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The current study was carried out in 2019–2021 using the material and technical base of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, in order to research winter bread wheat samples of various ecological and geographical origin according to productivity and some economically valuable traits, to identify the most adapted of them for the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. The objects of the study were 17 winter bread wheat samples of ecological variety testing. The variety ‘Ermak’ was used as a standard. As a result of the study, there was found that the productivity of the samples (2019–2021) ranged from 7.75 (‘Etana’) to 9.52 t/ha (‘MV 15-04’). The standard variety ‘Ermak’ (8.20 t/ha) was exceeded by 9 samples ‘Akhmat’, ‘MONE’, ‘KIV – 6’, ‘Astarta’, ‘Slavna’, ‘Chornyava’, ‘XE 9710’, ‘MV 15-04’, ‘No. 71 CIMMYT’, the increase was from 0.45 to 1 .32 t/ha (0.42 t/ha with НСР05). According to ‘heading date’, the samples ‘KIV-6’, ‘Slavna’, ‘Chornyava’, ‘No. 71 CIMMYT’ (May 19–20) belonged to the middle-early maturing group; the samples ‘Akhmat’, ‘MONE’ (May 21–22) belonged to the middle-late maturing group; the samples Astarta, XE 9710, MV 15-04 (May 23–24) belonged to the late maturing group. According to ‘plant height’, the variation ranged from 81.5 cm (‘Akhmat’) to 100.3 cm (‘XE 9710’), the standard ‘Ermak’ had 99.5 cm. All studied samples belonged to a medium-large-grain-sized group (34.05–40.72 g) according to ‘1000-grain weight’. Through the years of study, the sample ‘No. 71 CIMMYT’ showed 0 points of powdery mildew resistance (defeat in the field). There have been identified the best septoria blight resistant samples ‘KIV-6’ (Russia) and ‘Astarta’ (Ukraine), with a damage degree of 5–10 %. The standard variety ‘Ermak’ had 30–40 %. As for yellow rust, the standard variety ‘Ermak’ was damaged on 50–60 %, the sample ‘No. 71 CIMMYT’ was damaged on 20–30 %; the sample ‘MONE’ on 5–10 %; the sample ‘KIV-6’ was damaged on 0–5 %; the remaining samples ‘Astarta’, ‘Slavna’, ‘Chornyava’, ‘XE 9710’ and ‘MV 15-04’ were resistant to this pathogen. According to the complex of economically valuable traits for practical breeding in the conditions of the south of the Rostov region, three winter bread wheat varieties ‘KIV-6’ (Russia), ‘Astarta’, ‘Slavna’ (Ukraine) have been of the greatest interest.

Breeding success is determined by the correct choice of agro-ecotype. In this regard, we have carried out a comprehensive estimation of 75 winter bread wheat varieties and samples of the competitive trials. The variety ‘Ermak’ was used as a standard. The study was carried out using the material and technical base of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”) in 2017–2019. The purpose was to study the correlation among economically valuable traits of winter bread wheat varieties and samples and to find genotypes similar in their parameters to the model variety based on curvilinear regressions. As a result of the phenotypic estimation of the quantitative traits of winter bread wheat varieties and samples, there was determined an average level and their variability degree. Their productivity ranged from 8.52 to 10.51 t/ha. Through the years of study, the variation coefficients indicated a high stability of these features (from 0.9 to 10.0%). In order to identify the similarities and differences between varieties and samples, there has been conducted a cluster analysis. As a result of this analysis, there has been selected the winter bread wheat variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ (C25), parameters which were more identical to the model (C76). This variety is recommended for further breeding process to improve the studied basic economic traits.

The problem of resistance to lodging during winter wheat cultivation is of great relevance in modern conditions. This trait largely correlates to plant height. The purpose of the current study was to characterize and identify the general patterns of manifestation of the trait “plant height” in the conditions of the south of the Rostov region. The study was conducted in 2013–2018 in the department of the breeding and seed production of winter bread wheat in the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The objects of the study were the collection wheat samples of various ecological and geographical origin. There has been established that the variability of the trait “plant height” was of a medium size (10% < CV < 20%) through all the years of study, excepting the year of 2015 (CV = 9.8%). This result has indicated a high degree of genotypic influence. There has been established that the maximum average yields for 6 years were produced by the samples with 81–90 and 91–100 cm of height. There has been identified a correlation between “plant height” and “productivity”, between “resistance to lodging” and “phase of head formation”. There have been identified such semi-dwarf samples with high resistance to lodging, characterized by a stable manifestation of plant height in various weather conditions as “Ling xing 99”, “Fuimai 5” (China); “Orienta” (USA); “Zlatka” (Serbia); “Minstrel”, “СО1044” (France).

The researches were conducted in 2016–2017 by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” to study varieties and promising lines of winter wheat of intensive type according to their productivity and economically valuable traits. According to productivity through the years of study the variety ‘Donskaya Step’ and the lines ‘1005/14’ and ‘1074/14’ have been identified with a yield increase from 0.52 to 1.38 t/ha (HCP05=0.47 t/ha) compared to the standard variety ‘Ermak’. The analysis showed that the maximum number of productive stems per unit area was formed by the varieties ‘Yubiley Dona’ (582 pcs / m2) and ‘Etyud’ (569 pcs / m2) in comparison to the average value of the standard variety ‘Ermak’ (488 pcs / m2). According to ‘length of an ear’, ‘number of kernels per ear’ and ‘kernels’ weight per ear’ there was identified the variety ‘Kipchak’ (10.39 cm; 43.05 pieces and 1.87 g respectively). ‘Kernels’ weight per ear’ of the other varieties varied from 1.36 g (‘Shef’) to 1.87 g (‘Aksiniya’). ‘Grain weight per plant’ ranged from 2.86g (‘Shef’) to 3.68g (‘1074/14’). ‘Number of kernels per plant’ of the studied varieties varied from 67.2 pcs (‘Shef’) to 87.2 pcs (‘1005/14’). The line ‘1074/14’ showed the largest index of ‘grain weight per plant’ (3.68g). The line ‘1005/14’ was the best in ‘number of kernels per ear’ (87.2 pcs).

According to the study of the collection material represented by the samples of various ecological and geographical origin, there has been determined the average level and range of variability of the main elements of yield structure. The average yield in the trial was 622.5 g/m2. The maximum variability has been identified in the trait “productive stand”. The variability of the traits “length of an ear”, “number of kernels per ear” and “kernels’ weight per ear” was average. Over the years of research, the average variability of the traits “1000-kernels weight” (V = 8.6%) and “number of spikelets per ear” (V = 7.5%) was weak that indicates the high stability of these characteristics. Due to the regressive analysis the optimal parameters of productive element of the model variety of winter wheat of intensive type has been specified for the southern conditions of Russia. To produce 7.0–8.0 t/ha, “density of productive stand” should be 500–580 pc/m2, “kernels’ weight per ear” should be 1.7–1.9 g, “1000-kernels weight” should be 44–47 g, “number of spikelets per ear” should be 18–20 pc., “number of kernels per ear” should be 37–41 pc., “length of an ear” should be 8.5–9.5 cm, “plant height” should be 85–95 cm. The specified indexes of such traits as “density of productive stand”, “plant height”, “number of spikelets per ear” have been practically achieved. It has been determined that the breeding work to improve productivity of the varieties of intensive type should be directed on the rise of kernels’ weight per ear by the increase of number and size of kernels per ear as well as by the increase of length of an ear and its density.

Winter wheat is a primary food crop, which occupies a significant share in the Russian grain area. The crop uses bioclimatic potential of growing areas better and gives higher yields of grain than spring wheat. Winter wheat on Don produces 50% of gross grain, and in some years it produced till 70%. Nowadays under climate warming conditions it’s necessary to improve the cultivation technologies of the crop and to develop varieties able to adapt to any changes of agro ecological conditions. Plant-breeding makes a great contribution in the increase of gross grain yields. 30-40% of productivity increase of crops in the last 50 years, including that of wheat, is due to the use of new highly productive varieties. Acceleration and modernization of the breeding process, development and introduction of new more productive and high qualitative winter wheat varieties play a great part for a successful increase of grain production and its quality. Breeding of the varieties on productivity increase is one of the most difficult tasks because of a complexity of the trait. Highly productive variety should meet three primary demands: it should be tolerant to unfavourable environment; it should use favourable environment efficiently; it should have high productivity in the productive conditions. A winter wheat variety ‘Nakhodka’, which meets all these demands, was introduced into the State Register of the breeding achievements approved for use in 2015. The article gives morphological and economic-biological characteristics of a new variety of winter soft wheat ‘Nakhodka’.

Productivity and quality of winter soft wheat varieties and lines sown after different crops and studied by FSBSI ARRIGC named after I.G. Kalinenko The study was carried out in 2013-2015 to estimate the effect of various forecrops on the formation of productivity and quality of winter soft wheat varieties and lines in the Rostov region. The objects of the study were 7 varieties and 6 lines of winter soft wheat developed by FSBSI ARRIGC named after I.G. Kalinenko. During the study the average productivity of winter soft wheat sown in bare fallow land ranged from 7.25 to 8.16 t/ha; the productivity of winter soft wheat sown after peas ranged from 6.47 to 7.17 t/ha; the productivity of winter soft wheat sown after sunflower ranged from 6.14 to 7.07 t/ha. According to the productivity the following varieties and lines of winter soft wheat showed the best results, namely ‘Nakhodka’ (8.16t/ha), ‘Kazachka’ (8.10t/ha), ‘1377/06’ (8.08t/ha), ‘1062/09’ (7.91t/ha) and ‘1401/09’ (7.91t/ha) sown in bare fallow; ‘Nakhodka’ (7.17t/ha), ‘Kazachka’ (7.04t/ha), ‘1062/09’ (7.04t/ha) and ‘1491/07’ (7.05t/ha) sown after peas; ‘Kazachka’ (7.01t/ha) and ‘1062/09’ (7.07t/ha) sown after sunflower. According to the amount of protein in winter wheat, the variety ‘Nakhodka’ sown in bare fallow produced 15.01%, the line ‘1401/09’ produced 14.99%; the varieties ‘Nakhodka’ and ‘Aksiniya’ sown after peas produced 14.58% and 14.40% respectively. According to the content of gluten in kernels the varieties ‘Nakhodka’ and ‘Aksiniya’ sown in bare fallow gave 28.1%; sown after peas ‘Nakhodka’ produced 29.4%; the varieties ‘Nakhodka’,‘Aksiniya’ and the line ‘1491/07’ sown after sunflower showed 23.7%, 23.8% and 23.7% respectively. According to SDS-sedimentation the following varieties and lines showed the best results. The varieties ‘Aksiniya’, ‘Kipchak’, the lines ‘1377/06’, ‘1062/09’, ‘1401/09’ sown in bare fallow showed 56-60 ml; the varieties Aksiniya’, ‘Kipchak’, ‘Kazachka’, the lines ‘1377/06’, ‘1062/09’, ‘1401/09’ sown after peas showed 50.3-53 ml’ the variety ‘Kazachka’ and the line ‘1038/07’ sown after sunflower showed 50-50.3 ml.

The monitoring of winter wheat varieties tolerance to yellow rust pathogens in the conditions of the Nizhniy Don The article presents the results of the immunity of the varieties and lines of winter wheat, developed in the FSBSE ARC ‘Donskoy’ and other breeding centers, to the North-Caucasus population of yellow rust in the conditions of artificial infection. In the 60s-80s of the last century the varieties ‘Krasnodarskay 6’, Khersonskaya 86’, ‘Lovrin 34’, ‘Sava’, ‘Drina’, ‘Don 85’, ‘Zernogradka 8’, ‘Don 93’, ‘Donshchina’ were used in the hybridization as the sources of tolerance to rust at that time. The varieties developed in the hybridization increased and improved the immunity of the plants to the pathogen. But over time the tolerant varieties have lost their resistance to the disease because of the new and more virulent biotypes of the pathogen, the climate change and the spread of the infectious diseases from the nearby areas. Thus the research center is constantly searching the tolerant varieties. Among the breeding samples developed by the local and other research centers there has been found material with high immunity to the pathogen. At present such new highly productive varieties tolerant to yellow rust as ‘Izyuminka’, ‘Lidiya’, ‘Nakhodka’, ‘Kapitan’, ‘Kipchak’, ‘Luchesar’, ‘Etyud’, ‘Shef’ and others are suggested to the production.