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Papaverine hydrochloride loaded electrospun fibers were prepared for buccal drug delivery with the aim of improving the oral bioavailability of the crystalline drug, which can be achieved by the increased solubility and by the circumvention of the intensive first pass metabolism. The water soluble hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was chosen as a mucoadhesive polymer. In order to improve the electrospinnability of HPC, the also mucoadhesive poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was used. During the experiments, the total polymer concentration was kept constantly at 15% (w/w), and only the ratio of the two polymers was changed. Five different HPC:PVA ratios (5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, 9:1) were examined. Combination of rheological measurements and molar reflectance characterization with scanning electron microscopy was applied for the determination of the optimum composition of the gels for fiber formation. The crystalline-amorphous transition of papaverine hydrochloride was also tracked by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A correlation was found between the macrostructural properties of the polymer solutions and their electrospinnability and the consequent morphology of the resultant samples. Along with the changes of the polymer ratio, the corresponding morphology of the electrospun samples also varied. With decreasing HPC ratio of the system, a transition from the spray-dried film-like structure through fibrous film to fibers was observed. Polymer solutions of the lowest elasticity and smallest intermolecular interactions contributed to the best fiber characteristics of the samples. The results enable the determination of the polymer ratio for the formation of applicable quality of electrospun fibers. According to the results 5:5 and 6:4 polymer ratios enabled the best fiber performance., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Water contents of superdisintegrant pharmaceutical excipients were determined by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy using simple linear regression. Water contents of the investigated three common superdisintegrants (crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate) varied over a wide range (0-24%, w/w). In the case of crospovidone three different samples from two manufacturers were examined in order to study the effects of different grades on the calibration curves. Water content determinations were based on strong absorption of water between 3700 and 2800 cm⁻¹, other spectral changes associated with the different compaction of samples on the ATR crystal using the same pressure were followed by the infrared region between 1510 and 1050 cm⁻¹. The calibration curves were constructed using the ratio of absorbance intensities in the two investigated regions. Using appropriate baseline correction the linearity of the calibration curves was maintained over the entire investigated water content regions and the effect of particle size on the calibration was not significant in the case of crospovidones from the same manufacturer. The described method enables the water content determination of powdered hygroscopic materials containing homogeneously distributed water., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Different types of Carbopols are frequently applied excipients of various dosage forms. Depending on the supramolecular structure, their water sorption behaviour could significantly differ. The purpose of the present study was to track the supramolecular changes of two types of Carbopol polymers (Carbopol 71G and Ultrez 10NF) alone and in their physical mixture with a water-soluble drug, vitamin B(12), as a function of storage time. The combination of FT-IR spectroscopy, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Doppler-broadening spectroscopy was applied to follow the effect of water uptake on the structural changes. Our results indicate that water-induced interactions between polymeric chains can be sensitively detected. This enables the prediction of stability of dosage forms in the course of storage., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of the present study was to examine how the colloid stability features of o/w parenteral nutrition emulsions made with SMOFlipid (lipid emulsion based on soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil) will change in the presence of high concentration of calcium and glucose if usual micronutrients are also present, according to the needs of the clinical nutrition patient. Particle size analysis, zeta potential, dynamic surface tension measurements and light microscopic screening were carried out to evaluate the possible changes in the kinetic stability of the emulsions. Our results indicate that the higher glucose concentration of 15 or 20% could not compensate the emulsion-destabilizing effect of higher (5 mM) calcium concentration even in the presence of a modern fat emulsion. Therefore calcium demand of undernourished patient requiring 5 mM or higher final Ca²⁺ content in nutrient solution should be supplemented in another way., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two types of chlorhexidine species, chlorhexidine base and its salts, on the physico-chemical features of liquid crystalline systems and on drug transport through lipophilic membranes. A non-ionic surfactant, Synperonic A7 (PEG7-C13-15) was selected for the preparation of the liquid crystalline systems. Mixtures of different ratios of Synperonic A7 and water were prepared. The liquid crystalline systems were characterized using polarizing microscopy and dynamic oscillatory test. Membrane transport was also examined. The addition of chlorhexidine species to the liquid crystalline system modified the structure of the liquid crystalline system. As a result of the changes of liquid crystalline structures, the drug release of various types of chlorhexidine could be also modified. The combination of the base and salt forms of the drug in one dosage form could eliminate the drug release changes from liquid crystalline systems of dynamically changeable structures.

The aim of the present study was to formulate stabilized suspension-type metered-dose inhalation aerosols, and to examine the connection between the stabilizing additives and the optimal particle size. For the stabilization of the suspended particles, hydrophilic- and hydrophobic-type additives were applied. Oleil oleate was selected as a hydrophilic anionic surfactant, and the hydrophobizing agent was dimethyl siloxane polymer. The effect of the amount of the applied hydrophilic and hydrophobic additives on the optimal particle size was modeled by a second-order polynomial equation fitted to the data gathered by a face-centered central composite statistical design. We found that if the proper type and amount of additives are selected, it is possible to acquire the therapeutically best composition.