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With increasing global concern over carbon emissions in the construction industry, cross-laminated-thick veneer (CLTV) has emerged as an innovative green building material with significant potential to promote the achievement of "dual-carbon" goals. This study developed a groove and tenon splicing technique for thick veneers, enabling infinite splicing of the length direction and the preparation of a large-size CLTV measuring 12 m (length) × 3.25 m (width) × 105 mm (thickness). The mechanical properties of CLTV were studied in relation to splice position, assembly pattern of grain directions, and layer combinations. The results showed that increasing the number of // layers (// or ⊥ indicates grain direction of layer parallel or perpendicular to the length direction of CLTV) and using high-level layers significantly improved the compressive strength and reduced the coefficient of variation of CLTV. In terms of bending properties, reasonable splice distribution, placing // layers away from the neutral axis, and elevating layer level dramatically enhanced CLTV performance. Furthermore, the study revealed the synergistic effect among these design elements. The effects of layer level and the number of // layers on mechanical properties varied depending on splice arrangement and assembly pattern of grain directions, highlighting the importance of efficient structural design and raw material selection. This study addresses the limitations of traditional cross-laminated timber in raw material selection and production efficiency. Through structural innovation, it offers a solution for physical design and performance regulation, enabling the application of larger CLTV in wood structures and presenting new ideas for using fast-growing wood to reduce construction emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass timber (MT) is an engineered wood product that has been widely used in Europe and is rapidly gaining popularity in the United States (US). MT structural members consist of multiple wood components connected using adhesives and/or mechanical fasteners. Although wood is a common material in the US, MT is not readily available in the US. Some US structural engineers are reluctant to include MT as a potential construction material in their building designs due to limited MT material availability, cost, and unfamiliarity with MT as a construction material. This unfamiliarity stems from limited US MT education and lack of MT experience at the professional level. This paper attempts to provide a broad-brush MT review for architects and structural engineers interested in incorporating MT in their designs on relevant standards and specifications. Guidelines for designing with MT are provided in the International Code Council's 2024 International Building Code (2024 IBC) under "Type IV Construction." The Type IV construction description was initially greatly expanded in the 2021 IBC to allow for tall MT buildings and continues to be included in the 2024 IBC. This paper identifies and reviews the 2024 IBC criteria related to MT. Additionally, discussion is included on military standards pertinent to MT. The composite action of an MT element is highly dependent on the adhesive behavior used to attach the MT member laminations. Consequently, adhesives used with MT members and the testing protocol to validate satisfactory adhesive behavior are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concern over environmental impact and the significant improvement in the quality of engineered wood products have led to the rapid growth of the timber building industry in the last decades. Although traditional, yet recent, mass timber structural systems, such as cross‐laminated timber walls, can provide satisfactory seismic performance during earthquakes in terms of life‐safety, the crucial need for more resilient timber buildings has prompted the development of low‐damage high‐performance self‐centring and dissipative solutions based on unbonded post‐tensioned hybrid connections, referred to as Pres‐Lam technology. The flexibility of design and construction speed, combined with the enhanced seismic performance, create a unique potential towards an earthquake‐proof sustainable building system. Despite the growing popularity of the technology, a comprehensive framework for the fragility analysis, to be used in risk and loss modelling applications, has not yet been developed for both component and building levels. This article aims to develop a framework for assessing the fragility curves of moment‐resisting Pres‐Lam frame systems, at both structural system and connection levels, by using and comparing different approaches that involve nonlinear static (pushover) and time history dynamic analyses. A Python‐based parametric workflow was developed to evaluate fragility curves for a wide range of case‐study buildings. Particularly, three distinct structures were selected, and their fragility curves were evaluated utilizing alternative methodologies at a building structural‐system level. Finally, fragility models were fitted for individual structural connections using the results of time‐history analyses. These models are intended for use in a component‐based loss assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry is embracing sustainable practices to combat environmental degradation and climate change, and engineered wood products (EWPs) offer promise as structural materials for sustainable infrastructure. Despite the benefits of EWPs, challenges such as supply chain integration and market acceptance have limited their use. This paper explores how industrial engineering could facilitate the adoption of EWPs in the South African construction industry, and provides a framework for developing critical industrial engineering capabilities that the South African timber construction sector should possess to integrate EWPs efficiently into construction projects. We used a comprehensive literature review and a curriculum analysis to achieve the study's objectives. By drawing upon these capabilities, the study identified where industrial engineering as an expertise could drive innovation adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood adhesives can serve as one of the key components to manufacture wood composites. Their selection has a profound impact on the resulting wood products. Wood composites are also required for the fundamental yield, high valueadded, and cost-effective production. At the same time, some issues are increasingly concerned on the formaldehyde emissions from wood composites, since formaldehyde was already recognized as a cancerogen to human beings back in 2004. As a result, the wood composites processing has been shifted to formaldehyde-free adhesives in recent years. Polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) can serve as the isocyanate wood adhesive in the wood industry, due to its exceptional water and solvent resistance, formaldehyde-free nature, and high strength. World demand for isocyanates is expected to increase significantly to 15.74 billion U.S. dollars by the next decade, indicating the large market potential of isocyanates and their wide application prospects. Despite the advancements in isocyanate adhesive technologies, the inherent low viscosity of pMDI and the "overpenetration" during hot-pressing have posed great challenges to the widespread applications. Alternatively, wheat straw is normally perceived as low-value agricultural waste, due to its chemical composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, all of which contain hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl-rich components can react with isocyanate groups to form strong carbamate bonds, thus resulting in a complex three-dimensional cross-linked network that is reinforced by hydrogen bonding. In this study, wheat straw microparticles were introduced to incorporate as a functional filler in the isocyanate wood adhesives, in order to strengthen the adhesion performance of the products. The results showed that the dry/wet bonding properties of strawmodified isocyanate adhesive were improved under conventional hot-pressing pressures (0.8-1.2 MPa) at weak pressure conditions (0.1 MPa). Moreover, the reactivity of the modified adhesive remained after adding straw with 9% moisture content; On the contrary, the dry strength, 24 h cold water soaking strength, and “boiling-drying-boiling” strength reached 4.07, 3.41 and 3.23 MPa, respectively, under weak pressing condition of 0.1 MPa. The strengths increased by 145%, 142%, and 197% after straw particles, respectively, compared with the control group without straw. Further characterizations indicated that the straw particles formed a stable crosslinked structure with isocyanate in the curing process, which significantly promoted the consistency of bonding interfaces; Therefore, the weak hot-pressing pressure was achieved in the high adhesive strength of wood adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timber–concrete composite (TCC) systems join the positive aspects of engineered wood products (good seismftaic behaviour, low thermal conductivity, environmental sustainability, good behaviour under fire if appropriately designed) with those of concrete (high thermal inertia, durability, excellent fire resistance). TCC facades are typically composed of an internal insulated timber-frame wall and an external concrete slab, separated by a ventilated air cavity. However, there is very limited knowledge concerning the performance of TCC facades, especially concerning their thermal behaviour. The present paper deals with the development and optimization of a 2D Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model for the analysis of TCC ventilated façades' thermal behaviour. The model is calibrated and validated against experimental data collected during the annual monitoring of a real TCC ventilated envelope in the north of Italy. Also, a new solver algorithm is developed to significantly speed up the simulation (i.e., 45 times faster simulation at an error below 3.5 °C compared to a typical CFD solver). The final model can be used for the time-efficient analysis (simulation time of approximately 23 min for a full day in real-time) and the optimization of the thermal performance of TCC ventilated facades, as well as other ventilated facades with external massive cladding. Our simulation strategy partially avoids the expensive and time-consuming construction of mock-ups, or the use of comparably slow (conventional) CFD solvers that are less suitable for optimization studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural sawn timber, sourced from softwood plantations, is widely used in lightweight timber-framed residential housing and in engineered wood products for contemporary mass timber construction. However, a significant proportion of milled timber boards are considered ‘out-of-grade’, failing to attain a structural grade under existing classifications systems due to various stiffness, strength, and/or utility-limiting features. This study investigates the potential of controlled lamination techniques to produce structurally usable laminated timber products from out-of-grade timber, using a minimal number of requisite boards. Numerical and experimental methods were employed to compare different board assignment heuristics, in terms of reducing the stiffness variability in laminated board populations. The results indicate that controlled board locations produced remarkably consistent laminated products, achieving very low variability even with a minimum lamination of only two boards. The findings of this paper suggest that controlled lamination techniques have the potential to transform low-value out-of-grade timber into a valuable resource for value-added applications, challenging the existing market perception that out-of-grade timber lacks structural usability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of scrimber composites and other engineered wood products from low-value wood and wood waste provides an effective opportunity to preserve natural resources, minimize waste, and innovate the production of higher-performance, environment-friendly construction materials. In this study, peeler cores, which are the center of poplar logs remaining after the peeling process in the veneer production, were utilized to develop scrimber composites. This study investigated the effects of different resins, including phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea formaldehyde (UF), as well as hydrothermal treatments at various temperatures (60 °C and 130 °C), on the physical and mechanical properties of the scrimber composites. Chemical changes in wood components and morphological changes in wood cell walls resulting from hydrothermal treatment were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To clarify how resin type and hydrothermal treatment affect structural performance, several physical and mechanical properties of scrimber composites, including thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bond strength, bending modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture, were measured. The test results revealed that hydrothermally treated wood scrims at 130 °C, when bonded with PF resin, produced scrimber composites with superior structural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for sustainable building materials has fuelled research into composite panels from wood waste. Despite their potential, the widespread adoption of this practice is hindered by the absence of quality standards, inconsistent material properties, and uncertainties about durability and strength. This paper critically reviews existing standards, manufacturing processes, and the suitability of panels from wood waste. A systematic review is conducted to identify the influencing processes and parameters affecting panel performance, from waste collection to the finishing stages. The findings indicate that incorporating 10–30% of wood waste can enhance the mechanical and physical properties, with particularly improved hygroscopic properties and greater dimensional stability. By establishing comprehensive standards and optimizing manufacturing processes, wood waste-based panels can emerge as a viable and eco-friendly alternative. Furthermore, the potential for repeated recycling in a closed-loop process offers promising environmental benefits, though it necessitates balancing resource conservation with product quality. By addressing these challenges, wood waste-based panels can significantly contribute to environmental conservation and resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coconut plantations throughout the Asia–Pacific region are generally characterised by the presence of low-productivity senile palms over the age of 60, which have negative impacts on farming communities, coconut processors, and the wider economy. In Fiji, despite numerous senile coconut replacement programs, 60% of coconut palms are considered senile. The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary estimates of the financial viability of a market-based approach to senile coconut palm replacement in Fiji by utilising the palms as a feedstock, for the manufacture of rotary peeled veneer, along with plantation pine and mahogany. A mathematical model capable of supporting deterministic and stochastic dynamic optimisation was developed with an objective function to maximise the gross margin of marketable veneer manufacture per hour ( G M p z ) by procuring the optimal allocation of logs throughout the landscape. The majority of facility location and log processing scale scenarios evaluated found that utilising large volumes of senile coconut palms for the manufacture of veneer was optimal, whilst veneering mills situated near the coconut plantations in Vanua Levu were found to maximise G M p z . Overall, the results indicate that a coconut veneer and engineered wood product (EWP) value chain could present a financially viable opportunity to support large-scale senile coconut palm replacement in Fiji. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered wood products along with advanced processing and fabrication are pushing the limits of modern wood construction. Innovative concepts and applications facilitate the development of a new generation of structural systems. However, capacities of such systems are often governed by capabilities of the connections. This paper presents the experimental results with numerical and analytical models of angle brackets for prediction of load bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility. Three types of metal brackets in beam-column connections have been investigated and their performance has been studied in various loading arrangements. Detailed finite-element models of each connection have been developed to gain insights into their behavior. An analytical approach is also adopted to represent the connections. Comparison with test data suggests that the models can reproduce results with good accuracy. The findings confirm feasibility of implementing ductile connections in practical mass timber structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particleboard is a commonly used material in the construction of furniture. It is an engineered wood product made from wood particles, such as wood chips, sawmill shavings, or sawdust, combined with a resin binder and compressed into sheets. The advantages of using this material are its uniformity, stability, and affordable price. Some performance must be tested to ensure its quality and strength properties so that it can be used as a built-in material. This study evaluated deflection performance based on the different thicknesses and sizes. The objective of this study was to determine the deflection properties over time. The deflective capabilities of particleboard with 16, 18 and 25 mm thicknesses and sizes of 400 × 384, 560 × 350, 760 × 330, 800 × 380 and 910 × 390 mm were investigated in three weeks. Remarkably, the particleboard with a 25 mm thickness exhibited markedly diminished deflection two to three times lower than that of 18 mm and 16 mm thickness, thereby showcasing its superior strength when subjected to various loads. Conversely, utilizing longer spans resulted in noteworthy deflection increments, implying that extended spans tend to manifest increased deflection as time progresses. These observations indicate that a thicker and shorter particleboard is well-suited for use as a building material, given its lower deflection over time. In conclusion, this study elucidates the intricate relationship between particleboard characteristics and deflection behavior, providing valuable guidance for selecting suitable particleboards based on load requirements and structural considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) is one of the major species within Populus, a predominant genus of hardwoods in North America. However, its utilization has been limited to pulp and paper or wood-based composite boards. This study aimed at evaluating the major physical and mechanical properties of trembling aspen lumber, with an ultimate objective of using this species to produce engineered wood products (EWPs). The testing materials consisted of 2 × 4 (38 mm × 89 mm) trembling aspen lumber pieces in lengths of 8, 10, and 12 feet (2.44, 3.05, and 3.66 m) with two visual grades, select structural (SS) and No. 2. Machine Stress-Rated (MSR), and longitudinal stress wave (LSW), edgewise third-point bending (EWB), and axial tension tests were conducted on the lumber. It was found that, (1) by increasing the maximum knot size by a half-inch from one-quarter inch, the minimum modulus of elasticity (MOE) measured using the MSR, the mean, and the fifth-percentile ultimate tensile strength (UTS) decreased by about 8.8%, 20.1%, and 29.8%, respectively. (2) Approximately 44% of the trembling aspen lumber met the 1450f-1.3E grade for MSR lumber, and 62% qualified for the 1200f-1.2E grade. (3) There was a great potential for manufacturing cross-laminated timber (CLT) of grade E3, with a rejection rate of about 29%. (4) The mean UTS and MOE values of the SS-grade trembling aspen lumber were 22.88 MPa and 9519 MPa, respectively, being 25.5% and 11.3% lower than that of Spruce–Pine–Fir (S-P-F) lumber. The fifth-percentile UTS and MOE values were 11.57 MPa and 7404 MPa, respectively, marking a decrease of 13.3% and 1.5% compared to the S-P-F lumber. (5) The oven-dried specific gravity (SG) of the trembling aspen wood was 0.40, which was about 3.5% larger than the value provided in the Wood Handbook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particleboard, engineered wood products as part of a large family of wood composite materials, developed in use mainly in the 1950s and 1960s to utilize inferior wood and wood waste when good-quality wood was in short supply; the annual production capacity worldwide is over 100 million m3. It is also necessary to have a lot of wood raw material for its production, although raw material resources are limited on our planet. In addition to the main wood species, it is therefore possible to think about the wider use of alternative, lesser-known European species of alder, larch, and birch in particleboard production. These three wood species represent an eco-friendly and sustainable wood alternative to the conventional wood raw materials used. This review confirms the diversity of the use of these three species in different fields and proves their suitability in relation to particleboard production. Fundamental research is ongoing in certain universities to determine the proportional shares of use of these tree species in particleboard (in a certain weight proportion in their core layers) for the purpose of formulating the correct technology shares and rules for their application in the wood-based panel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Special Issue of Forests on "Wood Quality and Mechanical Properties" delves into the intricate relationship between wood quality and mechanical attributes, showcasing various scholarly investigations across diverse fields of wood engineering and science. The research articles explore topics such as strength grading of different wood species, predictive models for wood properties, and the impact of treatments on wood characteristics. This comprehensive collection serves as a valuable resource for professionals in the field, offering insights into sustainable wood utilization practices and contributing to ongoing discussions on resource management. [Extracted from the article]

The differential swelling seen between softwood opposite wood (OW) and its neighbouring compression wood (CW) developed in branches prompts several engineering issues such as dimensional instability and cracking. For a more efficient use of resources, the inevitable CW and OW should not be discarded or used as fuel, but incorporated into engineered wood products. Swelling is a hygroelastic phenomenon, where both the swelling and elastic properties of CW and OW are needed in order to make proper structural predictions. In this paper, swelling coefficients and moisture dependent elastic moduli for both CW and OW in the three principal material directions are provided along with measurements of moisture content, density, and microfibril angle. The small deformations necessitate the use of precise X-ray micro-computed tomography for measurements. The results indicate that CW and OW from Norway spruce branches differ in swelling, especially in longitudinal direction at low moisture content. It is noted that CW is a wood type with less pronounced anisotropic behaviour than both OW and normal wood from the stem, with the elastic moduli less sensitive to moisture changes in both longitudinal and transverse directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a sustainable construction material, timber is more promoted than steel, concrete, and aluminum nowadays. The building industry benefits from using timber based on several perspectives, including decarbonization, improved energy efficiency, and easier recycling and disposal processes. The cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel is one of the widely utilized engineered wood products in construction for floors, which is an ideal alternative option for replacing reinforced concrete. One single CLT panel has an outstanding flexural behavior. However, CLT cannot be extended independently without external connections, which are normally made of steel. This article proposes two innovative adhesive-free edge connections made of timber, the double surface (DS) and half-lapped (HL) connections. These connections were designed to connect two CLT panels along their weak direction. Parametric studies consisting of twenty models were conducted on the proposed edge connections to investigate the effects of different factors and the flexural behavior of CLT panels with these edge connections under a four-point bending test. Numerical simulations of all the models were done in the current study by using ABAQUS 2022. Furthermore, the employed material properties and other relevant inputs (VUSDFLD subroutines, time steps, meshes, etc.) of the numerical models were validated through existing experiments. The results demonstrated that the maximum and minimum load capacities among the studied models were 6.23 kN and 0.35 kN, respectively. The load–displacement responses, strain, stress, and defection distributions were collected and analyzed, as well as their failure modes. It was revealed that the CLT panels' load capacity was distinctly improved due to the increment of the connectors' number (55.05%) and horizontal length (80.81%), which also reinforced the stability. Based on the findings, it was indicated that adhesive-free timber connections could be used for CLT panels in buildings and replace traditional construction materials, having profound potential for improving buildings' sustainability and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poplar has been gaining attention as a potential material for use in engineered wood products (EWPs). However, poplar wood is not durable against fungal degradation, which is an important factor that needs to be investigated. Previous studies on degradation have mostly focused on evaluating mass loss (ML), while lacking information on the progress of degradation. In this study a recently developed non-destructive X-ray computed tomography (CT) technique was used to investigate the degradation progress within poplar, thermally modified (TM) poplar, and spruce during a 10-weeks fungal degradation experiment. The results showed that degradation led to a significant decrease in density, particularly after 15 days. Based on the X-ray CT scans, it was observed that spruce showed a higher mass loss at the end grain while poplar showed a homogeneous pattern throughout the entire block. Thermally modified poplar specimens were less degraded even at moist conditions. The density of the wood was found to affect the fungal susceptibility of both poplar and TM poplar: a higher density resulted in a lower mass loss of poplar. The use of X-ray CT scanning allowed for a detailed micro-level insight into fungal decay, which can potentially help in protecting poplar in future industrial use for constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered wood products, such as oriented strand board (OSB), are widely used as the primary structural component in both residential and commercial lumber construction, primarily due to their renewability, aesthetic appeal, and excellent mechanical properties. Unfortunately, the inherent flammability of these wood-based composites poses an ongoing risk to society and the environment. In an effort to reduce its flammability, a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) coating consisting of sodium polyborate (SPB) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was deposited on OSB using a simple two-dip process. This PEC treatment imparts self-extinguishing behavior to OSB and reduces the total heat release by 21% and total smoke release by 79%, while increasing the time to ignition by 18% relative to untreated OSB. Furthermore, the PEI/SPB coating adds little additional weight (5.8 wt%) to the oriented strand board, preserving visual aesthetics and maintaining mechanical properties. The main flame-retardant effect occurs by condensed phase action via a combination of intumescence and thermal barrier mechanisms. Improving the fire protection of OSB and other engineered wood materials through a simple and environmentally benign treatment will increase their potential as a largely renewable building material, promoting a sustainable bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan and bio-based epoxy resins have emerged as promising formaldehyde-free replacements for traditional urea–formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in engineered wood products. This study evaluated five chitosan-to-epoxy weight ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) as adhesives for hot-pressing medium density fiberboards (MDF) using mixed hardwood fibers. Increasing the epoxy ratio reduced viscosity and gel time, facilitating spraying and fast curing. The density of the formulated MDFs increased with higher epoxy ratios, ranging from 679 kg/m3 for the 3:1 ratio to 701 kg/m3 for the 1:3 formulation, meeting the 500–900 kg/m3 density range specified in EN 323. The 1:3 epoxy-rich formulation enhanced modulus of rupture (MOR) to 31 MPa and modulus of elasticity (MOE) to 2392 MPa, exceeding the minimum requirements of 16 MPa and 1500 MPa set out in EN 310 and EN 316, respectively. Dimensional stability peaked at 5% thickness swelling for the 1:3 formulation after 24 h water soaking, fulfilling the < 25% requirement per EN 316. Internal bond strength reached a maximum of 0.98 MPa for the 3:1 chitosan-rich formulation, satisfying the 0.40 MPa minimum per EN 319. One-way ANOVA tests showed the adhesive ratio had a significant effect on mechanical properties and dimensional stability at 95–99% confidence levels. Duncan's multiple range test revealed the 1:3 ratio boards exhibited statistically significant improvements compared to untreated group. Overall, tailoring the ratios achieved well-balanced properties for MOR, MOE, and dimensional stability, demonstrating potential to replace UF resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glued-laminated timber (Glulam), a structural engineered wood product, is mostly manufactured using structural adhesives including one-component polyurethane (PUR). Nevertheless, the concerns associated with PUR such as unsatisfactory gap-filling properties and lower resistance to delamination create opportunities for newer adhesives with enhanced bonding performance in outdoor environments. In this study, the use of fractionated lignin as a modifier in a polyurethane-based adhesive system was explored. Herein, the effect of lignin content (1, 2, and 3%) on the block shear strength (BSS), wood failure percentage (WFP), and delamination were evaluated. The results indicated that all the lignin-reinforced PUR specimens showed better adhesion performance compared to the controls (without lignin). Markedly, the lignin-PUR adhesive formulation containing 1% lignin addition exhibited superior adhesion properties than those with 2% and 3% lignin content. The statistical analyses also revealed that the lignin content influenced the BSS and WFP of the glulam specimens. Moreover, the lignin-modified PUR specimens showed increased delamination resistance and met the requirements for delamination stipulated in the ASTM D2559 standard, regardless of the lignin content. The lowest percent delamination (0.07%) was obtained from specimens bonded with 1% lignin. The presented data suggest that specimens bonded with 1% of lignin provided better bonding strength compared to other lignin-filled specimens. Thus, this study demonstrated the technical feasibility of fabricating glulam with enhanced adhesion performance using lignin-modified PUR adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is easily affected by decay fungi, mildew fungi, insects, water, UV, and other factors when used outdoors. In particular, mildew on the surface of wood negatively affects the appearance and practical use of wood or wood-based engineered products. In recent years, as a class of popular crystalline materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely applied in electrochemistry, adsorption, anti-mildew efforts, and other areas. In this study, we first grew a Co-based metal–organic framework (Co-MOF) in situ on a wood surface and subsequently converted the Co-MOF in situ into a cobalt–nickel double hydroxide layer, which formed micro- and nanohierarchical composite structures on the wood surface. The low surface energy of the CoNi-DH@wood was further modified via impregnation with sodium laurate to obtain the superhydrophobic wood (CoNi-DH-La@wood). We characterized the microstructure, chemical composition, water contact angle, and anti-mold properties of the CoNi-DH-La@wood using SEM, XRD, XPS, water contact angle tests, and anti-fungal tests. The SEM, XRD, and XPS results confirmed that the metal–organic framework was coated on the wood surface, with the long-chain sodium laurate grafted onto it. The CoNi-DH-La@wood had a water contact angle of 151°, demonstrating excellent self-cleaning ability. In addition, the fabricated superhydrophobic balsa wood exhibited excellent chemical and environment stability. Lastly, the CoNi-DH-La@wood exhibited excellent anti-mildew properties in a 30-day anti-mildew test because the superhydrophobic coating was successfully coated on the wood surface. In summary, this work presents an attractive strategy for obtaining wood with superhydrophobic properties at room temperature, thereby endowing the wood or wood-based engineered products with excellent anti-mildew properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is a commonly used building material with numerous advantages over other construction products. However, in engineered wood products such as cross-laminated-timber and laminated veneer lumber moisture absorption can lead to decay, swelling, deformation, and glue line failures, diminishing their properties. Understanding moisture intrusion processes in these materials can aid manufacturers, engineers, and architects in developing effective moisture management strategies during and after construction. The porosity of CLT 3P sections was 56.5%, higher than CLT 2P sections at 36.8%. True density varied among species, with radiata pine, southern pine, and shining gum measuring 1358, 1411, and 1031 kg/m3, respectively. True density values for CLT 3P, CLT 2P, and LVL were 1202, 837, and 1406 kg/m3, respectively. The species and sample type significantly influenced porosity and density values, crucial for future moisture modelling and predicting moisture gain/loss during wetting and drying processes. Moisture sorption and desorption properties were examined for Australian timber species, CLT, and LVL at different temperatures. LVL samples exhibited higher moisture content and dimensional changes, possibly due to improved moisture transfer facilitated by lathe checks. CLT samples demonstrated greater anisotropic behaviours than those of LVL samples. The product type and sample type had significant effects on equilibrium moisture content values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the potential gains in log processing yield when integrating sawmill and engineered wood products manufacturing, a process which enables the use of random board widths and higher wane allowances than normal. The simulation was utilized and validated against real log sawing. The validation study showed that simulations consistently over-estimated the actual volume recovery by 2.1%. Simulation results showed that logs with smaller diameters returned higher recovery increases when adopting an increased wane strategy compared to large-diameter logs. When combining both increased wane and random width strategies, the recoveries were the highest. Using a weighted average of log classes (according to a common log size distribution in South African sawmills) an increased wane strategy returned higher recovery (11.0%) than a random width strategy (2.0%), but a combined strategy (13.0%) was the most efficient. The gains in volume recovery presented in this study showed that it is worthwhile to consider the integration of engineered products manufacturing in primary log processing using random widths strategy combined with higher wane allowance. For better use of the raw material, the maximum wane that engineered products can allow without compromising its strength and stiffness must be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the utilization of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) in load-bearing engineered wood products (EWPs), reliable bonding in production is a prerequisite. The current knowledge regarding the bonding of birch in EWP applications is limited. Extractives are considered a general factor of attention when securing bonding quality. Thus, in this study, the effects of hydrophilic extractives on several adhesion-related bulk and surface properties of silver birch wood were studied, e.g., vapor sorption, swelling behavior, microstructure, wettability, and mechanical properties. The extraction procedure slightly affected vapor sorption causing a reduction in swelling pressure. The extraction also led to a lower Young's modulus, as seen by compression tests. Control experiments with vapor-treated specimens, however, indicated that the effects were originating from the water imbibition and not due to the removal of extractives per se. This was supported by X-ray diffraction results, which were similarly affected by both vapor and extraction treatment. Therefore, the results indicate that the hygric history of the specimens was affecting the wood due to plasticization, increasing mobility, and thereby likely allowing biopolymer reconfiguration and subsequent quenching during re-drying, even though surface-free energy and wettability were not considerably affected. The extent to which these changes appear permanently or temporarily remains an open research question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural materials are being further processed into functionally engineered products to reduce their natural variability and enhance their performance for use in construction, given their noteworthy recyclability, availability and sustainability traits. To date, the mechanical strengths of natural and engineered wood products are limited by their inherent micromechanical characteristics which are outclassed by homogeneous materials like steel and concrete. This study proposes a less processintensive technique to improve the strength of engineered wood products by considering glulam based on a bio-inspired functionally graded structure. The finite element method was considered to investigate the effects of the functionally graded arrangement on the asymmetric flexural deformation and on the underlying fracture mechanisms in glulam beams. The numerical results showed that the functionally graded arrangements across the cross-section led to an improvement in the bending strength and consequently enhanced the resistance to transverse crack propagation. In the functionally graded glulam beam, the stiffer layers at the bottom were found to promote the onset for longitudinal crack initiation. Moreover, transverse cracks tended to propagate sideways in an orthogonal direction in the beam layers with a high longitudinal to transverse stiffness ratio whereby the tangential normal stress was a maximum. The improvement in performance, which resulted from a shift of the neutral axis and redistribution of stress within the glulam beams, was attributed to the degree of graded arrangement across their cross-section besides the orthotropic characteristics of their individual layers. Key findings of this study could be useful to further develop high-strength engineered wood products based on bioinspired solutions to replace conventional materials in the construction industry for improved sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on investigations of the air-coupled ultrasonic (ACU) method to detect common defects in solid timber panels made of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.). The ACU technology is a non-contact method for nondestructive timber testing with quicker scanning rates compared to contact methods. A testbed was set up consisting of commercially available piezo-ceramic ACU transducers and in-house manufactured signal processing circuits. To demonstrate the suitability of the ACU technique, through-transmission measurement results are presented for samples with defects such as knots, wormholes, and cracks. Pulse compression methods (Barker-coded method) were used to improve the power of received signals based on cross-correction algorithms. Results showed defects of timber panels made of Chinese fir can be detected with a thickness of less than 40 mm. Defects larger than 3 mm in diameter could be detected with high precision. Applying the pulse compression method showed better results than using common sine signals as excitation signals since it increased the signal-to-noise ratio, which is especially important for air-coupled measurement of high-attenuation materials like timber materials. The measurement results on reference samples demonstrated that ACU technology is a promising method for timber defect detection, especially for the quality assessment of engineered wood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timber architectures have arisen as sustainable solutions for high-rise and long-span buildings, assisting in implementing a circular economy. The creep strain dissipation of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) was investigated in this work to understand the inherent creep behaviors of LVL derived from natural wood. The results demonstrated a significant loading regime dependency of the creep behaviors of LVL. Coupled creep strain dissipation that transits/is parallel to the wood–adhesive interface was proven in the creep deformation of flat-wise and edge-wise bent LVL. In contrast, the creep strain dissipated considerably along the wood–adhesive interface when the LVL was subjected to axial compression creep. Further investigation into the morphologies of LVL after creep revealed that direct contact between the loading plane and wood–adhesive interface could be a plausible trigger for the accelerated deformation and the resultant plastic deformation of the LVL after creep. We believe that this work provides essential insights into the creep strain dissipation of LVL. It is thus beneficial for improving creep resistance and assisting in the long-term safe application of LVL-based engineered wood products in timber architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Timber structures and buildings made from sustainable forestry might be the solution for today's ecological challenges when their renewable materials are locally processed with low energy consumption in production. The current market shows a dominance of rectangular cross-sections in engineered timber solutions. Roundwood – a traditional material in the past – is no longer common due to a lack of applications in modern structures, lost knowledge in handcraft skills and the high costs of computerised numerical control-based manufacturing. However, solid timber with a round cross-section outperforms other engineered wood products, such as glued laminated products, in terms of energy consumption and environmental aspects. To overcome restrictions in joint technologies and to increase the usability of roundwood, especially in truss structures, a new type of connector was developed. The investigation was split into two research topics: the connection design in roundwood with modified bonded-in rods and the design of wood-fibre composite moulded connectors, which is described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheological properties of wood and wood-based materials are becoming increasingly important both in timber construction, and in furniture and interior design. The topic has already been intensively researched in the 1970s and 1980s. In the context of work on modelling stresses and deformations, and the development of new engineered wood products (EWPs), investigations in this topic have been intensified in recent years. Several projects are ongoing, mostly concerning basic research on the rheological properties on solid wood. The objective of this study was to give an update on the state-of-the-art on creep behaviour of wood and wood-based materials, and to present some research questions relevant for the further development of the field. Characteristic values for Kdef, i.e. correction factors to be taken into account due to creep of the material according to Eurocode 5, are usually used as a characteristic value in the timber construction. Because of the following reasons, basic studies on rheological properties of wood and woodbased materials are still largely lacking: the development of new EWPs, especially from hardwoods, the use of new adhesive systems and the related change in adhesive properties, the reduction of formaldehyde content in adhesives for particleboard and medium-density fibreboard (MDF), and the increased use of waste wood and recycled wood in particleboard production (up to 100% particles may be based on waste wood or recycled wood). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In their limited historical perspective, engineered wood products (EWPs) have traditionally only applied as construction components where a load-bearing function was required. This study provides a holistic perspective on wood's suitability and versatility within modern architectural practices. The traditional EWP concept must now be widened to include all types of wood-based components necessary within contemporary architectural design. The objective was twofold: firstly to give, from an architectural perspective, a description of the various uses of wood as a building material and design possibilities in contemporary architectural uses, and secondly, from an engineering point, recognising the pivotal role engineers play in translating these architectural concepts into timber engineering. By classifying wood and wood-based materials based on their "origin from production", and classifying their main use as architecture elements, a widened view of wood as EWPs is hereby presented, i.e. a group of materials that embraces their whole spectrum of prospective uses with respect to specific purposes and performances, whilst related to specific properties, functions, and tactile performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a testing campaign aimed at evaluating the strength and stiffness properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) specimens. LVL is an engineered wood product composed of thin glued wood veneers whose use in construction for structural applications has increased due to its sustainability and enhanced mechanical performance. Despite LVL's growing popularity, there is a lack of comprehensive information regarding stress–strain responses, failure modes, and the full set of strength and stiffness properties. These are particularly essential when LVL is employed in pure timber structures or composite systems such as steel–timber or timber–concrete load-bearing elements. This research aims to bridge this knowledge gap, focusing on crossbanded LVL panels, known as LVL-C, crafted from Scandinavian spruce wood, which is an LVL product with 20% of crossbanded veneers. The study explores LVL-C mechanical behavior in three primary orthogonal directions: longitudinal, tangential, and radial. A series of mechanical tests, including compression, tension, shear, and bending, was conducted to provide a thorough assessment of the material's performance. In compression tests, different behaviors were observed in the three directions, with the longitudinal direction exhibiting the highest stiffness and strength. Tensile tests revealed unique stress–strain responses in each direction, with gradual tension failures. Shear tests showcased varying shear stress–strain patterns and failure modes, while bending tests exhibited significant strength and stiffness values in flatwise bending parallel to the grain and flatwise bending perpendicular to the grain. This paper summarizes the comprehensive testing results and discusses the obtained strength and stiffness properties of LVL-C panels, providing valuable insights into their mechanical behavior for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesives and metallic fasteners play a pivotal role in the domain of engineered wood products (EWPs). Nevertheless, owing to their origins in petroleum, adhesives can pose environmental hazards, whereas metal fasteners can complicate end-of-life disposal and reusability. Nonetheless, a resolution emerges in the form of dovetail massive wooden board elements (DMWBEs), characterized by their pure wood composition and absence of adhesive metal connections. The existing literature pertaining to DMWBEs has predominantly focused on inadequate structural analysis and model testing of connection specifics rather than appraising the efficacy of a structural member, such as a floor slab. This article presents a comparative analysis between a DMWBE and a correspondingly sized cross-laminated timber (CLT) panel, focusing on their respective airborne sound insulation capabilities. Experimental samples of model scale with dimensions of 200 mm thickness, 1160 mm width, and 1190 mm length were employed for both CLT and DMWBE. The evaluation of airborne sound insulation performance was conducted in accordance with ISO 10140-2 standards. The findings underscored the superior performance of DMWBE (Rw = 43 dB) in contrast to CLT (Rw = 40 dB) concerning airborne sound insulation efficacy. Additionally, the damping of the panel increased due to the different composition of the DMWBE, as evidenced by a higher measured total loss factor (TLF) compared with CLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-checking is a significant quality issue of veneer and sliced lamellae-based wood products. This study explores how surface-checking in sliced lamellae-based engineered wood Flooring (EWF) is influenced by two key structure parameters: core type and top-layer thickness. The core types assessed were a standard solid wood lamellae with a veneer back-end layer (S), a standard solid wood lamellae core with veneer back-end layers on the two sides (DS), and a single-layer oriented strand board (OS) core. The EWF element's top-layer lamellae were plain sliced at nominal dimensions of 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mm from freshly sawn slabs of European oak (Quercus spp.). The surface-checking of EWF specimens was quantified based on a digital image correlation (DIC) method, which outputs a surface-checking index. The surface-checking results were evaluated using a Tweedie compound Poisson data distribution to fit a general linear model. The model evaluated the impact of individual factors, sliced lamellae thickness and core type, and their interaction. The checking index confidence intervals were estimated using a bootstrapping technique. Findings reveal a significant interaction between studied factors and provide insight into optimizing top-layer thickness and core construction to diminish surface-checking. A low sliced lamella thickness on standard solid wood lamellae core resulted in low surface-checking, deemed relevant for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of adhesives and metal connectors is vital in engineered wood product (EWP) composition. However, the utilization of adhesives poses sustainability and recyclability challenges due to the emission of toxic gases. Similarly, metal fasteners negatively impact the disposal, reusability, and recyclability of EWPs. An alternative solution that exclusively employs pure wood, known as dovetail massive wooden board elements (DMWBEs), eliminates the need for adhesives and metal fasteners. This paper presents an experimental comparative assessment of the fire/charring performance of DMWBEs and cross-laminated timber (CLT). Model-scale test specimens measuring 200 mm in thickness, 950 mm in width, and 950 mm in length were vertically tested according to EN 1363-1. The charring behavior of DMWBEs closely resembled that of solid timber, with only a slight increase in the charring rate. Charring primarily occurred in the third lamella layer out of five, with no observable flames or hot gases on the unexposed side. The dovetail detail effectively prevented char fall-off with the tested lamella thickness. CLT specimens exhibited a notable rise in the charring rate due to the fall-off of the first lamellae layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution toward small-diameter and fast-growing plantation timbers such as the Pinus elliotti var. elliottii (Engelm) × Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) (PEE×PCH) hybrids around the world is producing large volumes of core wood that are falling short of structural sawn timber grading requirements. Engineered timber products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glue-laminated (glulam) offer potential solutions to value-adding this resource, but the bond performance of this feedstock and the extent to which current standards and guides address its common characteristics for bond performance need to be understood. This study investigated the bond quality and performance of clear defect-free, low stiffness out-of-grade PEE×PCH and evaluated this performance using the pass/fail criteria of the CLT bond performance requirements of three national CLT standards. 5-layer CLT delamination samples and shear block test samples were glued using one-component polyurethane (PUR). This process was repeated for common occurring characteristics in this resource of resin, knots, and pith to understand their impact and inform an evaluation on the need to restrict their inclusion. Clear samples had an average glue line delamination of 2.9% and an average glue line wood failure of 96.7%. Resin achieved 9.3% and 92.6%, respectively. While knots had the lowest performance at 24.4% and 77.4%, respectively. When pith was at or adjacent to the glue line, wood failure occurred through the pith and its immediate surrounding fiber. Shear strength and wood failure tests were carried out on glulam and CLT-oriented samples. CLT knot samples were tested in two load orientations. Glulam-oriented samples in clear, resin, pith, and knots achieved an average shear strength of 8.5 MPa, 8.2 MPa, 7.9 MPa, and 8.2 MPa, respectively, and wood failure of 86%, 85%, 90%, and 69%, respectively. CLT-oriented samples in clear and resin both achieved average shear strengths of 4.0 MPa; 0°-loaded and 90°-loaded pith samples achieved 3.6 MPa and 2.4 MPa, while 0°-loaded and 90°-loaded knot samples achieved 4.2 MPa and 4.7 MPa respectively. Average wood failures were 90%, 89%, 96%, 96%, 83%, and 51%, respectively. PRG320 was found to be the most restrictive standard. Resin, knots, and pith were not addressed in the evaluation of delamination or shear strength in any standard, and PRG320 was the only standard to restrict these characteristics over and above structural grading rules. The amount and type of characteristics present vary considerably in structurally graded wood, and even more so for this out-of-grade resource. It was determined that the negative impact that resin, knots, and pith have on bond quality and bond performance calls for some restriction of their inclusion in order to achieve the author's interpretation of the intended bond performance requirements of the CLT standards, which currently do not address these characteristics well or at all. A proposed modification to the PRG320 effective bond area was presented as a proactive solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When assessing the strength of sawn lumber for use in engineering applications, the sizes and locations of knots are an important consideration. Knots are the most common visual characteristics of lumber, that result from the growth of tree branches. Large individual knots, as well as clusters of distinct knots, are known to have strength-reducing effects. However, industry grading rules that govern knots are informed by subjective judgment to some extent, particularly the spatial interaction of knots and their relationship with lumber strength. This case study reports the results of an experiment that investigated and modeled the strength-reducing effects of knots on a sample of Douglas Fir lumber. Experimental data were obtained by taking scans of lumber surfaces and applying tensile strength testing. The modeling approach presented incorporates all relevant knot information in a Bayesian framework, thereby contributing a more refined way of managing the quality of manufactured lumber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hardwoods commonly have high mechanical properties, which makes them interesting for structural use, but softwoods dominate the structural timber market in Europe. Tensile strength classes are recommended for engineered wood products. However, current European standards do not provide tensile strength classes for hardwoods and the declaration of tensile properties from machine grading in the industry is not yet possible. The present paper aims to contribute to the revision of European standards through the technical group CEN/TC124/WG2/TG2: Tensile strength classes for hardwoods, of the European Standardisation Committee. An experimental campaign which involved machine grading and tensile testing of over 569 boards of Southern blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) from Spain and Portugal was made. Six new tensile strength classes were defined, from ET24 (ft,0,k = 24 N/mm2, Et,0,m = 18 kN/mm2 and ρk = 590 kg/m3) to ET42 (ft,0,k = 42 N/mm2, Et,0,m = 23 kN/mm2 and ρk = 640 kg/m3). Machine grading made possible the definition of six strength class combinations. Four combinations resulted in 40% of the sample being assigned to the higher strength class, with low percentages of rejection (varying between 1% and 14%). This demonstrates the high mechanical properties of the species and the performance improvement of machine grading with respect to current visual grading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV irradiation leads to various usage issues of engineered wood products (EWPs), including discoloration and declined mechanical performance. The radical generation and physico-chemical changes of the wood-phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive interphase during alternating UV irradiation were investigated in this paper, aiming to understand the oxidation and degradation of EWPs in daily applications. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that UV irradiation activates the phenol ring in lignin and PF adhesive, generating the reactive oxygen species (ROSs) composed of phenoxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radicals. Experiments also showed that ROSs cleavage the weak covalent bonds in the cell wall and PF adhesive, triggering photon-oxidation and degradation. The cavities in the UV irradiated cell wall were observed after UV irradiation by scanning electron microscopy. Nanoindentation analysis also demonstrated the reduced mechanical performance of cell walls in the wood-adhesive interphase and bulk wood, leading to the significant reduction in the shearing and compression strength of wood-PF adhesive bonds. In contrast, the chemical structure and mechanical performance of PF adhesive remained after UV irradiation, suggesting better stability to UV exposure. It has been demonstrated that the degradation of wood has priority during the alternating UV irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of engineered wood products (EWPs) is a parameter yet to be fully investigated and understood. This is specifically important for mass timber structures and cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. The effect of termites and scale of damage on radiata pine sawn boards have been previously investigated. However, the effects of glue line and the layered structure of CLT exposed to termite feeding in the field in Australia have not been studied. A total of 420 CLT specimens with different exposed faces and layer arrangements were exposed to termite attack in the field. Microcomputer tomography and vibration analysis were used to assess sample conditions before and after 20 weeks exposure. The observed changes showed damage patterns within samples where a glue line and different growth ring patterns were present. The termites created continuous damage along the longitudinal cells through the length and width of the samples. The 3D data showed that the edge gap on the face of panels could potentially act as a pathway for termites entering the core or mid-layers of the panel. The vibration frequency values were lower for samples after the termite exposure. The vibration analysis results showed significant effects of sample direction exposed to termite attack, and percentage of mass loss had significant effects on internal friction and damping values determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European beech is one of the dominating wood species in central Europe and the most abundant hardwood species in Austrian, German and Swiss forests. Today, it is predominantly used for the provision of energy and in the furniture industry. With the increasing demand on forests to provide sustainable raw materials for energy as well as products, the importance of lesser-used wood species like European beech has continuously increased over the last decade. The application in load-bearing products has gained significant interest. In order to connect the current and historical state of knowledge about this wood species, this review provides an overview of the past and present utilization of European beech wood. On the basis of the historical literature, technical approvals and standards of established products, it aims to summarize the extensive state of the art of this wood species and provide an overview of recent scientific publications in the field of wood material science. Based on the reviewed literature, current research efforts deal with different engineered wood products like glued laminated timber, cross-laminated timber and laminated veneer lumber. Furthermore, strength grading, adhesive technology as well as improving dimensional stability is of particular interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abrasion resistance is an important property for the functional performance and serviceability of timber floors. Although hardness is the conventional criterion used in selecting species for flooring applications, it shows greater variations and restricts the use of low-density species, whereas abrasion resistance could generate a more reliable indication of a product's surface performance. Eucalyptus nitens is a fast-grown global plantation species extensively available in Tasmania, Australia. Until recently, this material has been perceived as unsuitable for appearance applications such as flooring. This study assesses several engineered flooring prototypes comprised of E. nitens—sawlog managed and fibre-managed resources—compared to an existing market product (E. obliqua and a commercial engineered timber flooring product with UV-cured coating). Tests were performed in accordance with the EN 14354:2016, sandpaper method using Taber abraser and further modified to test flooring prototypes. The highest abrasion resistance was observed in the E. nitens veneer composite product. Fibre-managed E. nitens resulted in the greatest level of abrasion, while sawlog-managed E. nitens was comparable to native regrowth E. obliqua, a commonly used flooring species historically used in Australia. Therefore, the findings from this research suggest there are suitable flooring applications for plantation E. nitens as engineered wood products in some domestic and residential dwellings when compared to existing native products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thailand's steady growth of urban areas and industrial estates, the construction sector needs to adopt a low‐carbon circular economy (CE) model that emphasizes material circularity and resource efficiency. This research aims to measure the low‐carbon CE of the construction industry through significant representative products, life cycle assessment and material circularity indicator (MCI) were measured on significant representative products materials were evaluated. In the results of the study, it was found that the MCI and GHGs revealed the following results: 1 ton of construction steel products = 0.73 and 2.32 kgCO2/ton, 1 bag (50 kg) of mortar and cement products = 0.17 and 16.92 kgCO2/bag, 1 m3 of ready‐mixed concrete at compressive strength 240 kilograms per square centimeter = 0.11 and 253.63 kgCO2/m3, 1 m3 of wood and composite wood products = 0.17 and 745.84 kgCO2/bag, also 1 m2K/W (meters squared Kelvin per Watt) of glass wool insulation = 0.50 and 1.63 kgCO2/m2K/W, respectively. These values are indicated as national baselines for monitoring CE performance that contribute to the industry's long‐term viability and turn to sustainability in Thailand through the key strategic issues in Thailand's CE and low‐carbon society. The GHGs reduction of 11 million tons is expected, which can also increase the 10% of material circularity, also the estimation of the economic value, by considering the value added from material reduction and the price of carbon credit from construction and demolition waste reduction affect the Thai construction industry by approximately 67 million dollars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]