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The age-metallicity relation is a fundamental tool for constraining the chemical evolution of the Galactic disc. In this work we analyse the observational properties of this relation using binary stars that have not interacted consisting of a white dwarf - from which we can derive the total age of the system - and a main sequence star - from which we can derive the metallicity as traced by the [Fe/H] abundances. Our sample consists of 46 widely separated, but unresolved spectroscopic binaries identified within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and 189 white dwarf plus main sequence common proper motion pairs identified within the second data release of Gaia. This is currently the largest white dwarf sample for which the metallicity of their progenitors have been determined. We find a flat age-metallicity relation displaying a scatter of [Fe/H] abundances of approximately 0.5 dex around the solar metallicity at all ages. This independently confirms the lack of correlation between age and metallicity in the solar neighbourhood that is found in previous studies focused on analysing single main sequence stars and open clusters., Comment: Accepted for publication by MNRAS

We present the first detailed 3D kinematic analysis of a sample of 3133 white dwarfs that use Gaia astrometry plus radial velocities, which were measured either by Gaia or by ground based spectroscopic observations. The sample includes either isolated white dwarfs that have direct radial velocity measurements, or white dwarfs that belong to common proper motion pairs that contain nondegenerate companions with available radial velocities. A subset of common proper motion pairs also have metal abundances that have been measured by large scale spectroscopic surveys or by our own follow-up observations. We used the white dwarfs as astrophysical clocks, by determining their masses and total ages via interpolation with dedicated evolutionary models. We also used the nondegenerate companions in common proper motions to chemically tag of the population. Combining accurate radial velocities with Gaia astrometry and proper motions, we derived the velocity components of our sample in the Galactic rest frame and their Galactic orbital parameters. The sample is mostly located within ~300 pc from the Sun. It contains predominantly (90-95%) thin-disk stars with close-to-circular Galactic orbits, while the remaining 5-10% of stars have more eccentric trajectories and belong to the thick disk. We identified seven isolated white dwarfs and two common proper motion pairs as halo members. We determined the age - velocity dispersion relation for the thin-disk members, which shows signatures of dynamical heating and saturation after 4-6 Gyr. We observed a mild anti-correlation between [Fe/H] and the radial component of the average - velocity dispersion, showing that dynamical mixing of populations takes place in the Galactic disk, as was detected via the analysis of other samples of FGK stars. [Abridged], Accepted for publication (Raddi et al. 2022, A&A, 658, A22). 16 pages, 14 figures, 9 tables. Tables 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are available as pdf files and in electronic form via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/658/A22

Ultra-massive (⩾M⊙) oxygen/neon (ONe) core white dwarfs (WDs) are the result of the evolution of isolated progenitor stars with masses above 6−M⊙. It is expected that hydrogen-rich (DA) ultra-massive WDs harbor crystallized cores at the typical temperatures of the ZZ Ceti instability strip. These stars offer a unique opportunity to study the processes of crystallization and to infer their core chemical composition. We present a study of the evolution and asteroseismology of ultra-massive DA WDs. We found that all pulsating WDs known to date with M⩾1.1M⊙ should have more than 80% of their mass crystallized, if a ONe-core is assumed. Finally, we present a complete asteroseismological analysis to the well known ZZ Ceti BPM 37093 and a preliminary analysis to GD 518 and SDSS J0840+5222.

We analyze the volume-limited nearly complete 100 pc sample of 95 halo white dwarf candidates identified by the second data release of Gaia. Based on a detailed population synthesis model, we apply a method that relies on Gaia astrometry and photometry to accurately derive the individual white dwarf parameters (mass, radius, effective temperature, bolometric luminosity and age). This method is tested with 25 white dwarfs of our sample for which we took optical spectra and performed spectroscopic analysis. We build and analyse the halo white dwarf luminosity function, for which we find for the first time possible evidences of the cut-off at its faintest end, leading to an age estimate of $\simeq12\pm0.5 $Gyr. The mass distribution of the sample peaks at $0.589\,M_{\odot}$, with $71\%$ of the white dwarf masses below $0.6\,M_{\odot}$ and just two massive white dwarfs of more than $0.8\,M_{\odot}$. From the age distribution we find three white dwarfs with total ages above 12 Gyr, of which J1312-4728 is the oldest white dwarf known with an age of $12.41\pm0.22 $Gyr. We prove that the star formation history is mainly characterised by a burst of star formation that occurred from 10 to 12 Gyr in the past, but extended up to 8 Gyr. We also find that the peak of the star formation history is centered at around 11 Gyr, which is compatible with the current age of the Gaia-Enceladus encounter. Finally, $13\%$ of our halo sample is contaminated by high-speed young objects (total age, 15 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS

White dwarf stars are the most common end point of stellar evolution. Of special interest are the ultramassive white dwarfs, as they are related to type Ia Supernovae explosions, merger events, and Fast Radio Bursts. Ultramassive white dwarfs are expected to harbour oxygen-neon (ONe) cores as a result of single standard stellar evolution. However, a fraction of them could have carbon-oxygen (CO) cores. Recent studies, based on the new observations provided by the {\it Gaia} space mission, indicate that a small fraction of the ultramassive white dwarfs experience a strong delay in their cooling, which cannot be attributed only to the occurrence of crystallization, thus requiring an unknown energy source able to prolong their life for long periods of time. In this study we find that the energy released by $^{22}$Ne sedimentation in the deep interior of ultramassive white dwarfs with CO cores and high $^{22}$Ne content is consistent with the long cooling delay of these stellar remnants. On the basis of a synthesis study of the white dwarf population, based on Monte Carlo techniques, we find that the observations revealed by {\it Gaia} can be explained by the existence of these prolonged youth ultramassive white dwarfs. Although such a high $^{22}$Ne abundance is not consistent with the standard evolutionary channels, our results provide sustain to the existence of CO-core ultramassive white dwarfs and to the occurrence of $^{22}$Ne sedimentation., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A Letters

White dwarfs are dense, cooling stellar embers consisting mostly of carbon and oxygen, or oxygen and neon (with a few percent carbon) at higher initial stellar masses. These stellar cores are enveloped by a shell of helium which in turn is usually surrounded by a layer of hydrogen, generally prohibiting direct observation of the interior composition. However, carbon is observed at the surface of a sizeable fraction of white dwarfs, sometimes with traces of oxygen, and it is thought to be dredged-up from the core by a deep helium convection zone. In these objects only traces of hydrogen are found as large masses of hydrogen are predicted to inhibit hydrogen/helium convective mixing within the envelope. We report the identification of WDJ055134.612+413531.09, an ultra-massive (1.14 solar masses (M⊙)) white dwarf with a unique hydrogen/carbon mixed atmosphere (C/H=0.15 in number ratio). Our analysis of the envelope and interior indicates that the total hydrogen and helium mass fractions must be several orders of magnitude lower than predictions of single star evolution: less than 10−9.5 and 10−7.0, respectively. Due to the fast kinematics (129 ± 5 km s−1 relative to the local standard of rest), large mass, and peculiar envelope composition, we argue that WDJ0551+4135 is consistent with formation from the merger of two white dwarfs in a tight binary system., Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

Ultra-massive hydrogen-rich (DA) white dwarfs (WD) are expected to have a substantial portion of their cores in a crystalline state at the effective temperatures characterizing the ZZ Ceti instability strip, as a result of Coulomb interactions. Asteroseismological analyses of these WDs can provide valuable information related to the crystallization process, the core chemical composition and the evolutionary origin of these stars. We present a thorough asteroseismological analysis of the ultra-massive ZZ Ceti star BPM~37093, which exhibits a rich period spectrum, on the basis of a complete set of fully evolutionary models that represent ultra-massive oxygen/neon(ONe)-core DA WD stars harbouring a range of hydrogen (H) envelope thicknesses. We also carry out preliminary asteroseismological inferences on two other ultra-massive ZZ Ceti stars that exhibit fewer periods, GD~518, and SDSS~J0840+5222. We found a mean period spacing of $\Delta \Pi \sim 17$ s in the data of BPM~37093, associated to $\ell= 2$ modes. We found asteroseismological models for the three objects under analysis, two of them (BPM~37093 and GD~518) characterized by canonical (thick) H envelopes, and the third one (SDSS~J0840+5222) with a thinner H envelope. We also derive asteroseismological distances which are somewhat different to the astrometric measurements of {\it Gaia} for these stars. Asteroseismological analyses like the one presented in this paper could lead to a more complete knowledge of the processes occurring during crystallization inside WDs. Also, they could make it possible to deduce the core chemical composition of ultra-massive WDs, and in this way, to infer their evolutionary origin, i.e., if the star has a ONe core and then is the result of single-star evolution, or if it harbour a carbon/oxygen (CO) core and is the product of a merger of the two components of a binary system., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 7 tables. To be published in Astronomy and Astrophysics

We analyze the effect of the sedimentation of $^{22}$Ne on the local white dwarf luminosity function by studying scenarios under different Galactic metallicity models. We make use of an up-to-date population synthesis code based on Monte Carlo techniques to derive the synthetic luminosity function. Constant solar metallicity models are not able to simultaneously reproduce the peak and cut-off of the white dwarf luminosity function. The extra release of energy due to $^{22}$Ne sedimentation piles up more objects in brighter bins of the faint end of the luminosity function. The contribution of a single burst thick disk population increases the number of stars in the magnitude interval centered around $M_{\rm bol}=15.75$. Among the metallicity models studied, the one following a Twarog's profile is disposable. Our best fit model was obtained when a dispersion in metallicities around the solar metallicity value is considered along with a $^{22}$Ne sedimentation model, a thick disk contribution and an age of the thin disk of $8.8\pm0.2$ Gyr. Our population synthesis model is able to reproduce the local white dwarf luminosity function with a high degree of precision when a dispersion in metallicities around the solar value model is adopted. Although the effects of $^{22}$Ne sedimentation are only marginal and the contribution of a thick disk population is minor, both of them help in better fitting the peak and the cut-off regions of the white dwarf luminosity function., 11 pages, 9 figures and 2 tables; accepted for publication in A&A

We analyzed the velocity space of the thin and thick-disk Gaia white dwarf population within 100 pc looking for signatures of the Hercules stellar stream. We aimed to identify those objects belonging to the Hercules stream and, by taking advantage of white dwarf stars as reliable cosmochronometers, to derive a first age distribution. We applied a kernel density estimation to the $UV$ velocity space of white dwarfs. For the region where a clear overdensity of stars was found, we created a 5-D space of dynamic variables. We applied a hierarchichal clustering method, HDBSCAN, to this 5-D space, identifying those white dwarfs that share similar kinematic characteristics. Finally, under general assumptions and from their photometric properties, we derived an age estimate for each object. The Hercules stream was firstly revealed as an overdensity in the $UV$ velocity space of the thick-disk white dwarf population. Three substreams were then found: Hercules $a$ and Hercules $b$, formed by thick-disk stars with an age distribution peaked $4\,$Gyr in the past and extended to very old ages; and Hercules $c$, with a ratio of 65:35 thin:thick stars and a more uniform age distribution younger than 10 Gyr., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in A&A Letters

Ultra-massive DA WD stars are expected to harbor ONe cores resulting from the progenitor evolution through the Super-AGB phase. As evolution proceeds during the WD cooling phase, a crystallization process resulting from Coulomb interactions in very dense plasmas is expected to occur, leading to the formation of a highly crystallized core. Pulsating ultra-massive WDs offer a unique opportunity to infer and test the occurrence of crystallization in WD interiors as well as physical processes related with dense plasmas. We aim to assess the adiabatic pulsation properties of ultra-massive DA WD with ONe cores. We studied the pulsation properties of ultra-massive DA WD stars with ONe cores. We employed a new set of ultra-massive WD evolutionary sequences of models with stellar masses in the range 1.10 $\leq M_{star}/M_{sun} \leq$ 1.29 computed by taking into account the complete evolution of the progenitor stars and the WD stage. When crystallization set on in our models, we took into account latent heat release and also the expected changes in the core chemical composition that are due to phase separation according to a phase diagram suitable for O and Ne plasmas. We computed nonradial pulsation g-modes of our sequences of models at the ZZ Ceti phase by taking into account a solid core. We explored the impact of crystallization on their pulsation properties, in particular, the structure of the period spectrum and the distribution of the period spacings. We find that it would be possible, in principle, to discern whether a WD has a nucleus made of CO or a nucleus of ONe by studying the spacing between periods. The features found in the period-spacing diagrams could be used as a seismological tool to discern the core composition of ultra-massive ZZ Ceti stars, something that should be complemented with detailed asteroseismic analysis using the individual observed periods., Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures, 1 table. Accepted for publication in Astronomy \& Astrophysics

The possible existence of warm ($T_{\rm eff}\sim19\,000$ K) pulsating DA white dwarf (WD) stars, hotter than ZZ Ceti stars, was predicted in theoretical studies more than 30 yr ago. However, to date, no pulsating warm DA WD has been discovered. We re-examine the pulsational predictions for such WDs on the basis of new full evolutionary sequences. We analyze all the warm DAs observed by TESS satellite up to Sector 9 in order to search for the possible pulsational signal. We compute WD evolutionary sequences with H content in the range $-14.5 \lesssim \log(M_{\rm H}/M_{\star}) \lesssim -10$, appropriate for the study of warm DA WDs. We use a new full-implicit treatment of time-dependent element diffusion. Non-adiabatic pulsations were computed in the effective temperature range of $30\,000-10\,000$ K, focusing on $\ell= 1$ $g$ modes with periods in the range $50-1500$ s. We find that extended He/H transition zones inhibit the excitation of $g$ modes due to partial ionization of He below the H envelope, and only in the case that the H/He transition is assumed much more abrupt, models do exhibit pulsational instability. In this case, instabilities are found only in WD models with H envelopes in the range of $-14.5 \lesssim \log(M_{\rm H}/M_{\star}) \lesssim -10$ and at effective temperatures higher than those typical of ZZ Ceti stars, in agreement with previous studies. None of the 36 warm DAs observed so far by TESS satellite are found to pulsate. Our study suggests that the non-detection of pulsating warm DAs, if WDs with very thin H envelopes do exist, could be attributed to the presence of a smooth and extended H/He transition zone. This could be considered as an indirect proof that element diffusion indeed operates in the interior of WDs., Comment: 13 pages, 15 figures, 2 tables. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Context. In the absence of a third dredge-up episode during the asymptotic giant-branch phase, white dwarf models evolved from low-metallicity progenitors have a thick hydrogen envelope, which makes hydrogen shell burning be the most important energy source. Aims. We investigate the pulsational stability of white dwarf models with thick envelopes to see whether nonradial g-mode pulsations are triggered by hydrogen burning, with the aim of placing constraints on hydrogen shell burning in cool white dwarfs and on a third dredge-up during the asymptotic giant-branch evolution of their progenitor stars. Methods. We construct white-dwarf sequences from low-metallicity progenitors by means of full evolutionary calculations that take into account the entire history of progenitor stars, including the thermally pulsing and the post-asymptotic giant-branch phases, and analyze their pulsation stability by solving the linear, nonadiabatic, nonradial pulsation equations for the models in the range of effective temperatures Teff ~ 15 000-8000 K. Results. We demonstrate that, for white dwarf models with masses M★ ≲ 0.71 M⊙ and effective temperatures 8500 ≲ Teff ≲ 11 600 K that evolved from low-metallicity progenitors (Z = 0.0001, 0.0005, and 0.001), the dipole (ℓ = 1) and quadrupole (ℓ = 2) g1-modes are excited mostly as a result of the hydrogen-burning shell through the ϵ-mechanism, in addition to other g-modes driven by either the κ-γ or the convective driving mechanism. However, the ϵ mechanism is insufficient to drive these modes in white dwarfs evolved from solar-metallicity progenitors. Conclusions. We suggest that efforts should be made to observe the dipole g1-mode in white dwarfs associated with low-metallicity environments, such as globular clusters and/or the galactic halo, to place constraints on hydrogen shell burning in cool white dwarfs and the third dredge-up episode during the preceding asymptotic giant-branch phase., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

Because of the large neutron excess of 22Ne, sedimentation of this isotope occurs rapidly in the interior of white dwarfs. This process releases an additional amount of energy, thus delaying the cooling times of the white dwarf. This influences the ages of different stellar populations derived using white dwarf cosmochronology. Furthermore, the overabundance of 22Ne in the inner regions of the star modifies the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, thus altering the pulsational properties of these stars. In this work we discuss the impact of 22Ne sedimentation in white dwarfs resulting from solar metallicity progenitors (Z = 0.02). We performed evolutionary calculations of white dwarfs with masses of 0.528, 0.576, 0.657, and 0.833 derived from full evolutionary computations of their progenitor stars, starting at the zero-Age main sequence all the way through the central hydrogen and helium burning, the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch (AGB), and post-AGB phases. Our computations show that at low luminosities (), 22Ne sedimentation delays the cooling of white dwarfs with solar metallicity progenitors by about 1 Gyr. Additionally, we studied the consequences of 22Ne sedimentation on the pulsational properties of ZZ Ceti white dwarfs. We find that 22Ne sedimentation induces differences in the periods of these stars larger than the present observational uncertainties, particularly in more massive white dwarfs., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

Context. NGC 6397 is one of the most interesting, well-observed, and most thoroughly theoretically studied globular clusters. The existing wealth of observations allows us to study the reliability of the theoretical white dwarf cooling sequences of low-metallicity progenitors, to determine the age of NGC 6397 and the percentage of unresolved binaries. We also assess other important characteristics of the cluster, such as the slope of the initial mass function or the fraction of white dwarfs with hydrogen-deficient atmospheres. Aims. We present a population synthesis study of the white dwarf population of NGC 6397. In particular, we study the shape of the color-magnitude diagram and the corresponding magnitude and color distributions. Methods. To do this, we used an advanced Monte Carlo code that incorporates the most recent and reliable cooling sequences and an accurate modeling of the observational biases. Results. Our theoretical models and the observed data agree well. In particular, we find that this agreement is best for those cooling sequences that take into account residual hydrogen burning. This result has important consequences for the evolution of progenitor stars during the thermally pulsing asymptotic giant branch phase, since it implies that appreciable third dredge-up in low-mass, low-metallicity progenitors is not expected to occur. Using a standard burst duration of 1.0 Gyr, we obtain that the age of the cluster is 12.8+0.50-0.75 Gyr. Greater ages are also compatible with the observed data, but then unrealistic longer durations of the initial burst of star formation are needed to fit the luminosity function. Conclusions. We conclude that a correct modeling of the white dwarf population of globular clusters, used in combination with the number counts of main-sequence stars, provides a unique tool for modeling the properties of globular clusters., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

Context. White dwarfs are nowadays routinely used as reliable cosmochronometers, allowing several stellar populations to be dated. Aims. We present new white dwarf evolutionary sequences for low-metallicity progenitors. This is motivated by the recent finding that residual H burning in low-mass white dwarfs resulting from Z = 0.0001 progenitors is the main energy source over a significant part of their evolution. Methods. White dwarf sequences have been derived from full evolutionary calculations that take the entire history of progenitor stars into account, including the thermally pulsing and the post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) phases. Results. We show that for progenitor metallicities in the range 0.00003 ≲ Z ≲ 0.001, and in the absence of carbon enrichment from the occurrence of a third dredge-up episode, the resulting H envelope of the low-mass white dwarfs is thick enough to make stable H burning the most important energy source even at low luminosities. This has a significant impact on white dwarf cooling times. This result is independent of the adopted mass-loss rate during the thermally-pulsing and post-AGB phases and in the planetary nebulae stage. Conclusions. We conclude that in the absence of third dredge-up episodes, a significant part of the evolution of low-mass white dwarfs resulting from low-metallicity progenitors is dominated by stable H burning. Our study opens the possibility of using the observed white dwarf luminosity function of low-metallicity globular clusters to constrain the efficiency of third dredge up episodes during the thermally-pulsing AGB phase of low-metallicity progenitors., Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata

We present a set of full evolutionary sequences for white dwarfs with hydrogen-deficient atmospheres. We take into account the evolutionary history of the progenitor stars, all the relevant energy sources involved in the cooling, element diffusion in the very outer layers, and outer boundary conditions provided by new and detailed non-gray white dwarf model atmospheres for pure helium composition. These model atmospheres are based on the most up-to-date physical inputs. Our calculations extend down to very low effective temperatures, of ∼2500 K, provide a homogeneous set of evolutionary cooling tracks that are appropriate for mass and age determinations of old hydrogen-deficient white dwarfs, and represent a clear improvement over previous efforts, which were computed using gray atmospheres., Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata