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In the arid regions of south eastern Tunisia, the land use is predominated by olive trees cropping, where two main cultivation strategies can be found: using of water harvesting techniques to overcome the scarcity and variability of rainfall (in the Matmata mountains) and dryland farming (in the Jeffara plain). In these arid areas, soil moisture is the main limiting factor for crop growth and it should be monitored to benchmark different management options. Different conventional methods are available for point soil moisture monitoring, but the increased availability of remotely sensed data offers major opportunities for spatial analyses. The aim of this paper is to perform a comparative study on the soil water status for rainfed olive tree growing in three major landscape areas: in the mountains with traditional water harvesting check dams (called jessour), in the piedmont on floodwater harvesting (called tabias), and in the plain with full dryland farming conditions. Time series of Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII), derived from Landsat 7 satellite, were retrieved from the novel Google Earth Engine platform. NDII values were related to measured soil water content, which was taken at non-regular time intervals between 2009 and 2017. The analysis of NDII data, indicating the water content of the vegetation, shows that jessour can adequately ensure water supply for olive trees. Increased soil moisture conditions in the jessour areas are visible both in the dry and the humid seasons, indicating the effectiveness of this traditional water harvesting system. Moreover, our results show that Landsat 7 NDII values are correlated with the root-zone soil moisture in the monitoring sites (r 2 ranging from 0.62 to 0.67), allowing the use of NDII to estimate soil water contents in our study area., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The Defluoridation Technology Project was called upon to survey existing water resources by three different institutions lying in fluorotic Tanzania: 1) The Ngongongare Secondary School. 2) The St Constantine International School and 3) The Minjingu Church Project. In case 1), due to low affordability, an open dug well was proposed. In case 2) a defluoridation system was installed and could be used to estimate essential design parameters, as Operation Period (1 Year), Removal Efficiency (93 %) and Removal Capacity (3-4 mg/g of Bone Char). In case 3) the water was deadly toxic because of high fluoride concentrations, but, fortunately, unpalatable due to high contents of Alkalinity/Salinity. The salinity renders the defluoridation process useless. A system of combined rain water harvesting and defluoridation of brought water sources was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its unique climate and geography, Taiwan experiences abundant rainfall but still faces significant water scarcity. As a result, rainwater harvesting systems (RWHSs) have been recognized as potential water resources within both water legal and green building policies. However, the effects of climate change—manifested in more frequent extreme rainfall events and uneven rainfall distribution—have heightened the risks of both droughts and floods. This underscores the need to retrofit existing RWHSs to function as stormwater management tools and water supply sources. In Taiwan, the use of simple and cost-effective passive release systems is particularly suitable for such retrofits. Four key considerations are central to designing passive release RWHSs: the type of discharge outlet, the size of the outlet, the location of the outlet, and the system's operational strategy. This study analyzes three commonly used outlet types—namely, the orifice, short stub fitting, and drainage pipe. Their respective discharge flow formulas and design charts have been developed and compared. To determine the appropriate outlet size, design storms with 2-, 5-, and 10-year return periods in the Taipei area were utilized to examine three different representative buildings. Selected combinations of outlet diameters and five different outlet locations were assessed. Additionally, probably hazardous rainfall events between 2014 and 2023 were used to verify the results obtained from the design storm analysis. Based on these analyses, the short stub fitting outlet type with a 15 mm outlet diameter was selected and verified. For determining the suitable discharge outlet location, a three-step process is recommended. First, the average annual water supply reliability for different scenarios and outlet locations in each representative building is calculated. Using this information, the maximum allowable decline in water supply reliability and the corresponding outlet location can be identified for each scenario. Second, break-even points between average annual water supply and regulated stormwater release curves, as well as the corresponding outlet locations, are identified. Finally, incremental analyses of average annual water supply and regulated stormwater release curves are conducted to determine the suitable outlet location for each scenario and representative building. For the representative detached house (DH), scenario 2, which designates 50% of the tank's volume as detention space (i.e., the discharge outlet located halfway up the tank), and scenario 3, which designates 75% (i.e., the discharge outlet at one-quarter of the tank height), are the most suitable options. For the four-story building (FSB), the outlet located at one-quarter of the tank's height is suitable for both scenarios 2 and 3. For the eight-story building (ESB), scenario 2, with the outlet at one-quarter of the tank's height, and scenario 3, with the outlet at the lowest point on the tank's side, are preferred. The framework developed in this study provides drainage designers with a systematic method for determining the key parameters in passive-release RWHS design at the household scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influx of refugees, population growth and current agricultural practices have led to an increase in water demand in Jordan, placing pressure on existing water provision. Climate change further exacerbates declining water availability. Against this backdrop, the techno-economic feasibility of four water supply and sanitation alternatives for small and medium scale cities in Jordan were explored, using local unit costs and Al-Mafraq as a case study. City level piped network combined with household rooftop rainwater harvesting and surface runoff collection into local ponds and piped networks with treatment using the nature-based solution of root-zone for sanitation were demonstrated to provide the highest benefits in terms of cost, convenience and water conservation. Our work highlights the need to invest in long-term urban infrastructure networks to promote sustainable future growth of cities. This is vital to address severe water scarcity challenges that ultimately impact those at the urban fringes most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH) has received unprecedented attention as a future water and energy platform. However, the water productivity of SAWH systems is still constrained by the slow sorption kinetics at material and component levels and inefficient condensation. Here, we report a facile method to prepare hygroscopic interconnected porous gel (HIPG) with fast sorption-desorption kinetics, high scalability and stability, and strong adhesion property for highly efficient SAWH. We further design a solar-wind coupling driven SAWH device with collaborative heat and mass enhancement achieving continuous water production. Concentrated sunlight contributes to enhancing the desorption and condensation synergistically, and natural wind is introduced to drive the device operation and improve the sorption kinetics. The device demonstrated record high working performance of 14.9 Lwater m−2 day−1 and thermal efficiency of 25.7% in indoor experiments and 3.5–8.9 Lwater m−2 day−1 in outdoor experiments by solar concentration without any other energy consumption. This work provides an up-and-coming pathway to realize highly efficient and sustainable clean water supply for off-grid and arid regions. Sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (SAWH), despite great promise, is constrained by slow sorption kinetics and inefficient condensation. Here the authors synthesize a hygroscopic interconnected porous gel with excellent sorption kinetics and high scalability and adopt solar concentration strategy for efficient continuous SAWH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six ancestral Pueblo community water supply sources were investigated by a team of engineers, scientists, archeologists, and other specialists affiliated with Wright Water Engineers, Inc. (WWE), and the Wright Paleohydrological Institute (WPI) from 1996 to 2021. The team members applied their various technical backgrounds and research methods to gain more insight into the water available to the ancestral Pueblo people living in the Four Corners area of the United States between 750 and 1280 CE, and how these indigenous people managed the water. Using lab analyses, field research, surveys, and analyses of sediment layers, the WWE/WPI team determined that four mounded areas discovered at Mesa Verde National Park had been ancestral Pueblo reservoirs. Through climate research, lab analyses, and investigations at these and two other sites, the team learned that water in this region was limited, and the community had to work diligently to harvest this water and maintain access to it. In the case of the four reservoirs studied, for example, the runoff used as water supply carried a high volume of sediment that required the water storage basins to be frequently dredged to maintain adequate capacity. These and other examples indicate that the ancestral Pueblo people were resourceful, hardworking, and organized water harvesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global water resources decline and demand increases due to population growth and climate change, innovative rainwater storage systems (IRSSs) have become crucial. This review examines the potential of IRSSs to sustainably address rainwater challenges by analyzing key factors that influence their success. Drawing on research from Scopus and Google Scholar, it evaluates IRSSs in both urban and rural settings across different countries and regions, focusing on their contribution to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6. This review highlights how social, environmental, economic, and policy factors affect the success of IRSS compared to traditional systems common in developing nations. IRSSs can outperform traditional methods in sustainability, encouraging their adoption. However, there is a significant gap in policy integration that needs to be addressed for successful implementation. Further research is needed to better understand the contributing factors and their role in achieving sustainability. Integrating rainwater harvesting into national water policies could offer valuable guidance for policymakers and water resource managers in addressing issues like urban floods, water scarcity, and related social and environmental challenges in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial recharge of groundwater has been recognized as a promising option for sustaining groundwater supplies and ensure water security for the ever rising population. With the aid of geospatial and multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies, the current study's scope aids in evaluating groundwater potential zones and locating suitable zones and sites for groundwater recharge for the revival of the Kanari River. A pragmatic methodology was suggested in this study for implementing water harvesting structures for river revival and estimation of water demand, pumping, and recharge. The geometric mean and the normalized weight for individual features were specified using the AHP in a GIS environment. All the different features/datasets were overlaid, and possible groundwater zones were revealed using AHP. Integrated maps were used to identify the groundwater recharge zone and locations for establishing artificial recharge structures within the Kanari River system. Ultimately, the domestic water demand, agriculture water use, pumping, and livestock water demand were estimated for water budgeting, and based on this data, the water availability was calculated. Based on the study results, the water demand of the Kanari River watershed was estimated to be 732 MCM. Taking into consideration the supply and demand scenarios, the pumping overdraft of the Kanari River watershed was found to be 423 MCM, and the proposed additional recharge through the planned conservation structures was estimated to be 859 MCM. So, even if pumping overdraft is considered, this additional groundwater recharge can fulfill the local demand, help maintain the river flow, and ensure water availability and security in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) offers a potential solution to Jordan's pressing water scarcity problems. Yet, its feasibility and benefits necessitate a thorough assessment, particularly as existing studies on the subject are outdated and often constrained by limited scope or small data sets. To this end, our study assessed the potential of RRWH in Jordan's 12 governorates, utilizing historical rainfall data from 1987 to 2018 and official statistics on population and rooftop areas. The analyses used the Ripple Method and Water Balance Model to determine potential harvestable water volumes, potential water-saving percentages, and optimal tank sizes under different scenarios (i.e., using rainwater to meet the total consumption or only for toilet flushing). The findings reveal that Jordan has a total potential for rooftop rainwater harvesting amounting to 23.74 Mm3/year, corresponding to 4.54% of the total water demand. Should RRWH be implemented across all rooftops, the projected financial savings for Jordan could range from $170 million to $678 million. Among the governorates, Irbid and Amman have the highest potential, with estimated yields of 7.754 Mm3 and 8.453 Mm3 per year, respectively. Based on the best results for the scenario where harvested rainwater is only used to flush toilets, the optimal tank sizes for storing rainwater were estimated to be 2.7 m3 and 2 m3 per household in Ajlun and Irbid, respectively. For a regularized case (October–May), a payback period of 12.5–24 years based on desalination cost was found for an RRWH system capable of meeting thrice the flushing needs of a household. RRWH was showcased as a sustainable solution to Jordan's water scarcity, emphasizing the necessity for broader implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to water scarcity in the Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province, a cold and arid region in north China, and to address the diminishing groundwater levels caused by pumping irrigation, this study investigated the impact of rainwater tank size and water supply on kidney beans production in greenhouses under various precipitation scenarios to determine the production potential and development strategies for regional precipitation resources. Under the background of average annual precipitation, kidney bean yield increased with increasing reservoir volume and shorter irrigation cycles. Under a 4-day irrigation cycle, the water demand satisfaction rate of kidney beans reached 100% water demand when the rainwater tank size was 15.7 m3. Against the wide variation in multi-year regional precipitation from 1992 to 2023, the annual effect of rainwater harvest was simulated using precipitation data collected 20 years with an 80% precipitation guarantee rate. The average minimum yield reduction rate obtained was 9.4%, and the corresponding minimum rainwater tank size was 29.5 m3. By superimposing the rainwater harvested in the shed and nonshed areas, the volume of the reservoir without yield reduction could be reduced to 20.0 m3. The sum of discharged and inventory water was much greater than the water scarcity in each water supply situation. Simulating and analyzing the effect of the relationship between rainwater tank size and water supply on rainwater harvesting in regional farmland by year provides important data affecting the construction of regional rainwater storage facilities and water supply efficiency. To achieve a high, stable yield of kidney beans grown in a greenhouse with shed film and shed area rainwater harvesting in north China, 2.6 m3 supplementary groundwater irrigation is still needed during the annual growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the irrigation water demand due to solar radiation in high-tech greenhouses using hydroponic systems in Turkey's Mediterranean and continental climates, and to determine the annual water consumption and storage capacity with harvested rainwater. Intensive greenhouse cultivation and the recent increase in modern greenhouse cultivation were important factors in selecting the provinces for the study. The chosen provinces were Antalya and Adana, with a Mediterranean climate, and Afyonkarahisar and Kırşehir, with a continental climate. In this research, depending on the production period, the amount of water consumed per unit of area in greenhouses in Antalya, which has a Mediterranean climate, was determined to be 1173.52 L m−2 per yr−1, and in Adana, it was 1109.18 L m−2 per yr−1. In the provinces of Afyonkarahisar and Kırşehir, where a continental climate prevails, water consumption was calculated to be 1479.11 L m−2 per yr−1 and 1370.77 L m−2 per yr−1, respectively. Storage volumes for the provinces of Antalya, Adana, Afyonkarahisar and Kırşehir were found to be 438.39 L m−2, 122.71 L m−2, 42.12 L m−2 and 43.65 L m−2, respectively. For the provinces of Antalya, Adana, Afyonkarahisar and Kırşehir, the rates of rainwater harvesting and meeting plants' water consumption were calculated to be 80.79%, 54.27%, 27.47% and 25.16%, respectively. In addition, the amount of water fee savings that could be achieved by rainwater harvesting was calculated to be USD 901.3 per yr−1 for Antalya, USD 835.3 per yr−1 for Adana, USD 247.6 per yr−1 for Afyonkarahisar and USD 210.2 per yr−1 for Kırşehir. As a result, rainwater harvesting will not only provide economic gain to enterprises but will also be important in reducing the negative effects of irregular rainfall regimes caused by climate change on underground and surface water resources. It was also concluded that enterprises should focus on popularizing rainwater harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of water resources is no longer an option but a necessity especially in countries with a high rate of population growth like Pakistan. Pakistan has a high-water scarcity, an extremely varying topography, and is also one of the countries encountering the problem of climate change. Therefore, prudent utilization of available water resources is a matter in the plains of Pakistan as in its high-altitude regions. Instead of wasting water which is a valuable resource, rainwater harvesting is a way of saving rainwater as an alternative source of fresh water for better use. The aim of this study was to search for potential rainwater-harvesting areas in a high-altitude Gilgit River basin. This research employed the SCS-CN technique in estimating surface runoff in the GIS environment. The geospatial study used four input parameters: slope of the land, land covers, surface runoff and drainage density. The research concluded that some lands, especially those that are deserted in dry area and agricultural lands, can serve as the sites of rainwater harvesting, with only 4% of area that was highly suitable for the purpose. Nevertheless, 37% of the investigated area was shown as totally unviable for rainwater collection installations because of steep slopes and substantial volume of snow. Simultaneously, the rainwater storage design solutions suggested were check dam, percolation tank, and agricultural ponds with the area of 3.5%, 1%, and 0.75% of the given land area, respectively, for rainwater harvesting. The locations of potential catchment and planned rainwater harvesting structures would assist the local authorities and the policy makers to provide plans and design on the construction of water storages and also the optimization of water use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article assesses the importance of traditional technologies, knowledge and practices for water harvesting and conservation in the remote areas of Northwestern Himalaya, India. The study surveys the role of traditional water resources in supporting daily life activities, including Khuls or irrigation channels, Baori or stone-walled pit dug, Jayroo and Maggaru spiritual spring water, Nauns or tank-style surface water, the water structures khads and nahllas, kua, and Gharat or watermills.

This study assesses the environmental impact of integrated water supply and sanitation management with a focus on wastewater and rainwater treatment. The study uses an integrated methodology including comparative data analysis, evaluation of water treatment technologies and environmental modeling. The results show that the integration of different treatment technologies such as physico-chemical and biological processes significantly improves water quality, making it suitable for reuse or safe discharge into ecosystems. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of these technologies in reducing environmental pollution, especially in urban areas. In addition, the analysis demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of integrated water management approaches that reduce water consumption and treatment costs, while emphasizing the importance of complying with water quality and environmental regulations. The study also identifies the need for further technological and infrastructural innovations to improve the efficiency of water supply and sanitation systems in response to climate change and urbanization. These findings contribute to the development of sustainable water management strategies that minimize environmental impacts and promote long-term sustainability in urban and rural settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In arid climates, conventional water resources are severely limited and stressed in the face of rapid population growth and future climate change. So, it is necessary to find alternative non-conventional water resources for use in drought situations. Additionally, the non-conventional water resources in these areas are not sufficient to meet future water demand. Therefore, non-conventional water resources can be adopted as a strategic reserve to bridge the gap between water supply and demand in case of emergency and drought events. These resources might include rainwater harvesting, treated wastewater, and desalinated seawater. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be applied to store these resources in the hydrogeological system using Geo information System—Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) approach for determining the suitable MAR location for storage. North-west Kingdom of Saudi Arabia area was chosen for this study because it is extremely arid, has high potential for social and economic development, and it has newly constructed non-conventional water infrastructures distributed throughout the area including water desalination plants, Tertiary Sewage Effluent (TSE) waste water plants, and flash-flood storage dams. To identify the suitable MAR site location and structure, different data related to aquifer hydrogeology, surface hydrology, hydrometeorology, and water quality were applied. Then, GIS-MCDA holistic approach was applied with aid of ordered weighting average (OWA) technique. Finally, two maps were created to show the MAR location and structure type. Potential map indicates that ~ 18.85% of the area is suitable for MAR installations. About 0.17% of the total area exhibited very high potential, where infiltration ponds can be applied, 1.86% had high potential for construction of check dams with diversion channels, and 16.82% had moderate potential for installation of recharge wells. Additionally, 56 MAR structures were proposed and a map showing their locations has been created. Thus, results indicated that the study area is promising for MAR installation. These maps could aid the decision makers to propose a sustainable development plan for the future water resources of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to escalating water scarcity exacerbated by climate change and urbanization, this study introduces a sustainable solution for groundwater recharge in Pakistan's urban landscape. The implemented low-cost artificial recharge system, designed and established in June 2022, involves a 1.83 × 3.05 × 3.05 m (6 × 10 × 10 ft) pit filled with stones, coarse and fine crush, and sand layers, receiving rooftop runoff from a 39.63 × 10.99 m (130 × 36 ft) rooftop area of an office building. A borehole with perforated casing pipe of 15.24 cm (6 in) diameter and 15.24 m (50 ft) deep was installed in the pit for enhancing water recharge and filtration to the aquifer. Analyzing data from June 2022 to December 2023 reveals a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff, leading to a notable rise in the water table along with fulfilling the domestic water needs of more than 40 persons. The system demonstrates adaptability to urban settings, empowering communities themselves to manage water resources effectively. Its success highlights its potential for national scalability, offering a sustainable approach to groundwater replenishment amid growing water scarcity challenges. This groundwater recharge system may contribute to resilient water management in urban and agricultural landscapes, crucial for sustainable development and addressing emerging climate-change-induced water crises at the developing world, in general, and at the country level, in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is an escalating global concern that poses significant challenges to agriculture. The need to feed a growing population, coupled with changing climate patterns, demands a re-evaluation of water use efficiency in major field crops. Water efficiency in agriculture is a critical facet of sustainable water management in rural areas, where agriculture often serves as a primary economic activity. In rural regions, where water resources are often limited, efficient agricultural water management is vital to ensure food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. In this review, we have discussed various measures to improve water use efficiency or productivity in agricultural systems. Adopting the strategies for enhancing water productivity at plant and field level may include: rain water harvesting in rural area, soil moisture conservation practices like mulching, crop residue retention and conservation agriculture, better utilization of stored soil moisture by best crop management interventions, irrigation scheduling, integrated farming systems i.e. multiple usage of water in agriculture by combining various farm enterprises like crop production, dairy and fishery. Beside these, reviewed the water use efficiency for important field crops around the world. Review also discussed about how beneficial public policies particularly watershed management in rural area are needed to establish the right socioeconomic conditions for boosting WUE in the agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social Sciences Studies is the property of Social Sciences Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research focused on rainwater for human consumption is being conducted in different regions of the world. The systematic review revealed that the inadequate quality of harvested rainwater and its scarcity pose significant barriers to the installation of the catchment of rainwater for noble uses. The improper design of rainwater harvesting systems, often a result of the disregard of critical data, is a crucial factor leading to the development of poorly structured systems and inadequate management of this valuable resource. The absence of scientific knowledge about the process further compounds the problem, leading to a sense of insecurity for potential consumers. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, followed by ultraviolet disinfection or chlorination, have shown satisfactory results for the potability of rainwater. Additionally, the implementation of photovoltaic panel energized rainwater UF is both economically and technically feasible, and serves as an alternative to traditional water supply approaches. Most studies focused on the utilization of harvested water for non‐drinking purposes, thereby providing opportunities for new studies into effective treatment methods to cater to local and global potable water demands. Therefore, this review aimed to provide insights into the current progress, future challenges, and opportunities related to rainwater harvesting systems and their treatment for the supply of drinking water.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Engineering Water Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water Engineering Water > Planning Water [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the increasing importance of rainwater harvesting pump systems as a solution to the global water shortage. It highlights the water shortages experienced by billions of people worldwide and the worsening situation in cities. The article emphasizes the need to harness rainwater as a sustainable option and calls for the installation of rainwater harvesting systems in new buildings and commercial developments. It also provides insights from experts in Australia, where rainwater harvesting has become ingrained due to government mandates, incentives, and water shortages. The article discusses the benefits and challenges of rainwater harvesting systems, including the need for strong foundations, proper maintenance, and addressing potential issues such as pump failures and mosquito infestation. It also mentions the potential for using rainwater for indoor purposes, such as toilets and washing machines, to save even more mains water. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of learning from the experiences of countries like Australia and ensuring that rainwater harvesting systems meet the expectations of consumers. [Extracted from the article]

Contextualization: Global water consumption has been increasing since the 20th century. This increase is because there is now a high demand in developed and emerging economies. Another aspect to consider is the population growth worldwide, which is related to an increase in the demand for resources in the agricultural, livestock, and industrial sectors, increasing the consumption of these resources. Knowledge gap: Fog harvesting systems (fog catchers) are becoming a useful alternative to use water resources already available in the environment for storage and subsequent distribution in various human development activities. However, Colombia lacks studies on implementing these artisanal systems. Purpose: This study investigated the usefulness of using four fog catchers with different percentages of shade cloth, located in the Vijal and Alto Bonito sites, corresponding to the Sub-Andean Forest ecosystem, to determine the feasibility of this fog water harvesting product. Methodology: A design of a completely randomized block was carried out. The ANOVA statistical method was used, and Duncan’s multiple range test determined if there was a significant difference between the percentages of shade cloth used and the height of the properties. Data collection was carried out for a period of six weeks. Results and Conclusions: As a result, the 65% shade cloth captured 980ml in the Alto Bonito property, and in the Vijal property, the capture was 784ml. The 80% shade cloth obtained 990ml at the Alto Bonito farm and 794ml at the Vijal farm. There were no significant differences in water harvesting compared to the shade percentage of the shade cloth. Regarding the height of the properties, there is a significant difference; the average water retention in the Vijal farm was 25.5ml/day, while it was 31.8ml/day in the Alto Bonito farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Hazards & Environment (JNHE) / Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi (DACD) is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reservoir operations for single and multi-‎reservoirs ‎of rainwater harvesting systems has been ‎tested to ‎address the ‎deficit in supplying water and electric power for remote rural ‎communities ‎of ‎semi-arid region of AL-Khoser watershed, Iraq. The main basin ‎ was divided into ‎four sub-basins 1B, 2‎B, 3‎B and 4B. The Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was ‎applied to estimate water volumes of the above proposed reservoirs. To optimize reservoir operations for the objective ‎function ‎of ‎maximized ‎total annual ‎hydropower generation, a technique was ‎used to ‎convert ‎non-linear ‎to linear problems. In which a linear approximation of the ‎non-linear power production term can be expressed ‎linearly by summing the vectors, the ‎release and storage, where the relationship between the ‎head and the storage is ‎directly proportional. Total annual hydropower ‎generation is maximized by ‎ optimized sustainable operation policies for single and ‎multi-‎reservoirs. Dry, average, and wet rainfall seasons were selected for 1985-2020. The ‎annual harvested water in the reservoirs ‎of Main Basin, 1B, 2B, 3‎B and 4B ranged between: 0.7790-4.1788, ‎‎2.1256-11.4010, and ‎‎5.10158-28.1985 ‎MCM for the three seasons. The capacity ‎of hydropower ‎generation was 82.59, ‎‎436.75 and 1034.70 Kw for the three seasons‎. The increase in ‎hydropower generation ‎is ‎achieved with multi-reservoirs operations ‎by 110%, 66% and 41% respectively. The importance of hydropower generation increase is ‎demonstrated by providing hydropower to additional families in the rural ‎community as their ‎primary source of power in addition to an increase in the irrigated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global water provision challenges have promoted decentralized water supply alternatives such as rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS). RWHS sustainability demands involve social, technical, and economic criteria in planning. Generally, in rural areas, water provision is more complex due to multiple uses of water, scattering of households, and low economies of scale. This research proposes a multicriteria tool for selecting RWHS in rural areas, considering social, technical, and economic criteria. The tool was developed by systematically identifying subcriteria and their hierarchization through the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and a case study validation. Seven subcriteria were identified. The hierarchy of criteria was social (49.7%), technical (26.4%), and economic (23.9%). The tool involved: (i) users' consultation about the perceived ease of use and availability of water sources other than rainwater; (ii) system dimensioning to establish supply size, maintenance requirements, and required water quality; and (iii) costs and benefits estimation. Tool validation in a rural area included the evaluation of the alternatives proposed: (a) alternative 1: potable domestic uses (PD) and non-potable (NPD); (b) alternative 2: PD and NPD, irrigation of crops and chicken farming for self-consumption; and alternative 3: PD and NPD and chicken farming for profit sale. The sensitivity analysis showed the tool's consistency and robustness. Tool validation highlights the importance of integrating the three dimensions in selecting RWHS. The study provides a systematic methodology to assess and prioritize RWHS, appealing to policymakers, engineers, and practitioners facilitating water management and supply processes in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is considered one of the promising technologies to alleviate the uneven‐distribution of water resources and water scarcity in arid regions of the world. Hydrogel‐based AWH materials are currently attracting increasing attention due to their low cost, high energy efficiency and simple preparation. However, there is a knowledge gap in the screening of hydrogel‐based AWH materials in terms of structure‐property relationships, which may increase the cost of trial and error in research and fabrication. In this study, we synthesised a variety of hydrogel‐based AWH materials, characterized their physochemcial properties visualized the electrostatic potential of polymer chains, and ultimately established the structure‐property‐application relationships of polymeric AWH materials. Poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPS) hydrogel is able to achieve an excellent water adsorption capacity of 0.62 g g−1 and a high water desorption efficiency of more than 90 % in relatively low‐moderate humidity environments, which is regarded as one of the polymer materials with potential for future AWH applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the water carrying capacity of the Tidung Islands, a popular small island tourism destination in Jakarta, Indonesia. The research aims to measure the availability of water resources and assess the balance between water supply and demand, focusing on both domestic and tourism needs. Using a water balance approach, the study analyzes seasonal fluctuations in precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, and changes in water storage. The results indicate that while Tidung Islands currently have a surplus of water resources, projected increases in population and tourism will lead to periods of water deficit by 2040. The study highlights the critical need for sustainable water management practices, including rainwater harvesting, efficient water use, and community involvement in conservation efforts. Implementing these strategies is essential to ensure long-term water security and support the continued growth of tourism and local development in Tidung Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge are substitute procedures to enhance groundwater and surface water for providing an unceasing water supply to a demand area. This analysis recommends the methodology to demarcate harvesting of rainwater and artificial recharge sites as recognizing constructive artificial recharge sites applying multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), integrated with remote sensing (RS), and GIS, procedures for supplementing groundwater properties in the Upper Shilabati catchment of West Bengal state, India. The Upper Shilabati catchment is a drought-prone area with high water demand to fulfill sustainable livelihood. The categorized regions like very low 5% (83.05 km2), low 32% (523.44 km2), moderate 26% (425.93 km2), high 37% (604.70 km2), and very high 0.002% (0.04 km2) while harvesting of rainwater regions are very low 6% (97.49 km2), low 25% (404.43 km2), moderate 53% (866.53 km2), high 13% (212.09 km2), and very high 4% (64.420 km2). The examining outcome indicates that the projected and previously current artificial recharge construction, like Percolation Tanks (PT), Check Dams (CD), Nala Bund (NB), Farm Ponds (FP), and Bore Wells (BW) with the entire numbers of 5, 2, 2, 2, and 1 similarly. The zones delineated for generating numerous artificial recharge structures with 112 artificial recharge constructions are notified, and 60 artificial recharge locations fall in the high recharge region. This artificial recharge is located in 28 (moderate recharge) and 24 sites (low recharge). Study outcomes could be applied to communicate an effectual groundwater management plan for domestic and agricultural determinations with confirm sustainable water supply for this basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban areas facing water stress, rainwater harvesting is essential. This paper proposes a passive rainwater harvesting system as a viable alternative for ensuring a clean water supply. The study introduces an innovative and original design for rainwater harvest. The presentation of the system is performed by analysis of efficiency and reliability of the system analytically. The optimal storage volume is determined through a 22-year precipitation data analysis using the mass balance method, ensuring high efficiency. Payback periods for various consumptions and tank sizes are calculated, showing shorter periods compared to active systems since the proposed system does not use electrical energy. The results demonstrate that 350 m3 of storage volume can assure 99% efficiency when potable water consumption is 0.01 m3/person/day. The payback period of the system was calculated to be between 5 and 10 years. The proposed system can be considered as an appropriate rainwater harvest alternative for existing buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rainwater Harvesting Tool is a publicly available web-based geographic information system tool. It was developed using geospatial analysis in combination with historic zone improvement plan (ZIP) Code–level monthly average precipitation and evapotranspiration data across the US to help select potential locations for harvesting rainwater. Rainwater harvesting can provide a key alternative water source for a variety of uses, including landscape irrigation, vehicle washing, cooling tower make-up, dust suppression, and toilet flushing. Rainwater harvesting can help to diversify water sources for institutional, commercial, and residential buildings and offset the use of treated potable water. This tool aims to help organizations strategically target locations in which to implement rainwater harvesting systems. The metric used in the tool is called the rainwater harvesting potential, which is a normalized metric. The rainwater harvesting potential describes the amount of rainwater that reasonably can be collected and stored at a specific location. This metric was used to rank areas delineated by ZIP Codes across the US from lowest to highest to show the relative availability of rainwater for harvesting. Two mapping layers are included in the tool: a layer that shows the general year-round rainwater harvesting potential, and a layer that specifically shows the potential for harvesting rainwater to supply irrigation water. The Rainwater Harvesting Tool allows users to view the overall trends across the US and view the data at a scale at which the ZIP Code boundaries are clearly delineated. The tool can be used to help organizations with buildings located in multiple regions to strategically identify where to install rainwater harvesting systems and prioritize locations that may be optimal for rainwater harvesting. The Rainwater Harvesting Tool is a web-based geographic information system tool, which is free and available to the public. The tool presents the rainwater harvesting potential across the US to help determine locations that are potentially good candidates for harvesting rainwater and capable of meeting the water demands of institutional, commercial, and residential buildings. Rainwater can supply water for irrigation, cooling towers, vehicle washing, toilet flushing, and so forth, and offsets the use of treated potable water. The tool contains two mapping layers. The first shows the general potential for capturing rainwater and indicates the relative ability of a given location to collect rainwater throughout the year for beneficial use. The second identifies areas with favorable precipitation patterns for collecting rainwater during the irrigation season. The Rainwater Harvesting Tool provides interactive functions within a single browser session. Users enter specific locations (by ZIP Code), and the tool outputs a relative rank of the harvesting potential. The amount of rain potentially harvested each month also is provided. This portfolio planning, decision support tool can be utilized by organizations to target locations that are most conducive for rainwater harvesting across many locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the driver of groundwater depletion, this paper estimates a dynamic panel regression model using district-level secondary data from 1995 to 2017. Results show that the number of rainwater-harvesting structures, annual average rainfall, forest cover and net sown area improve groundwater levels. Tube well irrigation and rice cultivation can adversely affect groundwater levels. The positive relationship between surface water and improved groundwater level is consistent in all the estimated models. Hence, efficient use and management of surface and groundwater are crucial for the long-term sustainability of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh heavily relies on groundwater resource for all major uses and ranks sixth in the global league of large groundwater extracting countries. Its northwest part—the drought-prone Barind Tract faces challenges in rainfall scarcity and drought; constrain for runoff water conservation due to improper management; low infiltration capacity of thick top surface clay soil layer (Barind clay) to recharge aquifer insufficiently; loss of major portion of runoff water runs toward canals (Kharies), surrounding rivers, etc., immediately after rainfall; less potentiality of groundwater resource development results its depletion due to over-exploitation for domestic and agriculture sectors and eventually discharged into surrounding canals, rivers, etc., in both the dry and monsoon seasons. At the same time, unsustainable water management practice consequences are a rapid declination of groundwater level since the last few decades, the system leads to unbalance condition. Unfortunately, no such study for sustainable water source management has yet been conducted for the area. In this context, rainwater harvesting through artificial recharge of groundwater using managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has been considered as a viable solution to revert the ongoing depletion of this resource and to restore the water balance scenario as a terrific and challenging task. Here, the potentiality of MAR has been considered as an integrated approach of remote sensing and geographical information system using multi-criteria decision-making technique as time-consuming and cost-effective efforts. The potentiality of MAR application covers an area of 448 km2 (20%) as 'highly suitable'; that of 1456 km2 (66%) as 'moderately suitable'; and that of 312 km2 (14%) as 'unsuitable.' Here, 35% of rainfall is lost as runoff and the remaining 14% as soil moisture. Again, groundwater resource used for irrigation equals 24% of the annual rainfall, whereas that of only 8.5% infiltrates to recharge aquifer naturally, and the rest 68% of runoff water has a scope to injection artificially to revert balanced condition. Using MAR, the cost of recharge per cubic meter of water is about US$ 0.18. Although this is little bit expensive, it can be a valuable gift for economically marginalized and unprivileged Barind communities facing hardship for drinking and agricultural water. Finally, the present study provides a guideline to water resource managers and decision makers to ascertain availability of water resource as lauded in the Bangladesh Water Act (BWA) (2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to FAO, water scarcity is now affecting all five continents and is expected to intensify in the coming years as the water demands of the growing population increase and the impacts of climate variability become more pronounced. The existing unevenness of water resource availability and insufficient investment in relevant infrastructure have forced the water sector to recognize the importance of nonconventional water resources (NWR) in planning for a sustainable water future. The purpose of this review is to highlight the available and potentially available NWR and to discuss the future application of these water sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater sources have been exploited excessively for numerous purposes worldwide, leading to increasingly severe depletion. However, the replenishment of groundwater sources has not usually been a focus in economically and socially underdeveloped countries and regions. In coastal provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), rural areas are facing difficulties in accessing fresh water due to shortages from the water supply plant and excessive use of groundwater, highlighting an urgent need for sustainable development solutions. Our study first conducted interviews with 200 households in Ca Mau Province of the VMD to identify the current situation and the challenges and obstacles of rainwater harvesting and to find sustainable and proactive solutions. We then analyzed daily rainfall data from 10 meteorological stations to construct four scenarios of the water balance method: (i) potential rainwater harvesting based on existing roof area; (ii) optimal scale of storage tank and catchments for different levels of water usage; (iii) tank scale utilizing rainwater entirely during the rainy season and basic needs during the dry season; and (iv) integrated water supply between rain and groundwater. The results showed that using rainwater entirely for domestic water supply requires large storage tank capacities, making these scenarios difficult to achieve in the near future. Our research introduces a novel integrated water supply approach to storing rain and groundwater that has demonstrated high effectiveness and sustainability. With existing tank capacities (0.8 m3 per person), rainwater could only meet over 48% (14 m3 per year) of the water demand while requiring 14.8 m3 of additional groundwater extraction. With a tank capacity of 2.4 m3 per person, ensuring rainwater harvesting meets basic demand, harvested rainwater could satisfy 64% of the demand, with artificial groundwater supplementation exceeding 1.79 times the required extraction, while excess rainwater discharge into the environment would be minimal. Our research results not only provide potential solutions for rainwater and groundwater collection to supplement sustainable domestic water sources for Ca Mau but also serve as an example for similar regions globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing pressures of global change, such as urbanization, climate change, population growth, and socioeconomic changes, cities around the world are facing significant water challenges, both in terms of supply and quality. This emphasizes the need for concerted effort to manage water supplies effectively for sustainable development. The driver, pressure, state, impact, and response (DPSIR) model was applied in this study to determine the underlying causes of Addis Ababa's water supply and quality issues. Field observations, key informant interviews, and previously published reports were used to identify these variables, impacts, and coping mechanisms. The model suggests that issues with urban water are caused by inadequate waste management, fast urbanization, climate change, sociodemographic shifts, economic challenges, changes in land use and land cover, and institutional pressures. As a result, aquatic ecosystems endure damage and there is also an increase in water-related diseases and unmet water demand. Some of the responses to these effects include using bottled water, digging boreholes, harvesting rainwater, planting trees, and soliciting funds. The study concludes by recommending an integrated approach to managing the risks of declining water quality and shortage. This study will advance the important empirical understanding of how urban water supply and quality are impacted by environmental stresses on a global scale. It will also positively impact the development of sustainable water management policies and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iraq has been plagued with extreme droughts in the last two decades, resulting in a significant decrease in rainfall. Water harvesting has become essential for addressing these droughts. Building dams for rainwater harvesting can help mitigate the effects of drought and provide water resources. Rainwater conservation is a commonly employed method in drought-prone regions. The objective of this research is to identify suitable locations for rainwater harvesting and dam construction in the Sulaimanyah Governorate. The study relied on several criteria, including rainfall data, runoff, slope, land cover/use, stream order, soil quality, and hydrological soil group, to assess the area's suitability for water harvesting through dam utilization. To obtain the land use and land cover map, a Sentinel-1 image from 2020 was used in conjunction with unsupervised classification using ERDAS Imagine software version 9.1. Additionally, a digital elevation model was utilized to extract stream order, contour lines, and slope maps. The rainfall data were spatially interpolated using inverse distance weighting (IDW). The findings indicated that suitable water storage sites are primarily located in the north, northeast, and some parts of the center of the study area The study categorized 27.5% of the regions as highly suitable and 7.6% as medium-high suitable. Additionally, 0.7% and 10.1% of the study area were classified as moderately suitable and low suitable, respectively, while 54.1% was deemed unsuitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Megacities expansion around the globe have significantly increased the demand for resources to the point of depleting available reservoirs and requiring importing resources from nearby locations sometimes implementing major infrastructure projects for guaranteeing access to resources. This is particularly true for one of the largest Megalopolis in the world, Mexico City, that imports 40% of its water supply from neighboring states. Despite of being a city holding important hydric resources, the lack of strategies, technological innovation, user-centered service design, consistent data acquiring, and optimization tools have led to a poor water management that maintains the metropolis with a constant scarcity of the resource. Therefore, the aim of the current paper is to present a conceptual service design for smart rainwater harvesting in urban settlements that provides an alternative source for citizens to reduce the local hydric stress, diminish aquifer overexploitation and increase water well recovery contributing to more sustainable cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent climatic changes and anthropogenic activities considerably affect regional water resources, particularly in water‐scarce regions. The present study, therefore, aims to understand the changes in monsoon rainfall, potential evapotranspiration (PET), surface runoff, dam storage and groundwater in the drought‐prone region of Maharashtra. The analyses of trend and step‐change were carried out using standard parametric tests. The results were verified with the application of non‐parametric statistical techniques. Notably, monsoon rainfall and runoff were observed to be declining. Exceptionally, the Yerala Basin witnessed significant increase in rainfall along with heavy rainfall events. Contradictorily, Agrani and Man Basins registered a notable decline in rainfall and runoff. As vulnerability to hydrological disasters is high, these basins should be carefully monitored. Although surface water harvesting brought a positive change in post‐monsoon groundwater level, it was the main reason for a decline in runoff volume at downstream reaches, which led to intra‐basin water disparity. The study area witnessed significant increase in groundwater extraction. Unfortunately, the misuse of government‐subsidized schemes exacerbates groundwater exploitation and stockpiling of water resources. Moreover, the increasing rate of PET augments hydrological losses and amplifies water distress. Interestingly, almost all the hydrological changes were notably experienced during the post‐2000 period. To cope with present and future water scarcity problems, it is therefore necessary to restrict irrational use and allocation of available limited water resources. The findings that emerge from this investigation may help to formulate judicious water policies and plans which could be implemented by the government, agronomists, water resource managers and farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Algeria, at the present time, there are no rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) registered with the public authorities as an alternative to the public water supply. This is explained by numerous factors, the most important being inhabitants' acceptance. The aim of this article is to investigate the current level of acceptance of an RWHS as a viable method for backing up the public water supply system. Our hypothesis is that inhabitants' acceptance can be improved by the increasing awareness of the benefits of an RWHS. For the purposes of this study, an RWHS located in northern Algeria was designed, and its benefits were measured and discussed with the direct participation of residents living in the building. The first benefit was the potential potable water saving (PPWS) and the second was the benefit-cost ratio (BCR). The PPWS was estimated at 51 m3/year. The BCR was estimated at 7% (15% with local council funding). This paper shows that, in the case of an existing building, inhabitant acceptance of an RWHS depends on three factors: (1) the amount of rainwater delivered by the RWHS; (2) the cost of building and managing it; and (3) the extent of the modifications made to the building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the design of a hybrid collector for ambient humidity and rainwater harvesting was developed for water collection, utilizing design theories and methods. The mechanical design was carried out using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology, which provided tools for modeling a rainwater and humidity collection system that was cost-effective, energy-independent, and easy to implement and manage. The structure of the acrylic rainwater collector demonstrated adequate hardness and strength (with a required energy of 4.7 lb/ft), capable of withstanding rain load and the weight of solar panels, with superior resistance to that of a conventional roof made of tiles. Furthermore, a visually appealing design was achieved, optimal for installation in parks and mall entrances, as it provides potable water, energy, and shade. Finally, it was evidenced that a design without the implementation of the cooling system could offer an optimal solution for water supply in areas where there is no access to potable water and the annual rainfall exceeds 150 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing the management of hydraulic infrastructures that support water supply, wastewater, and stormwater drainage can increase the efficiency of these systems. A framework for operational management of urban water systems allows for robust management, which contributes to the system's overall resilience. A methodology has been structured to support the decision-making process of managing entities. The methodology for the operational management of hydraulic infrastructures incorporates concepts of asset management, risk management, and technical management. It is organized into three operational areas (assessment, operation, and intervention) and aims to increase the efficiency of managing entities. Two cases were used to implement the aforementioned methodology—the Arouca Water Supply System (SAA-Arouca) and the Trofa Wastewater Drainage System (SAR-Trofa), both under the responsibility of Águas do Norte, S.A. In SAA-Arouca. There was a particularly significant reduction in the system input volume (purchased the first level) and the number of pipe busts observed in the subsequent period after the implementation of the methodology. Regarding the SAR-Trofa, the application of the methodology focused particularly on improper inflows (rainwater and others). The proposals for this system mainly aim at reducing the volumes collected by the drainage networks (in low-level infrastructures) and delivering them to different high-level infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing intensity of rainfall resulting from climate change is projected to worsen the inundation of urban areas by floods. As a viable alternative, stormwater harvesting presents an opportunity to enhance water supply reliability while reducing pressure on both water resources and urban stormwater drainage systems. The stored rainwater can be supplied with a radius of one kilometer around the storage facility, so less pumping energy is consumed compared to supplying the stored rainwater far away from the storage facilities. To visually depict the characteristics of the selected storage facility, land cover maps were created using ArcGIS. These maps were created for a circular region with a radius of one kilometer around each studied storage facility. In this study, a daily water balance model was formulated using spreadsheets to assess the potential of harvesting stormwater and rainwater for various pre-existing storage facilities. Five different types of storage facilities were selected for this study. The term "SRWH facility evaluation criteria" as a whole is used for the storm or rain (SR) water supply satisfaction rate, the SR guarantee rate, and the SR utilization rate. The results provide evidence that, for each selected studied storage facility, the SR water guarantee rate can potentially surpass 70% under conditions of low water demand. Moreover, we investigated the potential of the existing storage facilities to work as multifunctional resources, while the original purpose for which each facility was constructed remains un-affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water extraction solutions in the high mountainous areas of Northern Vietnam commonly include rainwater harvesting, dug wells, drilled wells, groundwater springs, and hanging lakes. However, many water supply systems operate inefficiently and lack flexibility. This study established 10 criteria for selecting groundwater exploitation technology, divided into three groups: water resources, economic and technical, social, and environmental criteria. These criteria aim to identify appropriate water extraction technologies suitable for high mountainous and water-scarce regions, ensuring the long-term and efficient operation of water supply systems. The Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was utilized, integrating the criteria using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to select suitable water extraction technologies. The research results indicate that the evaluation criteria for determining suitable areas for implementing sustainable water extraction technologies, and the weights assigned to these criteria, ensure a consistent ratio (CR) <10 % according to the hierarchical analysis method. This article presents the results of identifying areas suitable for implementing groundwater extraction technologies using drilled wells, based on seven criteria within three groups: water resources, economic and technical, and social criteria. The GIS approach has been employed, and the criteria have been integrated using the AHP to select and determine the areas suitable for implementing groundwater extraction technologies using drilled wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity represents a significant challenge in Jordan, exacerbated by increasing domestic, industrial, and agricultural water demands amidst the backdrop of limited available water resources. The current study utilized water consumption per capita per day (PCD) as a productivity measure that aligns with the goals of water utilities to provide safe and enough water to customers. It identified and explained the critical performance indicators (PIs) affecting PCD. The study was conducted based on the time series secondary data of the applied PIs collected from Jordan Water Company (Miyahuna) between 2009 and 2018. To identify the PIs most strongly associated with the PCD variable, a correlation analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics software. Indicators showing significant correlation with the PCD underwent further analysis as potential independent variables. Non-revenue water and water resources use per capita indicators showed pivotal and significant effects on PCD, exhibiting negative and positive impacts, respectively. In pursuit of improved indicators' performance, this research advocates for the implementation of Active Leakage Control methods, the adoption of innovative techniques to desalinate brackish water, the promotion of water harvesting initiatives, enhanced employee training, and the enforcement of more stringent policies to tackle water theft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]