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Introduction. The expansion of the fleet of tractors and vehicles causes increased requirements for internal combustion engines. This problem can be solved by improving the work process in a diesel engine that can be achieved by heating the diesel fuel in the fuel supply system. External thermal action is carried out on the high pressure line directly in front of the injectors. Materials and Methods. To analyze and calculate the process of combustion and heat release in a diesel engine with preliminary thermal fuel preparation, bench tests were carried out using the National Instruments software and the necessary equipment. Results. Experimental data of the diesel fuel combustion process in the cylinder of the 4CHN 11.0/12.5 engine are obtained. The analysis of the combustion performance and heat release of diesel with a preliminary high-temperature effect on the fuel was carried out. Indicator diagrams, graphs of heat release, the maximum average temperature of gases in the engine cylinder, and graphs of active and total heat release were constructed. The experimental data showed a decrease in the ignition delay period, the maximum cycle temperature in the engine cylinders, and an acceleration of the start of heat release and combustion process. The values of the parameters of the diesel fuel combustion process are obtained. Discussion and Conclusion. On the basis of the conducted studies, the dependences of the parameters of the combustion process of a diesel engine with fuel heating to high temperatures are revealed. Indicator diagrams allow drawing a conclusion about the influence of the fuel heating temperature on the intensification of the combustion process. There is an acceleration of the beginning of heat release, a decrease in the rate of pressure build-up and in the rigidity of the engine.

The availability of liquid fossil fuels is dwindling. Alternative fuels for CNG and CPO biodiesel that can be used in DF engines are the solution. However, the use of this fuel has reduced engine p...

The reduction of NOx emission in the combustion process is of vital importance to satisfy the increasingly strict NOx emission standards. Although substantial progress has been made for fuel NO red...

Onsite mine fire generates large volumes of heat-affected coal in Jharia coalfields, India. Direct utilization of such heat-affected coal in thermal utilities is not feasible as such coal does not have the desirable volatile matter required for combustion. In the present work, experimental studies have been carried out to investigate the possible utilization of such heat-affected coal in thermal utilities by blending with other coal. Heat-affected coal (31% ash and 5300 kcal/kg GCV) collected from Jharia coalfield were blended with thermal coal (28% ash and 5650 kcal/kg GCV) in different ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 to identify the desirable blend ratio for burning of blended coal in thermal utilities. Burning characteristics of all the coals were carried out using TGA. Various combustion parameters such as ignition temperature, peak temperature, burnout temperature, ignition index, burnout index, combustion performance index, rate and heat intensity index of the combustion process and activation energy were evaluated to analyse the combustion process. Experimental and theoretical analysis shows the blend ratio of 90:10 can be used in place of only thermal coal in utilities to reduce the fuel cost.

The paper presents the method of studying the fuel combustion and typical characteristics of biogas combustion process obtained in experiments. The main factors influencing the flame stability and the laminar combustion velocity in the biogas flow are investigated. The effect of combustion temperature, pressure, and other parameters on the formation of pollutants in the combustion chamber is analyzed.

Exergy analysis is achieved by assessing exergies related to the inlet fuel and air, output power, heat loss, gas exhaust loss and destruction or system irreversibility. The exergy fraction of each component is considered for all mixtures by dividing the individual exergy quantity into the exergy of the fuel. In the present investigation, the combustion process has been simulated in a DI diesel engine (OM314) with biodiesel fuel different Blends (B20, B40, B100) of soybean at full load and 1200 rpm by a thermodynamic model using both thermodynamics first and second laws of thermodynamics. The results showed good agreement with the experimental pressure. The results of the analysis of energy and availability balance show that the first and second laws efficiency for pure biodiesel fuel is more than the other two fuel and total availability. indicated work availability, the heat loss availability, burned fuel availability and irreversibility for 20% biodiesel fuel are more than two other fuels.

The development of a mobile waste incineration plant designed for the recovery of garbage dumps located near towns and villages, from where the removal of garbage to the city to the incineration plant is not profitable due to the large remoteness of small settlements from the city. The installation has two combustion zones: in the 1st zone, the combustion process of solid municipal waste (MSW) is achieved at temperatures up to 600 °C, and in the second zone – up to 1200 °C. Afterburning of flue gas to reduce the formation of dioxins, furans and soot is provided.

The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the basic parameters of the combustion process in a modern Fiat 1.3 Multijet diesel engine, fuelled esters (FAME) and diesel oil. During the tests on an engine test bed, the pressure waveforms in the cylinder were measured, on the basis of which the averaged actual indicator graphs were established in the determined engine operating conditions. On their basis, the pressure increase rates were determined and heat release characteristics were prepared based on the equation of the first principle of thermodynamics. The characteristics of the relative amount of heat released and the characteristics of the relative heat release rate were determined. The use of rapeseed methyl esters to supply the engine had an impact on the parameters of the combustion process as compared to its supply with diesel oil. Differences in the waveforms of heat release characteristics of the engine powered by the tested fuels are significantly greater at low loads. At the lowest engine loads, esters burn much faster than diesel oil. With the increase in engine load, the differences in the waveform of heat release characteristics during combustion of these fuels were significantly smaller.

Pressurized oxy-combustion is one of the most efficient emerging combustion systems for coal-based power generation with CO2 capture. Mercury reemission and the fate of mercury, arsenic, and seleni...

Nowadays, polypropylene plastics are very often found and cause various environmental problems. Though it is known that along with polypropylene itself comes from propylene monomers obtained from refining petroleum. Besides the use of waste cooking, biodiesel fuel has many drawbacks, one of which is power and fuel consumption. Mixing polypropylene plastic waste for reuse with waste cooking oil biodiesel is an option. This study uses five variations of fuel, namely HSD, B30, C20, C30, and C40, a combination of HSD, waste cooking, and polypropylene. This research is based on experiments to analyze the impact of using these five variations of fuel on the performance diesel engines based on simulation. The performance of the diesel engine would be measured to SFOC, power, and torque produced by each fuel. Based on the results of the analysis of the performance of the diesel engine performance of C20, fuel can be the most optimum alternative fuel to the substitute B30, producing 6.0 kW of power, 238gr / kWh of SFOC, and 31.7Nm of torque.

The need for low-emission technologies in biomass domestic heating systems has encouraged the development of primary methods to improve the combustion process. Air-injection strategies are known to...

The modelling of the process in internal combustion engines has been a permanent concern of specialists in the field. The complexity of the phenomena and the strong interdependence between them make the approach particularly difficult. The application of the provisions of the Protocol required the signatory countries, from 2010, to put in place measures to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions, especially in coastal areas, the most affected being, in the first instance, port technical vessels.

Reduction of the environmental impacts of the individual transport segments is crucial with regard to air quality and population health. The main problem is a high level of nitrogen oxide emissions. There are some opinions that these emissions have a direct impact on the human health. Generally, a possible solution of this problem also offers application of the biofuels, i.e. fuels with the bio-component. Therefore, there was realized a scientific-research study focused on influence of the biofuels with regard to production of gaseous emissions in the case of diesel engine, which is used in ship transport. There were created various fuel mixtures with different content of the bio-component in order to investigate their emission characteristics. The measurements were carried out at different loading levels and with variable speed spectrum. The obtained results showed a considerable impact on the combustion process, on the heat release process, on time behaviour of the pressure and on the emission characteristics.

[EN] Recent research has demonstrated that a reduction in pollutant emissions of diesel engines can be achieved by using high octane fuels such as gasoline, methane, or liquefied petroleum gas. Therefore, in this study, the focus was to investigate the influence of blends of diesel and gasoline on combustion characteristics such as ignition delay, rate of heat release, and lift-off length as well as the influence on soot formation. The experiments were carried out in a test rig with optical access which mimics a single-cylinder diesel engine. Four blends were tested: one blend with 100% diesel and then three diesel-gasoline blends with 30%, 50%, and70% gasoline. The blends were made in volumetric proportions and injected using a common rail injection system without any kind of modification. The ignition delay and the apparent heat release were obtained by means of the in-cylinder pressure signal. Furthermore, the combustion development and soot formation were studied using three optical techniques: OH* chemiluminescence, natural luminosity, and diffused back-illumination extinction imaging (DBI). Different engine operating conditions were analyzed. Results showed that ID increases with the gasoline content in the blend. Similarly, as the reacting time increased, the lift-off length was longer. On the other hand, the apparent rate of heat release decreased due to a reduction of the fuel injection rate, which depends on the density of the blend. In addition, differences in the flame radiation were also observed. Gasoline-diesel blends had less luminosity, which is related to less soot formation. To confirm this, the KL factor obtained from the DBI technique was determined, and it was concluded that increasing the gasoline fraction in the blend reduces soot formation., This research work has been partly funded by the Government of Spain and FEDER under TRANCO project (TRA2017-87694-R) and by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia through the Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-18 and PAID-06-18) program.

The results of the research on energy usage of the fatty acids distillation residue are presented. Distillation residue constitutes a material of biogenic origin, which is created only as a result of physical processing of animal fats without using additional chemicals. This material exhibits similar physicochemical properties as the heavy heating oil and may be its substitute. Industrial comparative tests of combusting of distillation residue and also of the heavy heating oil in an oil boiler were conducted. The research was conducted at the rated and minimum capacities of the boiler. It has been stated that combusting of the distillation residue of the fatty acids in a tested oil boiler does not bring about any technological difficulties. No threat of the elevated emission of pollutants into the atmosphere was exhibited. Installation of the boiler fulfill all emission standards required for combustion of the liquid fuels. Combustion of fatty acids distillation residue contributes to the reduction of the previous emission of pollutants from burning of the heavy fuel oil, significantly in scope of SO2.

The objective of this work is the experimental investigation and characterization of the influence of biomass feeding on combustion efficiency of an industrial biomass boiler. The collected experimental data relate the biomass feeding control with the operating conditions and boiler performance parameters. Two different methods to control of the biomass feeding are considered. One consists on the manually controlled biomass feeding through the boiler control system. The other consists on an automatic control, with the screw-feeder controlled by the boiler control system. Boiler control system governs the introduction of the biomass material into the furnace based on the O2content of the combustion flue gas stream. Results show that the biomass feeding into the furnace significantly affects the combustion process and the pollutant emissions (e.g., CO and NO). Keywords: Biomass, Feeding system, Fixed grate industrial boiler, O2content, CO, NO

Alternative propulsion fuels for diesel engines were highlights for a variety of research activities within a large number of R&D labs in the world. Curiosity, as well as basic interest in alternative fuel has been immense because of its reproducibility, renewability, as well as good ecological characteristics. Another reason for this interest is a favorable impact on the economies of the countries engaged in their production, by processing that kind of bio fuel. This paper presents the results of testing and research of the three types of alternative fuel gained from bio oil. Analyses and comparison of the dynamics of combustion process of these alternative fuels were done in relation to the reference diesel fuel. Burning process of methyl esters rapeseed (RME100), soya oil (SME100), waste cooking palm oil (PME100), as well as of regular Euro diesel fuel were investigated. It was found that these fuels were highly usable in diesel engines if they had been produced according to a proper standard procedure under standard EN 14214. The application of bio fuel is also very interesting for the propulsion of agricultural engines and machinery, because it enables the individual farming of bio fuel products necessary for the appropriate own machinery.

The fuel staging combustion technology is a promising low NOx combustion technology for coal-fired boiler. In order to reduce NOx emissions, the burners of a 600 MWe coal-fired boiler are retrofitted in which methane gas is selected as a secondary fuel for re-combustion. The CFD models of combustion process are built to investigate effects of the methane gasratio on combustion process and NOx emissions. A total of 4 cases are numerically studied, including the pure coal combustion case, the coal combustion with 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% of methane gas re-combustion cases respectively. The results show that the re-combustion of methane can reduce the temperature at primary combustion zone, but increase the temperatures at the re-combustion area and the furnace outlet. The NOx concentration at the furnace outlet reduces with the increasing methane gas ratio. Methane re-combustion can greatly benefit to the NOx emissions reduction.

Scrap tire is a typical waste fuel, for which the combustion in the form of pellets is a feasible way. In this work, the ignition behavior, combustion process and pollutant emission of the scrap ti...

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an important organic and fine chemical raw material. BDO is widely used, but the waste liquid (BDO tar) discharged from the BDO production plant is complex in composition, c...

Split-injection strategy is of great potential to reduce the pollutant emissions without deterioration of engine performance. The combustion of the previously injected fuel has great influence on the ignition of the subsequent second injection. In this study, the main influence of species formed in the first injection on the ignition of the second injection is analysed in detail. Different species are added into the fuel/air mixture to study the influence of the species formed in the first injection on the combustion process of the second injection. Results show that the influence of species addition on the ignition delay is dependent on the initial temperature and oxygen concentration. The presence of acetylene (C2H2) and methane (CH4) prolongs the ignition delay regardless of initial temperatures or oxygen concentrations. However, ethylene (C2H4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen (H2) and formaldehyde (CH2O) shorten the ignition delay at high temperatures. The temperature increase ahead of the second spray plays a more important role in promoting the overall ignition process regardless of the initial oxygen concentration. Moreover, the effect of species addition on the first- and second-stage ignition processes is also analysed in detail. Different from the results with other species addition, the presence of H2O2 and CH2O in the initial gas leads to the monotonical decrease with the increase in the initial gas temperature, T0.

Biodiesel is a remarkable alternative fuel for the diesel engine among various countries. Various studies are carried out on the environmental and economic effects as well as the nature of diesel engine fuel biodiesel in the combustion process and emission characteristics. In this study, CRDI diesel engines used diesel fuel and 20 % biodiesel blend fuel (BD 20 %) as fuel, with City-mode exceeding 300 hours. Engine performance and emissions were sampled at one-hour intervals for analysis. The engine was inspected after testing to check the engine parts (valves and injectors). It was concluded that 300 hours of operation using BD 20 % does not cause abnormal deterioration of the engine or abnormal changes in engine power and exhaust gas.

To utilize the municipal solid waste (MSW), PT Semen Indonesia has a program to convert waste into three useful products. One of the product is named Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The RDF has claimed that it had a caloric value about 5178 kcal/kg. However, currently, RDF could not be used for the combustion process in the cement kiln since RDF has higher moisture content and lower caloric value. In this research, a solar dryer with greenhouse type is designed to reduce the moisture content. The performance is tested using two variations and compared to the conventional method. The variations are a solar dryer with one fan and with no fan. The general results show that variation with one fan has the highest drying rate among all. There is a significant reduction of moisture content after drying process using a solar dryer. The moisture content could be reduced to 16.25 % and 17 % using one fan and no fan, respectively. Furthermore, variation with 1 fan has higher solar dryer efficiency than that of one fan.

The article analyses the impact of emulsified fuel, containing H2O2 hydrogen peroxide, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides and diesel engine smoke. The process of forming toxic components in exhaust gases of reciprocating engines during the engine operation, and the relationship that specifies the hydrogen peroxide decomposition process were presented. The research was carried out with the use of fuel containing 30%, 20% and 10% of hydrogen peroxide. The concentration courses of the nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), as well as the (CO) carbon monoxide concentration and (S) engine smoke courses were shown separately for the external characteristics of the engine. Finally, the importance of knowledge related to the mechanisms of generation of toxic components in exhaust gases in the reciprocating engines was emphasised.

It is a high efficiency，energy-saving and emission reduction measure to replace coal with biomass briquette fuel in a layer combustion furnace, but in the combustion process, the serious slagging problem has been restricted the promotion of biomass fuel. By analyzing the combustion characteristics of biomass briquette, the ash fusion characteristics and slagging mechanism, combined with the combustion characteristics of a layer combustion furnace, the important influence of key combustion parameters (furnace temperature, excess air, fuel layer thickness) on the slagging in the furnace is obtained, which provides a scientific basis for taking measures to prevent and control the slagging in the design and operation of the biomass briquette layer combustion furnace.

Biochar is now recognized as an excellent fuel with excellent performance in the combustion process and environmental friendness. As the main raw material of biochar, agricultural, and forestry biomass waste has a high waste rate. Therefore, researchers have conducted long-term research on the technology of generating biochar from agricultural and forestry biomass. Based on the current research and analysis of the existing molding fuel technology, the influence of different research parameters on the preparation of different biomass fuel is explored. The influences of molding temperature, molding pressure, raw material moisture content and the ratio of adhesive to toner on the performance of biomass fuel are focused on analysis. Finally, a conclusion is drawn based on the experimental data.

Continuous growth of energy consumption causes an increase in the volume of harmful substances emissions into the atmosphere. In order to comply with the legislation that regulates the emissions of gaseous pollutants, the creation of environmentally safe coal-fired power units together with the modernization of outdated ones is an urgent issue. To select the parameters and layout of the burner devices that ensure efficient and environmentally safe superheated steam generation, a simulation of the combustion process in the “E-180-9.8-540” boiler operating on the brown coal of the Nazarovsky field was performed using the SigmaFlame software package.

[EN] Although there are already several works where the influence of injection parameters on exhaust emissions, and specifically on particulate matter emissions, in diesel engines has been evaluated, the diversity in the results that can be found in the literature indicates the need to carry out new experiments that can provide more information about the influence of these parameters on modern diesel engines. This study intends to be placed within this scientific framework, hence a parametric study was carried out based on the independent modification of the main injection timing and the injection pressure with respect to the nominal conditions of a new Euro VI direct injection diesel engine. Four steady-state operation points of the engine map were chosen: 25% load and 950 r/min, 50% load and 1500 r/min, 75% load and 2000 r/min and 100% load and 2200 r/min, where in each of these operation points, the variations of the injection parameters in the study on the combustion process and its consequent impact on the particle size distribution, including an analysis of the geometric mean diameter values, were evaluated. The results showed that the different injection strategies adopted, despite not significantly affecting the engine efficiency, did cause a significant impact on particle number emissions. At the low load operation, the size distribution showed a bimodal structure, and as the main injection timing was delayed and the injection pressure was decreased, the nucleation-mode particle concentration decreased, while the accumulation-mode particle concentration increased. In addition, at medium load, the nucleation-mode particle emission decreased considerably while the accumulation-mode particle emission increased, and this increase was much greater with the main injection timing delay and the injection pressure reduction. Similar behavior was observed at high load, but with a much more prominent pattern., The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: This investigation has been funded by VOLVO Group Trucks Technology. The authors also acknowledge the Spanish economy and competitiveness ministry for partially supporting this research (HiReCo TRA2014-58870-R).

A study of the combustion in hot water boilers, burning different types of fuels is carried out. The quantity and composition of the combustion products, excess air ratio, thermal losses and pollutions to the environment are obtained via exhaust gases analyses. The quality of the combustion processes is estimated and activities for energy efficiency improvement is suggested.

Upcoming IMO emission regulation like the reduction of the fuel sulfur content in year 2020 and more stringent NOx emission limits force engine manufactures and ship owners to rethink the configuration of fuel and exhaust aftertreatment for their application. It is likely that global shipping will use a variety of different fuels it the near future from distillates to heavy fuel oil in combination with SOx scrubbers.

This article deals with the combustion process of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil. The main fire-technical properties related to its thermal degradation during pool fire were observed. As a test device, a cone calorimeter with modified specimen holder was used. The measurements were obtained by applying an external heat flux of 20 and 25 kW m−2 and using a spark initiator. On the basis of the measured results, the biodiesel combustion was divided into six consecutive phases described by the heat release rate, CO production, CO2 production and smoke production rate. Mean heat release rate and maximum average heat release energy peaked at 315 kW m−2, respectively at 391 kW m−2 (external heat flux of 20 kW m−2) and at 420 kW m−2, respectively at 504 kW m−2 (external heat flux of 25 kW m−2). The flash point of biodiesel reached a lower value compared to oils. The CO/CO2 ratio in the flue gas showed virtually the same combustion efficiency throughout the whole experiment.

The purpose of this paper was to study the emission of three important pollutants (NO, SO2, and H2S) during the combustion process. The process was carried out in a counterflow fixed bed system, wh...

Ammonia (NH3), which has been considered as a threaten to human health, becomes increasingly concerned recently. In order to comply with the increasingly stringent emission standards, it is widely accepted that the technique combining stoichiometric operation with Three Way Catalyst (TWC) is a more efficient and cost-effective solution for emission control in natural gas engines. However, when equipped with TWC, part of the NOx emissions generated during the combustion process will be converted to NH3, making natural gas engines a significant contributor to NH3 emissions. With the promulgation of the Euro VI, the addition provision for the limitation of NH3 emissions further motivates the investigations on the NH3 emissions of natural gas engines equipped with TWC. In this paper, the effects of air/fuel ratio, engine speed and engine load on the NH3 emission characteristics of a natural gas engine operating at stoichiometric and equipped with TWC are first studied under steady-state conditions. Then the NH3 emissions are further evaluated and analyzed during both the WHSC steady-state test cycle and the WHTC transient test cycles. The results indicated that NH3 emissions have the highest values at air/fuel ratio of 0.96 and are lower when operating at stoichiometric conditions. With the increase of engine speed, NH3 emissions show a trend of first decrease and then increase while witness an increasing trend with the increase of engine load. During WHSC test cycle, NH3 emissions are depended on the trend of the raw NOx and raw CO emissions while during the WHTC test cycles, the effects of the oxygen induced during the motoring process should be taken into account. In summary, with the application of the combination of stoichiometric operation and TWC, NH3 emissions of the investigated natural gas engine could not meet the demand of the Euro VI emission standard, which means that the addition of an Ammonia Slip Catalyst(ASC) device is essential.

Biomass is renewable clean energy. The aim of this study is to explore the combustion properties and emission characteristics of NOX, SO2, PM, and HCl in the combustion process of biomass pellet fu...

The oxyfuel combustion of a model MSW (municipal solid waste) under various conditions was carried out in a lab-scale reactor. The aim was to study the behavior of MSW and identify challenges and opportunities associated with the development of this technology in the context of integration with CCS (carbon capture and storage). The experimental results show the effects of the oxidizer composition on the combustion process. Complete combustion can be attained under a variety of oxyfuel conditions, and the differences highlighted with O2/CO2 as an oxidizer compared with O2/N2 do not constitute showstoppers. MSW oxyfuel combustion hence offers a great potential for the combined (1) treatment of waste (contaminants’ destruction, volume, and weight reduction), (2) production of heat/power, and (3) CCS with negative CO2 emissions.

Gas-generating pyrotechnics are widely used in airbag inflator, pre-tensioner seat belt, deep-water salvage, fire extinguishing bomb, etc. However, for maintaining prolonged high-pressure, specific gas-generating pyrotechnics are required that are capable of producing water-vapor-free gaseous products to avoid the decrease of pressure caused by the condensation of water vapor. Currently, only sodium azide (NaN3)-based gas-generating pyrotechnics can meet the demand, but its application is limited due to its toxic effects. In this work, a sodium-azotetrazolate-based (STZ-based) eco-friendly and hydrogen-free gas-generating pyrotechnics was presented. A typical STZ-based gas-generating pyrotechnics was NaNO3/STZ gas-generating pyrotechnics, which could generate 321.04 L/kg clean and non-toxic gas composed of N2 and CO2 without any water vapor. The burning characteristics, including the ignition delay, maximum pressure and burning time of NaNO3/STZ gas-generating pyrotechnics was determined by conducting a closed vessel test. NaNO3/STZ gas-generating pyrotechnics showed a stable combustion process, lower ignition delay, higher burning rate, and the maximum pressure produced is 1.7 times of that of NaN3/Fe2O3. Thus, STZ exhibited great potential as gas-generating pyrotechnics, which could be applied, especially where a stable pressure is required for a long time.

The investigated annealing line was constructed in late 1980s with a design capacity of 350,000 t/y. After many years of service the annealing furnace was in an unsound state and renovated in a number of steps in three years time. A furnace survey was firstly conducted to fingerprint the conditions of the combustion system and to identify opportunities for improvement with a quick return of investment. Burner tests were carried out to better understand the combustion process and identify the critical conditions for component design and improvement. Furnace mathematical model was developed to study the energy balance and deficiency of the process. The model was further explored in the designing and implementation of a new control automation system using Model Predictive Control. Production results over the recent years were collected and analyzed. The data after the renovation showed some significant improvements with a reduced specific energy consumption below the benchmark of World Steel Association, a 4% increase in monthly production throughput, over 10% increase in production volume and an advance to a highly automated process.

The paper presents the result of experimental investigations of the innovative Zonal Volumetric Combustion technology (ZVC) applying several methods for toxic compound reduction (NO X , CO and C X H Y ) produced during the high combustion process of gaseous fuels in industrial combustion systems. In the ZVC technology, the volumetric combustion process of fuel takes place in two zones: the reducing zone and oxidizing zone. The experimental studies included the influence of fuel-bound nitrogenous compounds like (NH 3 , pyridine) on the overall emission of NO X as well as the influence of high hydrocarbons (benzene) on CO, C X H Y and soot formation.

The article gives considerations to issues relating to organization of biogas combustion process. A new design of biogas burner is suggested. It differs from existing analogues by more complete combustion of air and gas mixture and high efficiency. Feasibility of greater burners' effectiveness due to the use of ceramic injection molding technology is demonstrated here.

In this paper, the distribution of 210Po after high temperature processes in six units of coal-fired power plants (CFPs) were evaluated. The coal, bottom ashes, fly ashes from electrostatic precipitators (ESP), and flue gases from stacks were sampled from four CFPs and analyzed for 210Po contents. The results showed that 210Po was mainly captured by the ESP, with little left in the bottom ash, and a small fraction of 210Po was directly discharged into the environment through the stacks, accounting for 0.06%-0.6%, which was consistent with the reported data. It was also found that part of the 210Po could not be accounted for in the mass balance analysis for the whole combustion process in CFPs, which was also in line with the reported data. The results obtained in this study provided essential basic data for environmental radiological risk analysis for CFPs.

Fuel variability plays a major role in biogas combustion utilisation, where modelling and simulation can be used to provide guidelines. The construction of a flamelet generated manifold (FGM) is an important step for the simulation of complex turbulent flames. The FGM is made from premixed laminar flames and the limited literature on biogas combustion has led to this study on the effects of the fuel composition on biogas combustion in a freely propagating laminar premixed flame. The results have shown that methane concentration has a significant impact on the combustion process. There was no major difference observed among fuel mixtures with a fixed CH 4 volume concentration of 50%, with CO 2 varied from 40%, 49% to 50% and completed with either 10% of N 2 or 1% H 2 . The study can be further extended for numerical simulations under more realistic and practical conditions in order to develop guidelines for industrial combustors.

Effects of Injection rates on combustion process and emissions of engines operating with directly injected natural gas and pilot diesel were numerically investigated. Injection rates of natural gas and diesel were investigated separately utilizing five types of injection rates. An impact factor was defined to present the effects of the initial and terminal injection rates of diesel and natural gas on the combustion and emissions more intuitionally. Based on the simulation results, cylinder pressure and temperature were more sensitive to terminal injection rates of pilot diesel than initial injection rates, and lower terminal injection rates of pilot diesel can achieve lower NO and Soot emission level. However, there is a trade-off between NO and Soot emissions affected by different natural gas injection rates. The impact factors of pilot diesel injection rates on pressure show a double-peak trend. However, the impact factors of natural gas injection rates on pressure show a single-peak trend.