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The article focuses on an American research conducted for analyzing identity of Hungary between World War I and World War II, and discusses political issues of Hungary, its peace treaties with Paris, France and its financial condition between 1924-1926.

This article argues that the ideological and emotional meanings of the terms ‘Holocaust’ and ‘antisemitism’ have obstructed their use as analytical concepts in Holocaust scholarship. It claims, specifically, that they frame the persecution and annihilation of Jews during World War II as unique, placing these events and processes apart from essential historical and political contexts. The destruction of Jews in wartime Hungary underscores how histories of state and nation building—in this case the drive to realize ‘Greater Hungary’ with a marked Magyar majority—generated multi-layered mass violence against non-Jews as well as Jews. Focusing on the multi-ethnic borderland of Subcarpathian Rus’beforethe German invasion of Hungary in March 1944 illuminates the links in the state's multi-layered attack against the region's society and sheds new light on the particular victimization of Jews, also after March 1944. Almost all the scholarship on the Holocaust in Hungary has addressed the period after the German invasion, dealing with ghettoization and deportation to Auschwitz. This perspective has provided important insight, but it has also overshadowed significant dimensions in the history of wartime Hungary. The histories of the state's borderlands, which have received limited attention, challenge this account of ‘the Holocaust’ in Hungary. This article uncovers how anxieties about disloyalty and foreignness played crucial roles in the exclusionary campaign against Jews, Roma and Carpatho-Ruthenians in Subcarpathian Rus’. The Hungarian authorities planned and carried out discriminatory and violent measures against them and, whenever national and international opportunities permitted, mass deportations. The examination of these related processes of mass violence lays bare the meaning of ‘antisemitism’ in a specific political context, highlighting connections between anti-Jewish policies and the persecution of other groups. Viewing this violence as it unfolded, rather than backward from the ‘final solution’ and Auschwitz, opens new paths to rethink ‘the Holocaust’ in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the extent of the Holocaust in states that were allied with Nazi Germany, including Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia. Topics include the impact of military events on the cooperation of political leaders with German plans, the survival of native Jews and deportation of Jewish refugees from Finland, Romania, and Hungary, and the impact of prior anti-Semitism on the treatment of Jews. It is said that church leaders in Bulgaria and Finland were able to minimize the killing of Jews in their countries.

The article focuses on Hungary's secret peace talks with the U.S. and Great Britain (Allies) during World War II (WWII) and how the Allies' failure to capitalize on these offers of peace impacted their war strategy. The author explains how the Allies provoked a German invasion of Hungary to launch the Allied invasion of Normandy, France, explores how this decision put Hungary's Jewish population in danger and led to the final phase of the German-sponsored genocide program Holocaust, and analyzes the moral choices of the Allies.

The article presents an investigation into the history of the predecessor of the journal "The Hungarian Quarterly," focusing on the events which led to its dissolution in 1943-1944. Discussion focuses on the relationship between the journal and the military effort of Hungary during World War II. Accounts are given describing how the journal held editorial policies which ran counter to the national interests of the state during the conflict, particularly in its Western ideological views. Details are also provided outlining the publication of a companion volume to the journal in 1943, highlighting its nationalistic contents.

This article focuses on the traditional ties of Polish-Hungarian friendship, and how these were given expression in the first days of the Second World War, when, despite contrary political and military considerations, Hungary opened its borders an offered a place of refuge to over 100,000 Polish civilians and military. The author presents the personal stories of Halina Waroczewska (his mother) and her mother, Stanisława Rogińska, as they fled from Poland and crossed into Hungary in September 1939, noting also the subsequent challenges they experienced in the first difficult months of life in foreign exile. This article arose from a paper the author had originally presented at the annual Polono-Hungarica scholarly conference in May 24-25, 1994, "Pamięć o Halinie Waroczewskiej."

This article looks at the response of the aristocracy to militia and mob violence in Hungary between 1919 and 1922. It argues that the experience with radical paramilitary groups in the era after the first world war colored the political behavior of the aristocracy and its political representatives, especially in their attitude to fascism, in the 1930s and 1940s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Balint examines the current case of Karoly Zentai, an Australian wanted for war crimes in Hungary, his country of origin. She explores the evidence for his extradition, the broader historical context of the Zentai case, from 1944 until the present day, and its implications for historical understanding in Hungary and Australia. In the former, the complicity of the state in the Holocaust remains subject to historical denial, drowned out by the dominant narrative of Hungarian victimhood in the war. In the latter, the migration of war criminals to the country via the mass immigration programme conducted in the Displaced Persons (DP) camps of post-war occupied Europe has been hidden by the more widely known story of rescue. Balint also explores the wider history of connection between these two countries, forged during the post-war voyages of immigrants from the DP camps in occupied Europe. She questions to what extent Zentai's extradition and possible trial would help to promote collective understanding of the 'lessons of history' in contemporary Australian or Hungarian society, and argues that, even in this 'twilight time' of Holocaust memory, such efforts are necessary, though risky, for the future as well as to do justice to the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses relations between the U.S. and Hungary during and after the Second World War. The author reflects on Hungarian foreign policy directed by prime minister Miklós Kállay to redirect loyalty away from Germany and provide intelligence to the Allies and the U.S. in their war efforts. Emphasis is given to the postwar international status of the communist regime of leader János Kádár and the diplomatic process of normalizing relations with the West. U.S. policy aimed at not destabilizing Soviet satellite countries is noted. Other topics include repatriation of the Holy Crown under U.S. president Jimmy Carter, the influence of Hungarian émigrés on U.S. policy, and U.S. loans to Hungarian financial institutions.

Local authorities in Hungary placed a high priority on continuing economic relationships between Jews and non-Jews after ghettoization. An examination of local decision-making, as well as of the "leakiness" of the boundaries of a supposedly closed ghetto, deepens our knowledge of the Holocaust in Hungary and contributes to more general scholarship on Holocaust ghettoization. Taking Körmend, Hungary, as a case study, the author of this article focuses on contestations of ghetto boundaries. In response to specific needs, officials sanctioned both the re-routing and the breaching of the ghetto fence. Analysis of the permeability of this boundary thus provides insight into local authorities' thinking and offers an example of the under-studied phenomenon of territoriality in the ghettos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the significance of the British-oriented component of Hungarian foreign policy during the 1930s through 1944. The so-called Anglophiles in the Hungarian government were a minority. However, as the defeat of Nazi Germany became evident, the political elite and the middle turned to the Anglo-Saxon powers in the hope of a peace treaty that would be lenient to Hungary.