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Background: Water quality testing is vital to protect human health. Current testing relies mainly on culture-based detection of faecal indicator organisms such as Escherichia coli (E.coli) . However, bacterial cultures are a slow process, taking 24-48 h and requiring specialised laboratories and trained personnel. Access to such laboratories is often sparse in developing countries and there are many fatalities deriving from poor water quality. Endotoxin is a molecular component of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls and can be used to detect their presence in drinking water., Method: The current study used a novel assay (BacterisK) to rapidly detect endotoxin in various water samples and correlate the results with E. coli content measured by culture methods. The data generated by the BacterisK assay are presented as an 'endotoxin risk' (ER)., Results: The ER values correlate with E. coli and thus endotoxin can be used as a marker of faecal contamination in water. Moreover, the BacterisK assay provides data in near real-time and can be used in situ allowing water quality testing at different spatial and temporal locations., Conclusion: We suggest that BacterisK can be used as a convenient risk assessment tool to assess water quality where results are required quickly or access to laboratories is lacking.

Background: Water quality testing is critical for guiding water safety management and ensuring public health. In many settings, however, water suppliers and surveillance agencies do not meet regulatory requirements for testing frequencies. This study examines the conditions that promote successful water quality monitoring in Africa, with the goal of providing evidence for strengthening regulated water quality testing programs., Methods and Findings: We compared monitoring programs among 26 regulated water suppliers and surveillance agencies across six African countries. These institutions submitted monthly water quality testing results over 18 months. We also collected qualitative data on the conditions that influenced testing performance via approximately 821 h of semi-structured interviews and observations. Based on our qualitative data, we developed the Water Capacity Rating Diagnostic (WaterCaRD) to establish a scoring framework for evaluating the effects of the following conditions on testing performance: accountability, staffing, program structure, finances, and equipment & services. We summarized the qualitative data into case studies for each of the 26 institutions and then used the case studies to score the institutions against the conditions captured in WaterCaRD. Subsequently, we applied fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) to compare these scores against performance outcomes for water quality testing. We defined the performance outcomes as the proportion of testing Targets Achieved (outcome 1) and Testing Consistency (outcome 2) based on the monthly number of microbial water quality tests conducted by each institution. Our analysis identified motivation & leadership, knowledge, staff retention, and transport as institutional conditions that were necessary for achieving monitoring targets. In addition, equipment, procurement, infrastructure, and enforcement contributed to the pathways that resulted in strong monitoring performance., Conclusions: Our identification of institutional commitment, comprising motivation & leadership, knowledge, and staff retention, as a key driver of monitoring performance was not surprising: in weak regulatory environments, individuals and their motivations take-on greater importance in determining institutional and programmatic outcomes. Nevertheless, efforts to build data collection capacity in low-resource settings largely focus on supply-side interventions: the provision of infrastructure, equipment, and training sessions. Our results indicate that these interventions will continue to have limited long-term impacts and sustainability without complementary strategies for motivating or incentivizing water supply and surveillance agency managers to achieve testing goals. More broadly, our research demonstrates both an experimental approach for diagnosing the systems that underlie service provision and an analytical strategy for identifying appropriate interventions., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

In present decade, because of fast growth of industries and rapid urbanization, the quality of natural water resources is deteriorated in higher rates, results in harmful and life-threatening diseases. Hence, there is a significant requirement in models for Water Quality Test and Analysis, which is time and cost effective. With that note, this research develops a novel model called Water Quality Evaluation and Monitoring Model (WQEM) that utilizes machine learning and Internet of Things (IOT) technique for performing water quality test. Moreover, Water Quality Index is estimated for providing the basic water qualities and based on that Quality Classification is also performed with the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based classification model. This work mainly focuses on the water fluoride content other factors such as Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids and pH. The experimentation is carried out using Raspberry Pi3 test kit and WEKA tool using the real-time data. The evaluation results evidence that the proposed model produces higher rate of classification results with minima Mean Absolute Error (MAE) than other compared water quality test models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colorimetric method, due to its rapid and low-cost characteristics, demonstrates a wide range of application prospects in on-site water quality testing. Current research on colorimetric detection using deep learning algorithms predominantly focuses on single-target classification. To address this limitation, we propose a multi-task water quality colorimetric detection method based on YOLOv8n, leveraging deep learning techniques to achieve a fully automated process of "image input and result output". Initially, we constructed a dataset that encompasses colorimetric sensor data under varying lighting conditions to enhance model generalization. Subsequently, to effectively improve detection accuracy while reducing model parameters and computational load, we implemented several improvements to the deep learning algorithm, including the MGFF (Multi-Scale Grouped Feature Fusion) module, the LSKA-SPPF (Large Separable Kernel Attention-Spatial Pyramid Pooling-Fast) module, and the GNDCDH (Group Norm Detail Convolution Detection Head). Experimental results demonstrate that the optimized deep learning algorithm excels in precision (96.4%), recall (96.2%), and mAP50 (98.3), significantly outperforming other mainstream models. Furthermore, compared to YOLOv8n, the parameter count and computational load were reduced by 25.8% and 25.6%, respectively. Additionally, precision improved by 2.8%, recall increased by 3.5%, mAP50 enhanced by 2%, and mAP95 rose by 1.9%. These results affirm the substantial potential of our proposed method for rapid on-site water quality detection, offering new technological insights for future water quality monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of chemistry and related industries in modern society has led to increasingly severe water environmental pollution problems, demanding higher standards for water quality testing and treatment technologies. However, detecting and treating low-concentration or trace pollutants remains challenging. To solve this problem, scientists have developed a new class of intelligent materials: micro/nanorobots. Based on their controllable motility, precise recognition, efficient adsorption, and in situ degradation capabilities, micro/nanorobots show promise in effectively detecting and treating pollutants in water. To enhance readers' understanding of the cutting-edge developments in micro/nanorobots for water pollution detection and treatment, this paper presents the concept of a micro/nanorobot organization called the "Assassin Alliance", providing a brief and engaging overview of their applications and scientific mechanisms in water environment detection, monitoring, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the results of water quality testing and analysis of water quality of representative stations, the results showed that the sealing trend of QT-1 and YT-1 was smaller than that of QT-2 and YT-1, QT-3 and YT-1, YL-2 and YT-1, and YL-1 and YT-1 at 25 °C and 60 °C. QT-1 and YT-1 were mixed at 1: 9, QT-2 and YT-1 were mixed at 5: 5, QT-3 and YT-1 were mixed at 1: 9, YL-1 and YT-1 were mixed at 5: 5, and YL-2 and YT-1 were mixed at 1: 9 when the calcium equivalent was the lowest and the scaling tendency was the smallest. According to the results of the compatibility experiment of wastewater from oil and gas field, QT-1 and YT-1 with the best compatibility were determined, and the compatibility experiment of reinjection formation after proportional mixing was studied, and the result was that the damage rate of single injection to the formation was 14%, and the damage rate of combined injection to the formation was 46. 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a commonly used metal ion, iron(II) (Fe2+) ions pose a potential threat to ecosystems and human health. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop analytical techniques for the rapid and accurate detection of Fe2+ ions. However, the development of near-infrared (NIR) luminescence probes with good photostability for Fe2+ ions remain challenging. In this work, we report a novel iridium(III) complex-based luminescence probe for the sensitive and rapid detection of Fe2+ ions in a solution based on an Fe2+-mediated reduction reaction. This probe is capable of sensitively detecting Fe2+ ions with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.26 μM. Furthermore, this probe shows high photostability, and its luminescence remains stable under 365 nm irradiation over a time period of 30 min. To our knowledge, this is first iridium(III) complex-based NIR probe for the detection of Fe2+ ions. We believe that this work provides a new method for the detection of Fe2+ ions and has great potential for future applications in water quality testing and human monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing access to water quality tests in low-income communities is a crucial strategy toward achieving global water equality. Recent studies in the Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector underscore the importance of addressing practical concerns in water testing, such as robustness and results communication. In response, we present the WaterScope testing kit; an open-source, validated platform for drinking water quality assessment. It modernises the testing process with the inclusion of a unique cartridge/slider mechanism, machine-learning-enhanced classification and full digitalisation of results. WaterScope's equivalency to conventional methods for quantifying E. coli is established through extensive validation experiments in both laboratory and field environments. This versatile platform provides potential to expand its applications to test other bacteria, perform colorimetric assays, and analyse clinical samples such as blood/urine samples. We anticipate that the system's ease-of-use, portability, affordability, robustness, and digital nature will accelerate progress toward global water equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WTP Rozgrund, which was used to treat to the water from Rozgrund reservoir, must have been set out of operation due to the deteriorated quality of the water and its smell. The aAim of this work was to perform the pilot-plant tests, with the goal ofaiming to treating water from the reservoir to achieveand get the compliantying water quality of the water. Conventional water treatment concerning coagulation, flocculation, and filtration with two different filtration fillings – Filtralite Mono-MultiFine and filter sand with black-coal material Carboziar – was compared with conventional treatments with filter sand and Carboziar complemented with filtration through granulated active coal (Norit 830), the ultrafilration using fully automated equipment with membrane module UA-640 (Microdyn-Nadir), and ultrafiltration combined with active granulated carbon. Monitored wereas the pH, turbidity, color, alkalinity, CODMn, TOC, aluminum, number and size of particles, and hydrobiology in the samples of raw and treated water. Obtained results provided that the two most suitable treatment technologies were the filtration with double layer filling consisting of sand and antracite combined with filtration via GAU (removal efficiency of CODMn and turbidity was 90.5% and 85%, respectively) and the ultrafiltration combined with GAU (82.6% for CODMn and 89% for turbidity removal). Biological activation after the treatment was not found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper researches water quality, supply and management system assessment problems of the Montenegrin costal region. A significant problem is generated by seasonal tourism, the main branch of Montenegrin costal economy. The selected performance indicators model has been tested in the water supply system of the city Herceg Novi, as a representative experimental system for the Montenegrin costal area. The city Herceg Novi has 33.000 permanent residents and around 80.000 individual consumers during the summer touristic season. The research activities are based on the seasonal parameters defined by the monitored performance indicators of the water supply system. The study depicts the developed indicators performance model based on the obtained experimental monitoring data. Within the experimental analytical research performance an indicator matrix was established. The coastal area of Montenegro is experiencing over 50 % of water loss. Structure developed in the model applies the performance indicators and results in systematic losses reduction. The model takes into account the principle of seasonality, and the existence of two completely different periods of the year. This type of the experimental research with testing in situ was for the first time performed and implemented in the costal Adriatic region of Montenegro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamic change in abundance of both fecal and opportunistic waterborne pathogens in urban surface water under different abiotic and biotic factors helps the prediction of microbiological water quality and protection of public health during recreational activities, such as swimming. However, a comprehensive understanding of the interaction among various factors on pathogen behavior in surface water is missing. In this study, the effect of salinity, light, and temperature and the presence of indigenous microbiota, on the decay/persistence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Rhine River water were tested during 7 days of incubation with varying salinity (0.4, 5.4, 9.4, and 15.4 ppt), with light under a light/dark regime (light/dark) and without light (dark), temperature (3, 12, and 20 °C), and presence/absence of indigenous microbiota. The results demonstrated that light, indigenous microbiota, and temperature significantly impacted the decay of E. coli. Moreover, a significant (p<0.01) four-factor interactive impact of these four environmental conditions on E. coli decay was observed. However, for P. aeruginosa, temperature and indigenous microbiota were two determinate factors on the decay or growth. A significant three-factor interactive impact between indigenous microbiota, temperature, and salinity (p<0.01); indigenous microbiota, light, and temperature (p<0.01); and light, temperature, and salinity (p<0.05) on the decay of P. aeruginosa was found. Due to these interactive effects, caution should be taken when predicting decay/persistence of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in surface water based on a single environmental condition. In addition, the different response of E. coli and P. aeruginosa to the environmental conditions highlights that E. coli monitoring alone underestimates health risks of surface water by non-fecal opportunistic pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa. Key points: Abiotic and biotic factors interactively affect decay of E. coli and P. aeruginosa E.coli and P.aeruginosa behave significantly different under the given conditions Only E. coli as an indicator underestimates the microbiological water quality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ethiopian highlands is an area under high anthropogenic pressure. Despite being a hotspot for freshwater biodiversity, the ecological status of local rivers is not monitored. Physicochemical and nutrient water quality parameters and macroinvertebrate assemblages were sampled monthly from the Megech River and its tributaries from January to March 2021. Sampling locations were designated as either upstream or downstream of the Gondar City urban area. We tested for temporal (monthly) and spatial (location, river) variation in water quality and spatial (location, river) variation in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure to examine which water quality parameters were most associated with patterns in macroinvertebrate assemblages. Water quality varied significantly between locations and months but not between rivers. Water quality differences were particularly driven by higher nutrient, salinity, dissolved solids, and conductivity levels downstream, and higher pH and dissolved oxygen levels upstream. Despite the more abundant and diverse macroinvertebrate assemblages downstream, biotic index scores generally indicated slightly increased ecological impairment downstream. A clear spatial pattern emerged in macroinvertebrate assemblages between locations; we detected a significant difference between rivers, with pairwise differences between sampling locations, particularly due to high dissimilarity between the upstream and downstream locations of the Angereb, Shinta, and Qeha rivers. BIO-ENV Pearson correlations indicated that variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages were mostly explained by dissolved oxygen, salinity, and nutrient parameters including nitrate, ammonium, and sulphate. Our findings confirm the need for more rigorous monitoring of Ethiopian highland rivers and improved management of nutrient inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on water quality in test ponds based on the influence of the application of sago-based catfish food has been carried out in Udapi Hilir Village, Manokwari Regency. The effect of sago pulp composition was carried out on variations of rice bran: fish meal: sago pulp was 1:1:0.5, 1:1:1, 1:1:1,5, and rice bran: the fish meal was 1:1. This research explains the water quality of test ponds using physical and chemical parameter monitoring methods. The results of this study contain several chemical and physical parameters that exceed the quality standard threshold. The results of the proximate analysis showed that adding sago pulp provided a chemical value of the feed that was still following the recommended standards. The results of water quality tests carried out for 4 weeks showed an increase in TDS levels, without draining the test pool during the research. The average Nitrate (NO3 -) has increased but is still below the quality standard of 10 mg/L. Nitrate (NO3 -) concentrations are rising in all ponds for all treatments. Nitrate levels impact fish growth because they can lower water oxygen levels. Overall, the application of sago pulp as a raw material for catfish feed results in pond water quality that is still within the pond water quality standards so it has the potential as an alternative feed raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inseparable element of rural areas and farms are built-up areas organized in the form of a farmstead. The presence of such facilities is almost invariably linked to the appearance of sources, usually point ones, of water contamination. The aim of this study was to analyse the factors that affect changes in the water level and quality in a dug well at a farmstead situated in the catchment area of Lake Wydmińskie. The research was conducted in the years 2016-2018, on the farm in the village of Sucholaski (warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeship, Poland). Changes in the water level and quality were examined in a 3.75 m deep dug wall. In the past, it was used as a drinking water intake; now it is only an extra water source, used for the farm’s needs (watering plants and cattle). The study showed that changes in the well water level and physicochemical parameters were affected to the greatest extent by the weather conditions at the time of sampling (precipitation and air temperature). The quality of water in the well was affected by the amount and distribution of rainfall as well as by the farm buildings, especially by the cow shed and its surroundings. The amount and distribution of rainfall did not always have a direct impact on the water level in the well and the intensity of impurity migration within the soil profile, which was associated with a temporal shifting of groundwater resource replenishment relative to the time of rainfall. High concentrations, mainly of nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) and potassium ions in the well water, indicate that it is poorly protected against the influx of pollutants from the immediate surroundings, with the cow shed being their main source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low liquid limit clay has a low plastic index, displays poor strength, and is sensitive to water, and its mechanical qualities decline as the water content changes, making it difficult to employ directly in the construction process. Adding lime is a fantastic way to improve it. The influence of lime concentration on the road performance of low liquid limit clay is investigated in this research using a limit water content test, compaction test, and California bearing ratio test. The results show that the original plain soil does not meet the requirements of highway subgrade filling, and the basic properties of subgrade soil are improved to varying degrees after adding lime, resolving the problem regarding the original well-cultivated soil's inability to meet the requirements of construction. The plastic limit of the improved soil increased by roughly 3% as the lime content increased, but the maximum dry density decreased dramatically by 9.03%, 5.71%, and 5.98%, respectively. With an increase of 57.3% in lime content and compaction times, the California bearing ratio increases dramatically. The ideal moisture content rises as the lime content rises. The optimal dosage is 6%, according to a rigorous study of several performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is very crucial for surviving life of all human being and animals. Without water nobody can be survived. The existing manuscript associated with Anchar Lake water. Water is vulgarized by unwanted materials. Water quality tests and reevaluate of attributes. Scrupulous substances are: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Alkalinity (TA), Electric Conductivity (EC), Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Phosphate (P), Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH) and Chloride thereupon. The attributes are statistically interpreted using cluster analysis, correlation matrix, factor analysis and ANOVA techniques and interpret that the Lake water is unsuitable for drinking. Experimental data shows that most of the attributes does not satisfy the desirable limits prescribed by BIS. Hence the Anchar Lake water is not suitable for drinking purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total alkalinity is a pivotal water quality parameter dictating the response of natural waters to acid–base system perturbations such as ocean acidification and acid mine drainage. Its value as a biogeochemical and ecological variable is enhanced not just by high measurement quality, but also by measurement accessibility. This research demonstrates an instrument that advances the accessibility of high‐precision, high‐accuracy total alkalinity measurement using open‐source, and low‐cost instrumentation. Repeated testing of water samples from Lake Superior demonstrated a measurement precision (standard deviation or SD) of 3.0 μmol kg−1. Analysis of standards and reference materials demonstrated an uncertainty of 5.3 μmol kg−1 as well as robustness to freshwater and saltwater matrices. This instrument adds to the wealth of inorganic carbon measurement technologies in marine and lacustrine settings and stands to enhance the ability of both communities to generate accurate and accessible measurements of total alkalinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been several attempts in enhancing corrosion jar testing methods to better mimic realworld conditions found in drinking water distribution systems. A key feature that is generally omitted in such studies is zero headspace and the lack of interaction with the atmosphere within the jars as well as the flow interactions which affect total metal release. This work proposes a modified method to typical corrosion jar testing protocols to better simulate distribution system conditions. Modified separatory funnels with the addition of a rubber stopper and coupon holder were set-up to allow an in-flow and out-flow for water replacement every three to 4 d. The results demonstrated the effectiveness and reproducibility of the modified method, specifically with the analysis of variance conducted. A synthetic water test using both the modified and original methods showed a statistical difference between the two, and decreased variability in the metal release with the new procedure. Enhanced dissolved oxygen depletion was also observed with the modified method. The results of another study conducted, using actual waters, was used to create an empirical model with the water quality parameters measured, and the total metal release. This model was a good fit, with a 0.81 R-squared value and a 0.71 linear slope between the predicted and measured copper concentrations. In addition, first-order rate law models were created for fitting the metal release observed. The resultant equations were not good fits the batch testing conducted, however, the first-rate models created for the direct-connection study resulted in up to a 0.98 R-squared value with slopes close to unity when plotting the calculated vs. measured metal release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External water (such as rainwater, mountain water and groundwater) will decrease the inflow contaminant concentration in urban sewage plants, and pose challenges in improving the wastewater treatment quality and efficiency. Therefore, removing the external water is vital for this target. A sewage plant in Zhuhai, China, was considered as an example. By performing online flow monitoring, water quality testing, on-site survey and data analysis, the rainfall-derived inflow and infiltration of the sewage system were quantitatively analysed through the pollutant balance method. By proposing key emphases of severe problems, the presented findings will aid in sewage system maintenance and pipeline network renovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geogenic fluoride contaminates the water of tens of millions of people. However, many are unaware of the fluoride content due in part to shortcomings of detection methods. Biosensor tests are a relatively new approach to water quality testing that address many of these shortcomings but have never been tested by non-experts in a "real-world" setting. We therefore sought to assess the accuracy and usability of a point-of-use fluoride biosensor using surveys and field tests in Nakuru County, Kenya. Biosensor tests accurately classified elevated fluoride (≥1.5 ppm) in 89.5% of the 57 samples tested. Usability was also high; all participants were able to use the test and correctly interpreted all but one sample. These data suggest that biosensor tests can provide accurate, meaningful water quality data that help non-experts make decisions about the water they consume. Further scaling of these technologies could provide new approaches to track global progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the water quality test data of 257 groups of phreatic groundwater and 165 groups of confined groundwater in the Nanchang area and the redox conditions, acid–base conditions and the organic matter content in groundwater, we identified hydrochemical characteristics and genesis of groundwater with high Fe and Mn contents in Nanchang. The results showed that Fe and Mn exceeded the standard in both phreatic and confined groundwater. The over-standard rates of Fe and Mn in groundwater were 8.56–11.52% and 33.07–36.36%, respectively. The degree of pollution Fe and Mn in the confined groundwater is higher than that in the phreatic groundwater, and the degree of pollution caused by Mn is higher than that caused by Fe. The high Fe and Mn contents in groundwater were caused by the release of Fe and Mn minerals from the native environment due to changes in the groundwater environment of the study area. A mild redox environment (Eh < 100) and low pH value are favorable for Fe and Mn enrichment in groundwater. The presence of organic matter accelerates microbial activity and promotes the release of Fe and Mn from aquifer sediments. Therefore, the change in the native environment played an important role in the increase in Fe and Mn content in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health-based drinking water violations affect about one in twelve Americans annually, yet the benefits of drinking water regulation are not well understood. I exploit plausibly exogenous variation in water quality violation timing to estimate the impacts on avoidance behavior and child outcomes. Using purchases of bottled water and common stomach remedies, emergency room visits for gastrointestinal illness, and school absences, I provide a comprehensive calculation of costs associated with poor drinking water quality. Individuals avoid the negative health impacts of coliform bacteria violations only when informed immediately. Timely public notification is a cost-effective way to induce avoidance behavior and protect health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kansas State University and University of Missouri Extension educators have been providing training and information on agricultural water microbial quality to help produce growers reduce risk. However, we recognized the need to determine knowledge gaps among Kansas and Missouri growers related to agricultural water quality and best practices. A survey was developed to determine future extension outputs and activities to encourage growers to improve their practices related to water quality. The survey was distributed to Kansas and Missouri produce growers attending in-person or online produce-related events in late 2020 and early 2021 and was also distributed through email lists of produce growers from both states. Survey results (n = 101) indicate that 13.9% of the respondents tested their water for generic Escherichia coli more than once a year, whereas 38.6% of the participants had never tested their water. Approximately half (59.3%) of respondents indicated they used municipal water for postharvest uses, whereas 6.7% indicated the use of untreated surface water for postharvest activities. To address potential water contamination risks, researchers suggest that further training and educational resources would help growers improve practices related to water quality and produce safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZIF-8@MoS 2 sensor achieves ∼12 nM detection. • Sunlight-driven synergy enables ∼100 % regeneration and 24 reuse cycles. • The portable monitoring system ensures low-cost and reusable antibiotic detection. Effective and rapid testing of outdoor water matrices requires solutions that are not only portable and economical but also exhibit high sensitivity and reliability. Traditional methods for testing water quality outdoors, such as test papers and sensor systems, typically suffer from limitations in sensitivity, disposability, and signal stability. Addressing these shortcomings, a sensor featuring a core–shell structure of ZIF-8@MoS 2 is presented for emergency detection in outdoor water environments, achieving a low detection limit of approximately 12 nM. Leveraging the synergistic effects of the photothermal and photocatalytic properties of ZIF-8@MoS 2 , the system is capable of ∼100 % regeneration through outdoor sunlight irradiation, allowing for up to 24 cycles of reuse. This performance is attributed to the material design, ZIF-8@MoS 2 , which effectively generates oxidative species to rapidly clear electrode surface-anchored contaminants and facilitate sensor regeneration. Furthermore, a small-scale portable water monitoring system is demonstrated for detecting antibiotics in water matrices. By utilizing sunlight, the system ensures quick electrode regeneration, enabling continuous operation during water quality monitoring. This results in a fast, eco-friendly, low-cost detection process, free from secondary pollution, providing a viable solution for rapid and accurate water testing in diverse settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bucket chlorination, where chlorine is dosed directly into water collection containers, is a point-of-source water treatment intervention commonly implemented in cholera outbreaks. There is little previous data on chlorine efficacy against Vibrio cholerae in different waters and appropriate dosage regimes. We evaluated V. cholerae reduction and free chlorine residual (FCR) in waters with four turbidities (1/5/10/50 NTU), two total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations (0.4, 1 mg/L), and two dosing schemes (fixed-dose of 2 or 4 mg/L, variable-dose based on jar testing) treated with three chlorine types (HTH, NaOCl, NaDCC). We found that chlorine was efficacious at reducing V. cholerae by -2.75 to -3.63 log reduction value (LRV); variably dosed reactors were dosed higher, met -0.5 mg/L FCR at 30 min, and had higher LRVs (p¼0.024) than fixed doses; and low TOC reactors had more samples -0.2 mg/L FRC at 4 h (p¼0.007). Our results are conservative, as internationally recommended additives to create test water increased chlorine demand, highlighting the challenge of replicating field conditions in laboratory testing. Overall, we found that chlorine can efficaciously reduce V. cholerae; we recommend further research on appropriate chlorine demand for test waters; and we recommend establishing appropriate chlorine doses based on source water and taste/odor acceptability in bucket chlorination programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater habitats in Africa receive large amounts of pollutants that affect several aspects of aquatic biodiversity, including Kihansi spray toads (KST) (Nectophrynoides asperginis). Little information is available on the influence of anthropogenic activities on the water quality along the Kihansi River, which is the only known habitat for this species. This study focused on assessing water quality and associated changes along the Kihansi River gradient where toads are being reintroduced following their recent extinction in the wild. Water samples for testing the pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), and conductivity were collected from the upper, middle, and lower zones. In addition, socio-economic data were collected from three villages, namely Udagaji, Mgugwe and Ukami, which cover the river zone. The population trend of KSTs in captivity was obtained from the Kihansi Captive Facility (KCF). Cultivation of crops, such as rice and maize is the dominant socio-economic activity. Temperature, pH, and DO showed significant variation among the three sampled zones (p < 0.05). Crop cultivation and agroforestry practices near the river significantly increased the pH and TDS, while reducing the DO in the water. The toads in captivity increased in number significantly by 12.77% (n = 1 410). Anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture, agroforestry and grazing affect water quality, and proper management of the Kihansi River requires the involvement of local communities to ensure the survival of the reintroduced KST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial representativeness of the in-situ data is an important prerequisite for ensuring the reliability and accuracy of remote sensing product retrieval and verification. Limited by the collection cost and time window, it is essential to simultaneously collect multiple water parameter data in water tests. In the shipboard measurements, sampling design faces problems, such as heterogeneity of water quality multi-parameter spatial distribution and variability of sampling plan under multiple constraints. Aiming at these problems, a water multi-parameter sampling design method is proposed. This method constructs a regional multi-parameter weighted space based on the single-parameter sampling design and performs adaptive weighted fusion according to the spatial variation trend of each water parameter within it to obtain multi-parameter optimal sampling points. The in-situ datasets of three water parameters (chlorophyll a, total suspended matter, and Secchi-disk Depth) were used to test the spatial representativeness of the sampling method. The results showed that the sampling method could give the sampling points an excellent spatial representation in each water parameter. This method can provide a fast and efficient sampling design for in-situ data for water parameters, thereby reducing the uncertainty of inversion and the validation of water remote sensing products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment (2nd ed.)" by Beate Escher, Peta Neale, and Frederic Leusch provides a scientific basis for using bioanalytical tools to assess water quality, with a focus on drinking water. The book covers various topics, including risk assessment, guidelines and standards for water quality, toxicokinetics, toxicity pathways, dose-response assessments, and mixture toxicity concepts. It also explores the applications of bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment through case studies and discusses future challenges and developments in the field. The book is a practical guidebook that offers guidance for both academic and non-academic audiences, making it a valuable reference manual for researchers in the water sector. [Extracted from the article]

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Many people switch sources of drinking water and sanitation between seasons, yet such shifts are not reflected in the reporting of access to improved water and sanitation services by the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data collected from urban and rural sites in dry and rainy seasons in Benue state, Nigeria, this study highlights the importance of seasonal variations in water access and quality. Water testing showed that water sources had higher levels of contamination with coliforms, nitrate and chloride in the dry season than the wet season. The contamination of water from these pollutants is above WHO standards and believed to come mainly from pit latrines. Semi-structured interviews revealed that many people who use improved water and sanitation facilities in the rainy season sometimes switch to poorer quality unimproved sources in the dry season. Travel times for collecting water as well as waiting times also significantly increased in the dry season. It is recommended that this important seasonality element is factored into JMP data collection and reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health, and in turn income and welfare, depend on access to safe drinking water. Although the majority of rural households worldwide obtain drinking water from community water sources, there is limited evidence about how effectively these sources provide safe drinking water. This study combines a randomized experiment with water quality testing to evaluate the impact of a program that provides community deep tubewells in rural Bangladesh. The program reduces exposure to arsenic, a major natural pollutant, but not fecal contamination. Households may use fewer sources with fecal contamination, but any such effects are offset by recontamination through transport and possibly storage. The results suggest that while community deep-tubewell construction programs may reduce exposure to arsenic in Bangladesh, reducing exposure to fecal contamination may require interventions that go beyond community sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1990, the last time the decennial census included a question on domestic drinking water source, it was estimated that private domestic water wells (PDWs) supplied household water to about 15.1 million housing units (15% of the population) in the United States (U.S.). PDWs are not regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act, and with few exceptions, are not subject to the water quality testing required of public water suppliers. We expanded two methods in estimating housing units reliant on PDWs from an Oklahoma pilot study (Weaver et al. 2017), nationally. Both use 1990 census data on drinking water sources as a baseline. The first method uses housing unit change and private well drilling logs for 20 states. This allows for the rate of well use to change between 1990 and 2010 in these states. The second, based solely on housing unit change, assumes a constant rate of well use. Ordinary least squares regression demonstrated (R² = 0.78) that the methods yield similar estimates for nationwide well use. Using the housing unit change method, it is estimated that in 2010, 23 million housing units were reliant on PDWs (17% of the population). We provide these estimates at the census block group and census block resolution. This dataset will assist in a better understanding of the reliance on PDWs in the U.S., and position local, tribal, state, and national groups to better protect this water resource from contaminant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the January 2010 Haiti Earthquake, the streets of downtown Leogane were paved to mitigate waterborne disease using humanitarian relief funds. After paving, many of the shallow water wells in Leogane dried up. It was believed that the new pavement disrupted groundwater recharge and negatively impacted the wells. Therefore, a project was performed to assess groundwater conditions in a cost-effective manner using a rapid, inexpensive, non-intrusive geophysical approach. The scope of the project included 1) surveying the new pavement system, 2) surveying water wells in Leogane, 3) testing the well water for coliforms, 4) performing geophysical DC resistivity testing to map groundwater depth and 5) developing a groundwater map to assess the impact of the pavement on the water table. As a result of this project, it could not be concluded that the new pavement was a factor in the groundwater fluctuations observed in the water wells in Leogane. It is more likely that some of the drop in the water table was due to the earthquake itself, and some of it was caused by seasonal fluctuations in the water table. It was also observed that all the wells that extract water from shallow (less than 6 m deep) aquifers in Leogane contain coliforms due to their proximity to household latrines, although a second deeper aquifer was identified and found to be coliform-free. With respect to broader impact, this methodology represents a relatively simple approach to mapping groundwater and assessing water quality that can be easily applied to other communities in the developing world to guide their efforts to develop and manage groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the impact of water quality on fouling process of enhanced tubes, two continuous fouling tests on eight enhanced tubes (with different internal and external tube geometries) and one plain tube (with a plain inside surface and an enhanced outside surface) were carried out in duration of 98 days, using cooling water with medium and low fouling potential respectively at a water velocity of ∼1.6 m/s. Compared with the medium fouling potential water, the introduction period of fouling on a plain tube in low fouling potential water test was much longer than enhanced tubes. Test results suggested that the influence of water quality on fouling development was much larger than geometry of heat transfer tubes when the water quality changed from low to medium fouling potential. For one heat transfer tube, the asymptotic fouling resistance was continuously increasing with the increase of fouling potential of water. In this study the length index ( γ) determined by the geometry of enhanced tube was introduced to improve the accuracy of previous fouling model. Finally, an improved fouling prediction model considering the effect of water quality was developed, which had a maximum error of 22.94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]