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Two field experiments were carried out in two successive seasons to examine the effect of weed management on wheat crop under saline condition and how herbicides can interact with foliar application with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to improve weed suppression and enhance crop growth and productivity under salinity stress. Clodinafop-propargyl was the best option to attain acceptable grassy weeds control. Increasing IAA from 0 up to 150 ppm significantly increased number and dry weight of grassy weeds in wheat after 80 days from sowing. Application of IAA at 150 ppm recorded the highest number and dry weight of weeds. Clodinafop-propargyl produced the lowest values of number and dry weight of weeds as well as nutrients uptake by weeds when water spraying was added. While application of IAA at 150 ppm gave the maximum values of flag leaf area, SPAD meter values, number of spike/m2, spike length, number of spikelets/spike, grains number/spike, grains weight/spike, as well as grain, straw, and total crude protein, phosphorus and potassium percentages when clodinafop-propargyl treatment was applied. It could be concluded that using IAA at 150 ppm resulted in enhancement of growth and productivity of wheat crop when integrated with clodinafop-propargyl treatment under salinity condition.

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Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops grown in the world. Drought is a worldwide problem, constraining global crop production seriously and recent global climate change has made this situation more serious. Two experiments (pots and field) were performed to investigate the effect of foliar spray with some biostimulants (amino acids 1.5 and 3 ml/L or yeast 3 and 6 g/L) to reduce hazards of drought stress (irrigation after the depletion of 65% and 80% of available soil water) on bread wheat (Sakha 94 cv.). The obtained results revealed that all studied characters of growth, relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars (TSS), total carbohydrates (TC), total free amino acids (TAA), enzymes activities, minerals (NPK% and uptakes), yield and its attributes and grain quality were negatively affected by lower water supplies, meanwhile a significant increase was obtained in leaf water deficit (LWD), osmotic potential (OP), total phenols (TP) and proline content. The maximum decrease was recorded under high level of water stress (W2) compared to optimum level of water supply (W0). Application of amino acids and yeast extract significantly increased all measurement studied with exception of leaf water deficit, osmotic potential and proline content characters in favor of yeast application at a rate of 6 g/L compared to untreated plants in the two seasons. The interaction between the tested water stress and biostimulants was found to be significant for most characters of physiological traits and yield and its components. Also it was noticed that application of yeast (6 g/L) under normal water supply gave the best results of all studied characters. Also, it could be recommended that application of natural substances led to overcome the deleterious effect of drought and consequently resulted in improved the productivity of wheat and its grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of biochar blended humate (BBH) might be considered as a promising material for potential toxic elements (PTEs) immobilization and improvement in crop yield but has not yet been studied. For this purpose, different soil amendments such as vermicompost (VC), biochar (BI), BBH and zeolite (Z) were applied to different soil types in various depositional environments include lacustrine (LA), fluvial (FL), and marine (M). The aim was to explore the potential impact of such amendments on the immobilization of Cd, Ni and Pb, metal transfer, and the consequent risk to human health, as well as improve wheat growth, yield and quality in different contaminated environments. Application of amendments, particularly BBH and VC significantly decreased the mobile fraction of tested heavy metals in all depositional environments. Consequently, application of BBH decreased the content of tested metals in wheat grains by 36.2%, 26.6% and 16.7% respectively compared to control averaged over three soil types. The highest reduction in human health risk index (HRI) was achieved when soil treated with VC followed by BBH compared to other amendments. The HRI decreased by 23.2%, 22.2%, and 25.7% in fluvial, lacustrine, and marine respectively in response to application of VC compared to untreated soil. Furthermore, application of VC and BBH improved wheat growth, yield and quality in the studied soils. Despite its complexity in production, the use of a synthesized Z in heavy metal immobilization is not recommended. In conclusion, the novel material (BBH) showed a significant immobilization of tested PTEs, and VC achieved higher yields of wheat and lower HRI, confirming the importance of both materials as promising low-cost and environmentally friendly amendments for PTEs immobilization, producing higher yields of good quality and decreasing human health risks. [Display omitted] • Food security and human health are major concerns for contaminated arid ecosystems. • The novel BBH decreased the availability of Cd, Ni and Pb in different soil types. • The VC achieved higher growth, yield, and quality of wheat in all environments. • VC and BBH decreased metal transfer to plant organs, decreasing the HRI. • VC and BBH are recommended to ensure food and health safety in contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]