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Several previous research works have demonstrated the value of different wood species in oenology. However, the use of walnut wood from Juglans regia L. species was not totally previously considered, for wine aging. Thus, this work focuses on the comparative evolution over a period of 30 storage days of phenolic composition and sensory characteristics of a Touriga Nacional red wine stored in contact with toasted chips from walnut (Juglans regia L.) and oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood chip species. In addition, in this study a previous global phenolic analysis was also carried out for both wood chip species by the use of model wine solutions. The results obtained in our research demonstrated an absence of a clear differentiation between the two wood chip species studied. However, taking into account the impact of these two wood chip species on wine phenolic composition, the results also showed that the wine stored in contact with Quercus petraea L. chips exhibited in general the highest values for the majority of the global phenolic parameters analyzed. Wine stored in contact with Juglans regia L. chips showed significantly higher values for oligomeric fraction of proanthocyanidins. However, from a sensory point of view, a tendency for lower scores for the majority of sensory descriptors considered in this study was obtained for this wine compared to the same wine but stored in contact with Quercus petraea L. chips, as well as the control wine. The outcomes of this work improved the knowledge of the impact of a no conventional wood species (Juglans regia L.) in oenology.

Nowadays, nanoscience is a leading modern science that has a major impact on the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture sectors. Several nanomaterials show a great potential for use during vine growing and winemaking processes. In viticulture, nanotechnology can be applied to protect vines against phytopathogens and to improve grape yield and quality. Thus, nanotechnology may allow the use of lesser amounts of phytochemical compounds, reducing environmental impact and promoting a more sustainable agriculture. And in winemaking, nanomaterials and nanodevices can be used to control the growth of spoilage microorganisms and to reduce or remove undesirable compounds, such as ethyl phenols (4-ethylphenol and 4-ethylguaiacol), biogenic amines, and tartaric acid, and so on, as well as to facilitate some technological processes (i.e. in wine filtration to eliminate microorganisms). This review summarizes recent studies with applications of nanotechnology in viticulture in order to facilitate agronomic management and optimize grape production and in enology to improve wine quality and safety. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry., Financial support was given by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under project RTI2018-096549-B-I00.P. Rubio-Bretón, T. Garde-Cerdán, and E. P. Pérez-Álvarez thankthe Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades for theirpostdoctoral contracts.

International audience; The aroma of a wine is mostly driven by not only the factors in the vineyard, such as the grape variety and harvest time, but also the fermentation process. Icewine is a unique, intensely sweet wine made from late harvested grapes that have frozen naturally on the vine. Different from normal table wines, the grapes used in icewine naturally undergo a dehydration process and freeze–thaw cycles, and the must for icewine making has to be pressed from frozen grapes. This pressing process leaves water behind as ice crystals and allows the grape juice to be concentrated with more sugars, acids, and other dissolved solids, resulting in a slower than normal fermentation. These special procedures can lead to a unique aroma characteristic of icewine. This review delves into recent advances in chemical compounds related to icewine aroma characteristics and addresses how changes in these aroma characteristics and composition are influenced by environmental, viticultural, and oenological factors in the vineyard and winery. Deficiencies in previous studies and future trends related to the flavor science of icewine were also briefly addressed.

The aim of this thesis was to determine how the application of ectomycorrhizal mycelium to the root of grapevine affects the chemical composition of wine 'Portugieser'. The experiment was set up in fall 2016. in 3 locations in the area of ZOI Plesivica, when the application of vaccine called „Mykoflor” of a company named Bio-buducnost d.o.o. from Zagreb was also performed. The vaccine was applied to 100 vines of variety 'Portugieser', with the same number of vines serving as a control. Analysis of chemical composition of wine was carried out after the harvest in 2018. at Department of Viticulture and Enology of Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb in accordance with the O.I.V. (2001.) methods. By High Performance Liquid Cromatography (HPLC), single polyphenolic compounds were determined according to Tomaz and Maslov (2016.) method. Also, sensory evaluation of wine was performed using the method of 100 positive points. The results showed favorable effect of mycorrhiza on chemical composition of wines obtained from infected vines compared to the control wines. Positive effect was manifested in higher concentration of acids, sugar, increase in ash content and lower pH values. Application of mycorhizza also had a positive effect on the polyphenolic composition of wine.

This project recreated 16th century wine following Charles Estienne’s recipe in L’agriculture et Maison Rustique (1570). The primary goal was to better understand enology from this period, through scientific analysis of wine made in a historical manner. The resulting wine had an ABV of 9.74%, 216.7 kcal per 12 fl. oz., and a pH of 3.8, with volatile aromas common in modern young white wine. A secondary goal was to compare pollen profiles from the wine and the vineyard from which the wine was produced. The wine contained Vitis as a major pollen type, unlike sedimentary samples from the vineyard. Together, we conclude that a wine produced in a traditional manner may be enologically compared to modern wines, and that the palynological characteristics will include Vitis but may not reflect vineyard conditions. The implications for the archaeological record as well as our understanding of 16th century European wine traditions are discussed.

Lachancea thermotolerans is a frequent yeast in the indigenous microbiota of grapes. Its main ability is the metabolization of sugars into lactic acid by using the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, naturally decreasing wine pH during fermentation and improving wine freshness. The acidity improvement can range between 0.1 and 0.5 pH units in relation to lactic acid productions of 1–7 g/L. Additionally, the sugar metabolization into lactic acid instead of ethanol results in a slight reduction of the alcoholic degree (0.2%–0.5% vol). Most of the strains have a medium fermentative power, which generally reaches up to 10% vol; however, some strains can exceed this value. The resistance to SO2 is quite good, with many strains able to ferment at concentrations of 40–60 mg/L. The production of volatile acidity is low and frequently lower than 0.4 g/L. Some effects on wine aroma can be observed by the production of fermentative esters. L. thermotolerans is a powerful biotool to improve wine acidity and freshness, which is currently a hot topic in the enology of wine areas affected by global warming.

Aim: In this research xylovolatile aromatic compounds were determined to highlight any compositional differences between wines aged in barrels and those produced using oak chips.Methods and results: Approximately 200 wines aged using oak chips or wood barrels were analysed, among which about 50 were aged at the experimental winery of the Research Centre of Viticulture and Enology in Asti (Piedmont, Italy). 17 different types of commercial oak chips were used in order to obtain a subset of reference samples. Several factors were considered, including degree of oak wood toasting, wood geographical origin and the type of wine (both red and white). Sample preparation for GC-MS analysis was performed by single-step solid phase extraction, using polymeric SPE cartridges. More than 60 volatile molecules from oak were identified. Analytical results were explained using multivariate statistical analysis. A preliminarily step was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA), which showed interesting compositional differences between barrel and chip-aged wines with regards to methylvanillate, ethylvanillate, as well as furan derivative compounds. Further statistical analysis highlighted the clear impact of the type of wine (red or white) on the extraction of xylovolatile compounds from oak chips. Subsequently, in order to test if and how the selected chemical explanatory variables allow wine treatments to be discriminated, and to predict which group a new observation will belong to, a discriminant analysis (DA) was carried out on an independent dataset. More than 96 % of samples were correctly classified.Conclusions: Significant differences were highlighted between barrel- and chip-aged wines with regards to xylovolatile compounds. The analysis showed that several factors may influence the amount of aromatic compounds extracted from chips and barrels, especially the matrix composition. It was possible to deduce the aging process that the wines had undergone by selecting key molecules using multivariate methods.Significance and impact of the study: Via a suitable GC-MS method and a chemometric approach for the identification of discriminant xylovolatiles in wood aged wines, this study offers promising perspectives and useful tools for routine fraud inspection aiming at classifying wines according to their aging process.

This article aims to analyse the professional performance of technicians and technologists in the Viticulture and Oenology graduation course at IFRS Campus Bento Goncalves, and their relation to wine tourism activities in a descriptive and exploratory study, through an online survey. This survey consists in open and closed questions about socio-demographic, qualification and professional performance aspects. The sample corresponds to 91 participants, who concluded college between 2011 and 2017, considering N = 322. The descriptive statistics applied identified the main activities respondents, including: wine analysis and elaboration, visitors reception and serving, guide tours and cellar door. Among the participants, 75 % had guided visitors during tasting, but just 59 % had indicated that they have already worked with wine tourism activities. The technician in Viticulture and Oenology is one of the professionals that has to work in wine tourism, followed by the tourism professional and the oenologist. Every informant has considered meaningful to learn about wine tourism, however 68 % indicates that the college do not provide enough background related to. Results confirm that oenologists have a relevant role to develop for wine tourism, because of the tourist activities they are involved, although they do not have enough practical and theoretical background knowledge to promote their qualification. It is institute duty to adapt the curriculum courses, updating them according to the job market. Keywords: Wine tourism. Professional education. Rural development.

The Journal of Wine Research (JWR) has a near 30–year history of publishing varied articles examining aspects of viticulture, oenology and the international wine trade. The primary objective of thi...

In the period 2011–2013 a technological characteristic of the Ukrainian clone Aligote 61-6 was made at the Institute of Viticulture and Enology – Pleven. The Bulgarian candidate-clone Aligote N 10 was used for control. During the grapes ripening, the dynamics of sugar accumulation was monitored. Upon technological maturity the indicators of the yields were accounted and mechanical analysis was performed. The chemical composition of the must, the obtained wines and their organoleptic qualities were analyzed. In its mechanical composition, Aligote 61-6 was typically wine one and it did not differ significantly in the texture and structure of the cluster and berry from the control. The theoretical yield of both clones was high. They exhibited good sugar accumulation and similar acid content. Grapes from the control had better technological indicators for obtaining wines of optimal chemical composition and quality. In the 2011 and 2013 vintages, the control wines exceeded those of the Ukrainian clone in terms of sugar-free extract content. The experimental wines Aligote N 10 had higher titratable acidity compared to the Ukrainian clone. The difference in the phenolic substances ratio and the colour intensity in the samples from both clones were insignificant. The control wines were superior in their organoleptic qualities to those of the Ukrainian clone.

Pinot noir fruit is often relatively low in the phenolics important for wine mouthfeel and color stabilization. Previous research has shown that leaf removal can influence the concentration and composition of Pinot noir fruit phenolics, but it is not clear to what extent these effects on grape composition are carried through the winemaking process. A novel thermal treatment, ‘Controlled Phenolic Release’ (CPR), has been demonstrated effective for increasing the phenolic concentration of Pinot noir wines, but there is currently limited information on the interaction between this process and viticultural practices. CPR is microwave heating of grape must to hasten phenolic extraction. This study applied viticultural treatments to Pinot noir (no leaf removal; leaf removal at post-flowering and pre-veraison) in two commercial vineyards (A and B), and winemaking treatments in replicated microvinifications (control; CPR with skin contact; CPR with early pressing) were applied to fruit from vineyard A. Effects on grape and wine phenolics were examined using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Wine tannin composition and polymerization were assayed by methyl cellulose precipitation (MCPT) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Viticultural treatments applied produced significant effects in vineyard A but not vineyard B. Winemaking treatments impacted the concentration of phenolics in wines, but there was no interaction between viticultural and winemaking treatments; effects were additive. Of scientific and practical significance was the finding that grape phenolic concentration determined from homogenate extractions of fruit did not reliably predict Pinot noir wine phenolics. Further, in wines, variation in tannin composition, the extent of tannin polymerization and tannin size was found between treatments. The novel findings here are that the viticultural treatment and the winemaking treatments were both significant and, being independent of each other, offered two separate ways to adjust phenolics in Pinot noir wine. Viticultural and winemaking treatments were also shown to affect tannin composition, with potential mouthfeel and color stability implications.

Background and Aims The economic value of wine has increased over the years due to the emergence of new producers and new markets. In line with this, the global distribution of research outputs in viticulture and oenology has also shifted since this informs wine production and consumption. This study investigates the trends in wine and grape publications indexed in Web of Science (2002–2017). Methods and Results Using bibliometric techniques, citation impact, research specialisation and collaboration network were analysed. China had the largest annual growth in wine‐related publications, Spain had the largest total number of wine‐related publications and the USA had the highest citation impact. Australia was the sixth in terms of publication share and fifth in terms of citation share. European countries collaborate mostly with one another and Portuguese and Spanish speaking countries form another collaboration cluster. Wine and grape science is a diverse field with food science and technology scholars being the main contributors and funding coming mostly from governments agencies. Conclusions Scientific collaboration in the field does not closely follow the grouping of countries into Old and New World wine producers. While the amount of published wine research was strongly correlated with wine production for Old World countries, there was no correlation for New World countries. Significance of the Study This study improves the search strategy for retrieving wine and grape research from scholarly databases. It also provides an up‐to‐date account of global wine research trends.

The Viticulture and Enology Research Center at California State University, Fresno, is a current and historic driver of grape and wine research, with much of this research captured in internal repo...

Tourism is lively and dynamic. A continual search seems to happen over the new frontiers in technologies, and fresh destinations. This paper attempts to investigate Bangalore as a prospective destination for wine tourism, alongside benchmarking its evolution and management. Bangalore, given its resource rich status, is profoundly suitable to grow vines, most of which produce wine that meets international expectations and standards. The global benchmarking standards for wine tourism include dimensions such as infrastructure facilities for wine tourists, packages for the promotion of wine tourism, development plan related to wine tourism and goals for wine tourism Scale Testing of significant difference - independent sample test and ANOVA – constructs by demographics. The findings say that the perception of both Indian and foreign respondents regarding the rating of each dimension of the promotion of wine tourism does not differ from each other.

Preserving rare grapes is not just a matter of variety. Recent dna research has shown that unusual and unknown grape varieties provide clues to wine history. During the centuries, 525 Georgian grape varieties had been known but most of them were degenerated. Nowadays, more than 437 rare Georgian vine varieties are preserved in the geo 038 collection of Agricultural Research-Scientific Center, established in 2014 under the Environment Protection and agriculture ministry. Study of the genetic pool of Georgian grape varieties determine the sustainability of the sector and enrichment of the modern wine market. For this reason the studies of the rare aboriginal grape varieties have begun by their ampelography, phenology, chemical, and oeno-caprological characterizes. The aim of this study is to investigate rare, Georgian, aboriginal wine-grapes by their ampelography, chemical and oenolo-caprological characterizes, and to offer different style and aroma wines to the market, enriching the modern wine assortment. The present study investigated firstly the rare Georgian aboriginal grape variety (Chvitiluri) by its characterizes. In this study grapes caprologycal indication, dynamic development of the sugar accumulation, TA and pH in berries, polyphenols extract in skin and seeds, and phenolic compounds were determined. The grape has been compared with Georgian and French wine-grapes and their products as well. The results show that the grape variety - Chvitiluri, and vinification technique (aging on lee) have the significant impact on the total phenol content in wine. White varietal wine contents high alcohol 13,2%, total phenols 733-500mg/l. Wine has specific, varietal characterizes color, taste, aroma. This study indicates that the rare local, aboriginal variety presents the perspective sort for wine production and can be returned in wine production.

Nanotechnology is one of the most promising future technologies for the food industry. Some of its applications have already been introduced in analytical techniques and food packaging technologies. This review summarizes existing knowledge about the implementation of nanotechnology in wine laboratory procedures. The focus is mainly on recent advancements in the design and development of nanomaterial-based sensors for wine compounds analysis and assessing wine safety. Nanotechnological approaches could be useful in the wine production process, to simplify wine analysis methods, and to improve the quality and safety of the final product.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore China’s online wine market segmentation on the basis of the wine-related lifestyle (WRL). Moreover, this study can provide further understanding and reference about China’s wine market segmentation research, which is limited at present. This work can be helpful for those who want to do further research in the Chinese wine market. It is good for wine importers wanting to import wine to China to understand the Chinese wine consumers. Design/methodology/approach Survey data were obtained from a sample of 3,369 participants through cooperation between the College of Enology and the Yesmywine.com website. Questionnaire items included gender, age, area distribution, unit price, bottles consumed, drinking frequency, drinking time, wine-related knowledge, etc. Combined with the influence factors of the WRL, a structural equation model was developed. The data analysis, particularly employing principal component analysis, enabled the identification of five market segments. Findings Five distinct segments were identified within the wine market and designated as follows: wine official consumption type enthusiastic fancier; enjoyment consumption; fashionable consumption; and new, young wine drinkers. Research limitations/implications The research data were derived from Yesmywine, one of the largest online wine sale platforms. However, the impact of yesmywine is much smaller compared with Tmall and Taobao and Jingdong. In this paper, we can see that WRL is increasingly becoming a part of Chinese people’s daily lives, especially for the enthusiastic and fancier wine consumers, which is the official type of wine consumer. Next, an analysis of time series under the data of the near future years should be conducted to find the online wine segmentation market variation trend. Moreover, it is important to conduct cross-culture comparison between the Chinese and Australians. Brand positioning can be improved by better understanding China’s online wine market segmentation. Practical implications WRL segmentation is valuable for the wine importers and producers in west France, Italian, Germany and so on, as they want to develop China’s wine market and understand the mindset of Chinese wine consumers. The wine importers in China should focus more on consumers that enjoy wine along with newer and younger wine drinkers. Originality/value This paper analyzes a large sample (3,369) and therefore is useful for understanding online wine market segmentation and wine consumption behavior in China owing to China’s limited wine market segmentation literature. This paper is the first to use WRL tool to segment China’s online wine market. Moreover, the research data have reference value for those who want to learn more about China’s online wine market, as yesmywine is one of the largest online wine-sale platforms. It also gives some managerial implications for wineries and wine marketers that will be helpful to wine companies in understanding the emerging Chinese wine market and in enacting wine marketing strategies more effectively.

Cette étude partira de deux principes fondamentaux. D’abord, elle considérera le goût du vin comme une construction complexe qui, par l’exercice de la dégustation, convoque à fois la vue, la capacité à percevoir les saveurs, et la mémoire olfactive. Ensuite, elle concevra le goût comme le rapport esthétique et discriminatoire qu’on peut entretenir avec un objet. En ce sens, l’argumentation aura pour but d’explorer les aspects de la dégustation dans la « large Antiquité », en comparant de manière systématique la littérature grecque à la littérature latine. Comme le vocabulaire pour parler du vin est aussi sensoriel (amer, sucré) qu’extrasensoriel (charpenté, costaud), nous proposerons dans cette étude une relecture des sources pour voir de quelle manière les Anciens caractérisaient le vin qu’ils dégustaient. Le tout, en démontrant comment couleur, harmonie, goûts et textures jouent un rôle dans la compréhension et le développement du goût du vin. La comparaison des sources grecques et latines tentera de montrer qu’un véritable raffinement de vocabulaire est perceptible au courant des Ier et IIe siècles, en lien avec la constitution d’une sphère plus spécialisée de dégustateurs. L’exercice sera donc réalisé sans oublier le nécessaire retour à la terre pour comprendre les principes fondamentaux de la vitiviniculture. L’ensemble, en suggérant que la terminologie relative aux saveurs et les techniques agricoles de l’Antiquité sont capables de capturer des complexités similaires à celles d’aujourd’hui. L’examen des sources aura également pour but de démontrer qu’avec l’enrichissement indéniable de ce vocabulaire, un véritable exercice de distinction sociale se dessine pour l’élite romaine en situation de dégustation. Par la dialectique propre au vin, nous tenterons de voir que de la vigne au chai puis du cellier à la table, la pratique de la dégustation en milieu social inclut et exclut, fonde et déconstruit, honore et ridiculise à la fois., This study will start from two fundamental principles. Firstly, it will consider the taste of wine as a complex construction which, through the exercise of tasting, convokes at the same time the sight, the ability to perceive flavours, and the olfactory memory. Secondly, it will conceive taste as the aesthetic and discriminatory relationship that one can maintain with an object. To that extent, the argumentation will explore aspects of tasting in the "broad Antiquity" by systematically comparing Greek literature with Latin literature. Because the vocabulary used to talk about wine is as sensory (bitter, sweet) as it is extrasensory (robust, full-bodied), we will propose in this study a new reading of the sources to see how the Ancients characterized the wine they tasted. All of this, while demonstrating how color, harmony, tastes and textures play a role in the understanding and development of the taste of wine. The comparison of Greek and Latin sources will try to show that a real refinement of vocabulary is perceptible during the first and second centuries, in connection with the constitution of a more specialized sphere of tasters. The exercise will therefore be carried out without forgetting the necessary basics of agriculture to understand the fundamental principles of winemaking. Taken together, suggesting that the flavor terminology and agricultural techniques of antiquity are capable of capturing complexities similar to those of today. The examination of the sources will also aim to demonstrate that with the undeniable enrichment of this vocabulary, a real exercise in social distinction for the Roman elite in tasting situations is taking shape. Through a dialectic specific to wine, we will try to see that from the vine to the cellar and then from the cellar to the table, the practice of tasting in a social environment both includes and excludes, builds and deconstructs, honors and mocks.

[ES] Coupage es una palabra adoptada del francés que describe el arte de la mezcla de vinos para mejorar sus propiedades y cualidades. Eso es, en esencia, lo que se busca con este proyecto arquitectónico: una mezcla entre la gente, el pueblo, las tradiciones y la tierra. El proyecto, emplazado en Huércanos, un municipio de 800 habitantes de La Rioja Alta, trata de acercar la cultura del vino a los más jóvenes. Dado que la mayoría del pueblo se dedica al mundo del vino gracias a la bodega cooperativa, se busca generar un espacio conectado a ella tanto de enseñanza e investigación como de reunión en el que la gente del lugar pueda aprender e interesarse por el mundo vitivinícola. Es, por tanto, un centro donde conocer la viticultura, la enología y la cultura del vino. Esto se realizará mediante la creación de espacios comunes, espacios docentes, jardines interactivos para observar el desarrollo de la vid, espacios de cata e investigación, entre otros., [EN] Coupage is a French-adopted word that describes the art of mixing wines so as to enhance its properties and qualities. That is in essence, what is sought with this architectural project: a mixture between the people, the village, its traditions and the land. The project, located in Huércanos, a municipality of 800 inhabitants in La Rioja Alta, tries to bring the wine culture to the youngest. Thanks to the winemaking cooperative most of the people are dedicated to the world of wine. Therefore, it seeks to generate a space connected to it both teaching and research and gathering place in which locals can learn and take an interest in this world; hence it is a centre where one can learn about viniculture, oenology and wine culture. This will be done through the establishment of common spaces, schools, interactive gardens to observe vine development, tasting and research spaces among others.

Brettanomyces bruxellensis is described as a wine spoilage yeast with many mainly strain-dependent genetic characteristics, bestowing tolerance against environmental stresses and persistence during the winemaking process. Thus, it is essential to discriminate B. bruxellensis isolates at the strain level in order to predict their stress resistance capacities. Few predictive tools are available to reveal intraspecific diversity within B. bruxellensis species, also, they require expertise and can be expensive. In this study, a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) adapted PCR method was used with three different primers to discriminate 74 different B. bruxellensis isolates. High correlation between the results of this method using the primer OPA-09 and those of a previous microsatellite analysis was obtained, allowing us to cluster the isolates among four genetic groups more quickly and cheaply than microsatellite analysis. To make analysis even faster, we further investigated the correlation suggested in a previous study between genetic groups and cell polymorphism using the analysis of optical microscopy images via deep learning. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to predict the genetic group of B. bruxellensis isolates with 96.6% accuracy. These methods make intraspecific discrimination among B. bruxellensis species faster, simpler and less costly. These results open up very promising new perspectives in oenology for the study of microbial ecosystems.

In parallel with the development of non-Saccharomyces starter cultures in oenology, a growing interest has developed around the interactions between the microorganisms involved in the transformation of grape must into wine. Nowadays, it is widely accepted that the outcome of a fermentation process involving two or more inoculated yeast species will be different from the weighted average of the corresponding individual cultures. Interspecific interactions between wine yeasts take place on several levels, including interference competition, exploitation competition, exchange of metabolic intermediates, and others. Some interactions could be a simple consequence of each yeast running its own metabolic programme in a context where metabolic intermediates and end products from other yeasts are present. However, there are clear indications, in some cases, of specific recognition between interacting yeasts. In this article we discuss the mechanisms that may be involved in the communication between wine yeasts during alcoholic fermentation., Work on extracellular vesicles and microbial interactions in the research group led by Pilar Morales and Ramon Gonzalez is funded by the Spanish Government (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) through grants PID2019-105159RB-I00 and BES-2016-077557 (training contract for AM). JT was funded by FGCSIC by the COMFUTURO program.

The growing demand in recent years for sustainable wine production has led to the management of waste and by-products. Among them, vine-shoots could be used as additives comparable to the oak fragments widely employed in enology. This work analyzes the feasibility of applying vine-shoot chips during winemaking and the aging of Malbec and Bonarda wines from Mendoza (Argentina) and evaluates their chemical and sensory impact. Toasted (CHT) and untoasted (CHWT) vine-shoot chips obtained from a Bonarda vineyard were added in Malbec and Bonarda grapes during winemaking (Experiment A): C, control, CHWT, 12 g/L, CHT, 12 g/L. Furthermore, the same treatments were applied during aging (1M, 30 days, 2M, 60 days, 4M, 120 days) to the finished wines under controlled conditions (Experiment B). The impact of vine-shoot chips during winemaking was different between varieties. For Malbec alone, CHT caused a significant decrease in tannins, anthocyanins, and polymeric pigments, and a modification of wine color. During aging, CHWT and CHT had an impact mainly at the sensory level, increasing the wine’s complexity in terms of aromatic attributes and mouthfeel. In conclusion, the proposed technology could be a simple and economical tool for red wine production of high chemical and organoleptic quality.

Evolutionary history and early association with anthropogenic environments have made Saccharomyces cerevisiae the quintessential wine yeast. This species typically dominates any spontaneous wine fermentation and, until recently, virtually all commercially available wine starters belonged to this species. The Crabtree effect, and the ability to grow under fully anaerobic conditions, contribute decisively to their dominance in this environment. But not all strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are equally suitable as starter cultures. In this article, we review the physiological and genetic characteristics of S. cerevisiae wine strains, as well as the biotic and abiotic factors that have shaped them through evolution. Limited genetic diversity of this group of yeasts could be a constraint to solving the new challenges of oenology. However, research in this field has for many years been providing tools to increase this diversity, from genetic engineering and classical genetic tools to the inclusion of other yeast species in the catalogues of wine yeasts. On occasion, these less conventional species may contribute to the generation of interspecific hybrids with S. cerevisiae. Thus, our knowledge about wine strains of S. cerevisiae and other wine yeasts is constantly expanding. Over the last decades, wine yeast research has been a pillar for the modernisation of oenology, and we can be confident that yeast biotechnology will keep contributing to solving any challenges, such as climate change, that we may face in the future., The author’s work on wine biotechnology is funded by the Spanish Government through grants PID2019- 105159RB-I00 and PCI2018-092949 (co-funded by ERACoBioTech).

The role of yeast in wine quality is very important. The use of selected autochthonous yeasts is becoming more and more frequent in enology, not only to obtain a diversification of wines, but also as a link between the wine and its territory of origin. The objectives of this work were to test two indigenous yeasts in a cellar on a pilot scale. The yeasts were a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a strain of Saccharomyces paradoxus previously isolated in a vineyard in Piedmont (Italy). Studying the oenological characteristics of S. paradoxus is of particular interest, as it is rarely found in the cellar–vineyard environment. Molecular biology methods confirmed the predominance of the strain inoculated in the various fermentation tests. Additionally, products of yeast metabolism, including volatile compounds, were quantified at the end of the alcoholic fermentation and sensory profile of wines was tested by a trained panel of tasters. Our results indicated that both strains have good characteristics to be used as starter in winemaking, S. paradoxus was characterized by a high production of glycerol and the ability to degrade malic acid, together with a lower production of ethanol and a low volatile acidity, while S. cerevisiae conferred to the wine a pleasant smell of rose, as highlighted in the sessions of sensory analysis.

THE CHEMISTRY OF WINE. Organic Acids in Wine. Alcohols and Other Volatile Compounds. Carbohydrates. Dry Extract and Minerals. Nitrogen Compounds. Phenolic Compounds. Varietal Aroma. STABILIZATION AND TREATMENTS OF WINE. Chemical Nature, Origins and Consequences of the Main Organoleptic Defects. The Concept of Clarity and Colloidal Phenomena. Clarification and Stabilization Treatments: Fining Wine. Clarifying Wine by Filtration and Centrifugation. Stabilizing Wine by Physical and Physicochemical Processes. Aging Red Wines in Vat and Barrel: Phenomena Occurring During Aging. Index.

The fermentative potential of native Candida famata isolates from wild and cultivated blackberries was evaluated for potential application in Prokupac grape must fermentation. 5 isolates, out of a total 22 isolated yeasts, were identified as C. famata. After the initial screening of fermentative performances, microfermentation was performed in a sterile grape must. Produced samples were analyzed using the HPLC technique. All isolates showed an ability to grow at lower temperatures, good tolerance to 7% ethanol and 300 ppm of SO2. C. famata isolates WB-1, WB-2 and W-5 had similar fermentation performance, but WB-1 isolate was chosen for validation at a laboratory-scale level according to a pleasant, fruity aroma, highest fermentative vigor and power, good organic acid profile and the highest level of ethanol and glycerol produced in micro-vinification experiments. Good enological performance of selected C. famata WB-1 isolate is confirmed by higher level of glycerol, lower level of ethanol and acetic acid in wine samples produced in pure and sequential fermentation, when compared to the control sample. Throughout the selection of C. famata yeasts with good enological potential, this work gives a contribution in the area of precision enology, aiming to find a perfect match between non-exploited yeasts and “autochthonous” grape cultivar Prokupac.

Research insights arising from the sciences of Viticulture, Enology and Vitivinicultural Economy are crucial for responding to an everincreasing set of challenges - such as climate change, environmental issues and a global and more competitive market - faced by the players in the vitivinicultural sector. In this context, the scientific journals play a key role in spreading the knowledge acquired worldwide and contributing to the generation of new ideas and new research lines. The Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola is one of the oldest and few scientific journals specifically devoted to these three branches of science. In 2020, twelve articles from several international research teams were published, covering a wide range of current topics, including: sustainability of viticulture and winemaking; modelling of climate impact on wine production; control of pests and diseases; management and adaptability of grapevine varieties; quality and differentiation of wine based on minority grapevine varieties, native yeasts from grapevine and winemaking technologies; wine authenticity and traceability; botrytized wines; human resource management in small wine companies.

The yeast species Starmerella bacillaris (synonym Candida zemplinina) is widely associated with oenological ecosystems and is frequently isolated from grape and grape must. Previous work showed that the genetic diversity of this species is high in wine environments and it is shaped by geographic location. Most analysed C. zemplinina strains, however, have been isolated from Vitis vinifera, disregarding the existence of other worldwide-distributed Vitis species used in winemaking. In this work, we address the impact of the Vitis species and geographic location on the genetic diversity of C. zemplinina. Microsatellite genotyping analysis was applied to two remarkable populations of C. zemplinina from Argentina and Portugal (Azores Archipelago), isolated from neighbouring V. vinifera and Vitis labrusca vineyards. The study also included a large population of previously characterized worldwide-isolated C. zemplinina strains. Genetic analyses confirmed that geographic localization significantly shaped the genetic diversity of C. zemplinina. No genetic differentiation on the basis of the Vitis species was recorded, indicating that C. zemplinina populations from neighbouring V. vinifera and V. labrusca vineyards are genetically homogeneous. In addition, no impact of the vintage was found on the C. zemplinina populations being both highly diversified and homogeneous during initial stages of alcoholic fermentation. Altogether, these results confirmed that winemaking-related factors (i.e., vintage, Vitis species, and alcoholic fermentation) do not impact the genetic diversity of C. zemplinina and that only geographic localization significantly shapes this yeast species.

Fining, which involves the addition of adsorptive material in order to reduce or eliminate certain unwanted components, is a common winemaking practice. Fining agents affect the wine phenolic compounds, some of which may be reduced. When this reduction is experimented by the tannins, a positive effect may result by decreasing astringency in the wine, although a decrease in the wine color may also take place when the anthocyanins are involved, affecting its quality. Recently, grape cell wall material has been tested as a potential fining agent in wines, since it shows a high affinity for tannins so that its use could reduce wine astringency. In this work, the use of purified grape pomace as fining agent is proposed and the effect of different doses and contact times on wine chromatic characteristics was investigated as well as how differences in the composition of the purified pomace could alter the phenolic composition of a red wine. The results showed that a Monastrell purified grape pomace dose of 6 mg/ml and a contact time of 5 days could be suitable for decreasing the wine tannin content without producing great changes in the wine chromatic characteristics. When comparing the effect of purified pomaces from four grape varieties, some differences in their capacity to interact with the wine tannins and anthocyanins were found, however, the results confirm that the purified grape pomace, a byproduct of the enology industry could be a new interesting fining material.