tested with a battery of 10 tests (6 motor, 1 functional, and 3 sport-specific). As was expected, even though there were no differences in experience and placement, the groups differed in all physical characteristics (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA: age p=0.01; body mass, p<0.01; body height, p<0.01; sitting body height, p<0.01; body mass index, p=0.02). The groups differed significantly in two sport-specific tests and one motor test (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA: wrestling bridge flexibility p=0.02; flipover p=0.04; medicine ball throw p<0.01). Although these were selected wrestlers, not all of them were classified as early maturers; rather, they were evenly distributed in different groups. We can assume that late maturers had technical-tactical advantages that compensated for the early maturers' advantage in explosive power. Early maturers were better in terms of explosive power, but the late maturers were better at sport-specific flexibility, as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1984, professional wrestler Hulk Hogan defeated the Iron Sheik to win the WWF Heavyweight Title. Thus marked the birth of 'Hulkamania', a near-decade-long period when Hulk Hogan (real name Terry Bollea) crossed over into American popular culture. In the following years, Hogan battled a series of proxies for America's enemies, from the Soviet rival in Nikolai Volkoff, Iranian sympathizer Sergeant Slaughter, and the Japanese sumo wrestler Yokozuna, among other opponents. More importantly, Hogan appeared on American talk shows, the front of magazines, had his own children's cartoons, and marketed workout devices, toys, food, and a host of other ephemera. Existing in a liminal space between sport and entertainment, professional wrestling allows athletes/performers far more opportunities to cultivate messages and meanings through their bodies. Using film, wrestling magazines, and wrestling broadcasts, this article argues that Hogan's body and his use of his body were paramount to his success. More than that, the use of his body embodied ideals about American masculinity. It embodied all-American strength, an ability to succeed no matter the odds, and a fierce Christian patriotism. Hogan was one of the biggest stars of the 1980s, inside and outside of sport. His body and its representation are thus worthy of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kinesiologia Slovenica is the property of Faculty of Sport and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between the parameters of conditioning preparation and specific fitness of freestyle wrestlers. Material and Methods. Seventy-four subjects were selected from freestyle wrestlers. All subjects were assessed for height, weight and body mass index. Agility, dynamic strength and strength endurance were assessed using standing broad jump, push-ups, wall bar hanging leg raises, pull-ups and a zigzag run. Wrestling-specific fitness was assessed using standing gymnastic bridge with return, wrestling carousel, front kip up, while special endurance was assessed with suplex throws of the mannequin. Results. For initial data analysis, one-way ANOVA was used. Further data analysis was performed with multiple regression. Suplex throws of the mannequin had the biggest impact on achieving high sports results. These findings suggest that specific fitness tests which simulate sports effort are the most reliable measures. Conclusions. Owing to special fitness tests, training can be monitored more effectively. The movements made during a sports fight should be taken into account while preparing a given test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between anaerobic power, back strength and dynamic balance, which play an important role in wrestler performance. 14 male freestyle elite wrestlers (age = 19.07 ± 0.99 years, height = 1.70 ± 0.04 m, body weight = 74.67 ± 8.48 kg, BMI = 25.57 ± 2.31 kg/m2) voluntarily participated in the study. Anaerobic power, back strength and dynamic balance measurements of the participants were taken. Pearson Correlation test was performed to determine the relationship between these features. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between anaerobic power and back strength, between back strength and right and left leg balance, between left leg balance and right leg balance. As a result, it can be said that back strength is effective on dynamic balance in wrestlers and anaerobic power affects back strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces my journey as a dance artist, scholar, and teacher, and elucidates the strategies with which I have learned to articulate my creative voice, to locate myself within the field of dance, and to perform my identity with self-determined agency. Using the first person and locating myself within this text is a strategy that I have drawn from feminist methodology, a meditation on voice, and a mode of autobiographical performance. This essay also examines the life, career and choreography of Ricki Starr, a ballet-dancing wrestler. Starr became a symbolic icon for me, and his use of ballet vocabulary offered me a powerful example of how to disrupt and challenge the norms of cultural hegemony. Starr's work in the wrestling ring (and on television, in film and in the music industry), is a powerful case study that conveys some of the ways that dance allows for complex and challenging portrayals of gender identity as enacted through physical storytelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study argues that the athletic success of Iranian wrestlers is fused with success in social performances. Using Alexander's cultural sociology, we propose that individuals’ behavioral, emotional, and mental dispositions toward sports are shaped by tacit and invisible social forces encompassing them at a given time and place. Furthermore, we make use of Alexander's notion that the power of culture is manifested when it is actively enacted. To ground our theoretical frameworks with empirical evidence, we conducted a case study of successful Iranian male wrestlers. The study reveals that the success of Iranian wrestling is constructed upon cultural foundations, social organizations, cooperative networks, and a set of social relations that performatively contribute to producing world-class wrestlers. It is within a given social, cultural, and organizational context that culture is performed through a series of collective actions and agencies. Such successful cultural performances reinforce the meaning of certain practices by connecting the past to the present and ensuring their continuity, thereby establishing a strong tradition of collective sporting achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karbala Magazine of Physical Edu. Seiences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to determine the differences in performance, cardiac, and metabolic variables of combat-specific fitness of wrestlers from varying sports levels. The sample consisted of 61 active and highly trained adult wrestlers of national and international levels from Serbia, from both Greco-Roman and freestyle forms of wrestling, allocated into three groups: national team wrestlers (N = 15), first league competitive wrestlers (N = 20), and second league competitive wrestlers (N = 26). Participants performed two tests: a Specific Wrestling Fitness Test (SWFT) and a Specific Wrestling Performance Test (SWPT). Between-group differences were determined using multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA). Significant differences were obtained between wrestlers of different sports levels in TnThrows (F = 77.491, p < 0.001), SJFIndex (F = 49.710, p < 0.001), and SWPIndex (F = 31.205, p < 0.001) in the SWFT and in TnThrows (F = 71.051, p < 0.001), SJFIndex F = 45.343, p < 0.001), and SWPIndex (F = 26.820, p < 0.001) in the SWPT. Based on the results, it could be concluded that the SWFT and the SWPT provide very good sensitivity in the evaluation of the wrestlers specific fitness of wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While participating in an intensive training process, the athlete's body requires not only energy, but also specific macro- and microelements. The purpose of this study was to show the meaning of monitoring the level of mineral trace elements in athletes-wrestlers during physical activity. As an experimental group, 66 male wrestlers aged 18-20 years with at least 3 years of intensive wrestling experience were examined. The control group consisted of 92 young cadets of military school aged 18-20 years, who had previous sports training, but were not engaged in wrestling. To determine the quantitative content of trace elements, the hair was cut from the back of the head for the entire length in an amount of at least 0.1 g. an examined using the mass spectrometer ICPMS Agilent 7900. Strong positive correlations were found for sodium with potassium and rubidium, magnesium with calcium, potassium with rubidium, and rubidium with caesium among wrestlers. Wrestlers were found to have higher levels of a number of macro- and microelements, including toxic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Exercise Therapy & Rehabilitation is the property of Yavuz Yakut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)