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[Display omitted] • Animal manures in China contain high levels of antimicrobials due to overuse in CAFOs. • Manure-based fertilizers are a major source of antimicrobials and AMR in farmlands. • China tried but failed to limit the contents of antimicrobials in organic fertilizers. • Stopping overuse of antimicrobials is the ultimate solution to reduce their residues. • Concerted measures are recommended to reduce antimicrobial use in CAFOs and curb AMR. Direct application of animal waste on farmlands was banned in China recently, rendering organic fertilizer production a sound solution for disposing of animal manures and recycling their materials and nutrients. Due to the overuse of antimicrobials in livestock and poultry farms, manure-based organic fertilizers often contain elevated residues of antimicrobials and abundant antimicrobial resistance genes. Land application of such products has caused significant concerns on the environmental pollution of antimicrobials, and the transmission and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a major global health challenge. China's recent attempt to restrict the contents of antimicrobial residues in organic fertilizers encountered strong resistance from the industry as it would hinder the utilization of animal manures as a raw material. Reducing and even eliminating the use of antimicrobials in animal farms is the ultimate solution to the challenge of manure disposal posed by the elevated levels of antimicrobial residues and AMR. Phasing out the non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials, developing substitutes of antimicrobials, enhancing animal welfare in farms, promoting diversification of animal farms, and developing antimicrobial removal and disinfection technologies for animal waste are recommended to improve the veterinary antimicrobial stewardship and manure management in China's animal agriculture. These concerted measures would enhance the sustainability of crop and animal farming systems in China and mitigate the impact of antimicrobials and AMR to agro-environmental quality and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out to evaluate the risk perception and perceived effect on the environment among dairy farmers in the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. The study conducted in seven districts across four sub-regions of NCR during 2018-19 included the development of a psychometric scale with four dimensions and standardization to measure risk perception. The scale was then administered to 252 dairy farmers from urban and peri-urban dairies in the study area. The results showed that the majority of the farmers perceived a medium level of risk (39.68%), followed by low (32.54%) and high (27.78%) levels of risk perception. Comparative analysis was conducted using Mann-Whitney U Statistic and Duncan Multiple Range Test, which found that the risk perception scores of the respondents in urban areas were significantly higher than those in peri-urban areas. The dairy farmers in the Delhi region of NCR perceived more risk with a mean value of 46.83±0.70, followed by Haryana (43.46±0.58), Uttar Pradesh (31.47±0.49), and Rajasthan (29.44±0.59). The use of dairy animal waste as manure in crop fields was ranked first among the positive effects, while the emission of greenhouse gases was recognized as the major negative effect perceived by farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steam explosion (SE) technology has been widely used to treat lignocellulosic materials for a long time. However, the investigation regarding SE applied for animal waste treatment is limited. With an increase in the demand for and consumption of meat, the annual production of various animal by-products, such as animal keratinous waste and bone waste, is also increasing in slaughterhouses. Therefore, a green method for disposing of these by-products is needed. In this article, the current SE devices, together with their characteristics and applications in wool, feather, hoof, and animal bone, are reviewed systematically. Different SE conditions result in the production of varying final products, from which keratin and other constituents (protein, lipid, or carbohydrate) can be extracted. Additionally, under proper conditions, SE can induce the liquefaction of animal wastes, such as porcine hoof shells, bovine bone, and even the whole chicken carcass. The advantages and limitations of the SE technology employed for treating animal waste were analyzed. Simultaneously, the reasons SE is used to treat animal keratin and bone wastes were also discussed. This review highlights the potential application of SE technology in efficiently liquefying animal wastes for bio-safety disposal and cleaner production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pachnoda sinuata bioconverts cattle dung into high-value fertilizer products. • Richness of beneficial bacteria in frass fertilizer increased by 2.5-folds. • P. sinuata larvae reduced manure-borne antibiotic resistance genes in14 days. • Abundance of mobile genetic elements was reduced within a 14-day timeframe. • P. sinuata is excellent candidate for bioremediation of animal waste. Bioconversion of livestock wastes using insect larvae represents an emerging and effective strategy for waste management. However, knowledge on the role of the garden fruit chafer (Pachnoda sinuata L.) in waste recycling and influence on the diversity of microbial community in frass fertilizer is limited. Here, we determined whether and to what extent the conversion of cattle dung into insect frass fertilizer by P. sinuata influences the frass' microbial community and its associated antibiotic resistance genes abundance. Pachnoda sinuata larvae were used to valorise cattle dung into frass fertilizer; samples were collected weekly to determine the composition of bacteria and fungi, and antibiotic resistant genes using molecular tools. Results revealed that bioconversion of cattle dung by P. sinuata larvae significantly increased the richness of beneficial bacteria in the frass fertilizer by 2.5-folds within 28 days, but fungal richness did not vary during the study. Treatment of cattle dung with P. sinuata larvae caused 2 – 3-folds decrease in the genes conferring resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as aminoglycoside, diaminopyrimidine, multidrug, sulfonamide and tetracycline within 14 days. Furthermore, the recycling cattle dung using considerably reduced the abundance of mobile genetic elements known to play critical roles in the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between organisms. This study highlights the efficiency of saprohytic insects in recycling animal manure and suppressing manure-borne pathogens in the organic fertilizer products, opening new market opportunities for innovative and safe bio-based products and achieving efficient resource utilization in a circular and green economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Utilization of livestock waste and by products are always considered to be an important source of livelihood for environment protection and agricultural development. The study explores the prospective scope of livestock waste utilization by dwelling into the livestock holdings and their health profile, waste management and bio-security practices for sustainable livelihoods of small and marginal livestock farmers of tribal belts. Methods: With an empirical survey, an analysis is made on the waste management practices in selective states of North East India (Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland). The percentage and average method were applied to understand the management practices of pig production system. In the qualitative tools mainly Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and Interview methods were used to understand the perception of people on waste management. Result: It is found that the untreated waste is utilized in field and only 2% of farmers use the manure in pisciculture where waste is used in its integrated form. A comprehensive model of treating and marketing the livestock waste and by products with the application of modern technology can not only contribute in augmenting the income but will also help in quality restoration of natural resources in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To characterize adaptive changes in methanogenic microbial community in response to substrate overloading and identify potential linkages between process performance and microbial community composition., Methods and Results: Triplicate continuous anaerobic digesters were developed as model anaerobic digestion processes, which were subsequently disrupted by substrate overloading. The clone library analysis of archaeal communities experiencing substrate overloading showed that populations related to Methanosaeta were the dominant methanogens before and after substrate overloading, suggesting the functional importance of these acetoclastic methanogens in balanced anaerobic digestion processes characterized with low organic acids concentrations. Population redundancy in Methanosaeta increased following substrate overloading with the emergence of additional populations of Methanosaeta. More importantly, the methanogenic community responded to process imbalance with greater functional diversity with increased abundance of functionally distinct hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens, which likely enhanced the functional stability of anaerobic digestion during disruptions in the anaerobic food web under process perturbation. Crenarchaeota were identified as persistent constituents of the archaeal communities in anaerobic digestion, warranting further efforts to identifying the functions of these phylogenetically distinct populations in anaerobic digestion., Conclusions: Substrate overloading in anaerobic digestion resulted in an increased functional diversity of the methanogenic community, which enhanced the capacity to overcome subsequent occurrences of process perturbations without performance disruption, providing a potential strategy to maintain process stability in anaerobic digestion., Significance and Impact of the Study: Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable option for waste treatment and renewable energy production. However, process instability resulting from variations in substrate loading has been one of the obstacles to the broader adoption of anaerobic digestion technology. Insight into the linkages between process performance and microbial community gained in this study is valuable for developing strategies for the mitigation of the impact of substrate overloading on anaerobic digestion processes., (© 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

The ability of wetlands to retain P makes them an important landscape feature that buffers P movement. However, their P retention ability can be compromised through hydrologic disturbances caused by hurricanes and tropical storms (TS). This study had three objectives: (i) to determine the effects of hurricanes and TS on dissolved phosphorus (DP) concentrations and loads discharged from a Coastal Plain in-stream wetland (ISW); (ii) to evaluate shifts in P storage pools that would reflect P accretion/removal patterns; and (iii) to determine if relationships exist between storm characteristics with releases of DP and water volume. From January 1996 to October 1999, the ISW's outflow DP concentrations and flow volumes (Q) were measured and they were used to calculate DP mass export loads. In addition, the sediment total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were measured, and both the water column and sediment pore water DP concentrations were examined using passive samplers. In several instances, TS facilitated greater DP releases than a single hurricane event. The largest release of DP occurred in 1999 after Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene. The large differences in DP exports among the storms were explained by Q variations. Storm activity also caused changes in sediment pore water DP and sediment TP concentrations. This study revealed that some TS events caused higher DP releases than a single hurricane; however, multiple hurricanes delivering heavy precipitation totals significantly increased DP export.

The localization and intensification of the poultry industry over the past 50 years have incidentally created a largely ignored environmental management crisis. As a result of these changes in poultry production, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) produce far more waste than can be managed by land disposal within the regions where it is produced. As a result, alternative waste management practices are currently being implemented, including incineration and pelletization of waste. However, organic arsenicals used in poultry feed are converted to inorganic arsenicals in poultry waste, limiting the feasibility of waste management alternatives. The presence of inorganic arsenic in incinerator ash and pelletized waste sold as fertilizer creates opportunities for population exposures that did not previously exist. The removal of arsenic from animal feed is a critical step toward safe poultry waste management.

This paper focuses on the benefits of an efficient use of animal waste from the standpoint of curbing the rise of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere. An effective use of animal waste resources might provide a partial, but still important, contribution in reducing net CO(2) emissions. In particular: the fulfillment of nutrient requirements of crop plants growing in non-limiting conditions and thus sequestering CO(2) at their potential level; the chance of diminishing the use of fossil energy, and related CO(2) emissions, required for manufacturing industrial fertilizers; the possibility of enhancing carbon sequestration in agricultural soils by the application of farmyard manure. The future success of agriculture in providing these ecosystem services can only be achieved with a changed social awareness of the links between sustainable land use and global environmental change.

Abstract The implementation of waste to energy technology such as the production of biogas from animal waste has been considered as one of the best means to achieve sustainable energy development goals in many developing countries including Indonesia. In the past several years, the rapid increment in the number of animal husbandries in Indonesia could potentially provide a considerable amount of feedstock for the generation of biogas. Therefore, this article is aimed at highlighting the potential application of waste to energy technology via the production of biogas from animal waste as an alternative source of power generation in Indonesia. Here, Indonesia's energy mix and several issues regarding waste management is comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, this article also discusses the current status in Indonesia's energy generation from new and renewable resources, especially from waste. Hence, several key technologies on how to utilize waste for power generation are presented. Based on the analyses, numerous opportunities could be explored in terms of turning animal waste to energy by biogas production in Indonesia. It is estimated that about 9597.4 Mm3/year of biogas could potentially be generated from animal waste in Indonesia. This large amount of biogas production could be utilized to generate electric power up to 1.7 × 106 KWh/year. Finally, this paper also highlights several main challenges faced in the implementation of large-scale biogas production in Indonesia. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • Current issues in Indonesia's high-energy demand and waste management. • Recent development in waste to energy technologies in Indonesia. • Biogas production from organic waste as a promising renewable energy source. • The potential of biogas from animal waste for electricity generation in Indonesia. • Future prospects and challenges for large-scale biogas production in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern animal husbandry has been concerned with increasing efficiency by increasing the number of animals raised per unit area; decreasing labor costs by automated animal feeding, watering, and housing; and using antibiotics to increase animal growth rates. These changes in animal production practices have resulted in reduced disease risks in some cases, but also have introduced new risks and challenges to the animal handler. Topics covered here include exposure pathways and health hazards associated with animal excreta, birthing wastes, and carcasses, with emphasis on infectious microbes (e.g., bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens) and airborne hazards (e.g., gases, dust particles, aerosols, and odors). Measures for reducing risks to animal handlers, including the use of waste management and treatment techniques, are reviewed.

Laboratory animal handlers have a strict obligation to consider the safe handling and disposal of their animal waste streams. It is their responsibility to evaluate the hazards, assess the risks, and choose an appropriate strategy. Potential hazards include chemicals, such as commonly used sterilants and disinfectants; physical risks, such as heavy or repetitive lifting activities; hazardous micro-organisms or allergens; and radiologic agents. Furthermore, many animal studies involve compounds with unknown toxicity, which may require special precautions. Animal handlers must protect themselves by using appropriate engineering controls of work practice to minimize their exposure, adding the use of personal protective equipment when necessary. In addition, compliance with institutional waste handling procedures that meet federal, state, and local environmental requirements is essential to ensure the safe transport and disposal of animal waste streams.

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Power scarcity and pollution can be overcome with the use of green energy forms like ethanol, biogas, electricity, hydrogen, etc., especially energy produced from renewable and industrial feedstocks. In hilly areas, pine needles are the most abundant biomass that has a low possibility of valorization due to high lignin content. On the other hand, anaerobic digestion (AD) of lignin and animal waste has low biogas yield due to poor conductivity. This study focuses on the simultaneous production of biogas and electricity through the co-digestion of cow dung and pine needles. The digester was initially established and stabilized in the lab to ensure a continuous supply of inoculum throughout the experiment. The optimization process involved the determination of an ideal cow dung-to-water ratio and selecting the appropriate conductive material that can enhance the energy generation from the feedstock. Afterward, both batch and continuous anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted. The results revealed that the addition of powdered graphite (5 mM), activated charcoal (15 mM), and biochar (25 mM) exhibited maximum voltage of 0.71 ± 0.013 V, 0.56 ± 0.013 V, and 0.49 ± 0.011 V on the 30th, 25th and 20th day of AD, respectively. The batch experiment showed that 5 mM graphite powder enhanced electron transfer in the AD process and generated a voltage of 0.77 ± 0.014 V on the 30th day, indicating an increase of ~1.5-fold as compared to the control (0.56 ± 0.019 V). The results from the continuous AD process showed that the digester with cow dung, pine needle, and a conductive material in combination exhibited the maximum voltage of 0.76 ± 0.012 V on the 21st day of AD, while the digester with cow dung only exhibited a maximum voltage of 0.62 ± 0.015 V on the 22nd day of AD, representing a 1.3-fold increase over the control. Furthermore, the current work used discarded plastic items and electrodes from spent batteries to emphasize waste management and aid in attaining sustainable energy and development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal wastes (AWs) are excreta or discarded materials associated with animal production industries. It could be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form, such as animal dung or droppings, discarded feed, feathers, fur, decayed bodies of dead animals, blood waste, effluent from animal farms, milk wastes, urine, and fart. Animal wastes are generated in high quantity, even beyond the control of animal farmers, due to the increase in animal production globally. These wastes pollute the ecosystem. They release greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere through anaerobic fermentation which deplete ozone layer. Nitrogen and phosphorus constituents of Aws alter soil texture and pollute water bodies through run-off and direct disposal into water systems. The resultant effects of the pollution include climate change, degradation of soil and burning of crops, death of aquatic biota, release of offensive odour, especially ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and cause diseases of public health concern to human beings and animals. These consequences are due to the emission of harmful gases and compounds and the presence of pathogens in the waste. Animal wastes are potential sources of income and resources, and their environmental consequences could be reduced if farmers could use innovative approaches such as vermicomposting, production of biogas using wastes, membrane filtration, liquid – solid separation, thermal treatment and chemical treatment approaches to manage animal wastes. Government regulation and policies against indiscriminate disposal and application of animal wastes, coupled with the sensitization of people to the benefits and dangers associated with animal waste, could also prevent environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy is a type of renewable energy and animal waste is one of the main resources for its production. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of raw material type (cow and chicken manure) and the type of reactor (digester) on the biogas produced by measuring the amount of methane in the product. Three types of digester (metal, simple PVC, and PVC with leachate rotation) with the same volume (10 L) were prepared. Equipment was installed on the digesters to measure the pH and volume of produced gas. The experiments were carried out in controlled temperature conditions (28–30 °C) and in two stages. The first experiment was to load the digesters with cow excrement, and the second experiment was to load the digesters with chicken excrement. In both experiments, the digesters were fed with 1.5 kg of animal manure and water with a ratio of 1:1. During a period of 60 days, the volume of biogas and methane produced was measured and recorded. The results showed that the amount of biogas produced from chicken waste is more than the amount obtained from cow waste. However, the amount of methane produced using cow excrement was more than that of chicken excrement. Also, the performance of PVC digester with leachate rotation was better than the other two digesters, which could be due to the mixing of raw materials in this type of digester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous growth in global energy demand, depletion of fossil resources and climate change concerns associated with fossil fuel combustion have increased the motivation on utilization of renewable energy sources. Utilization of renewable sources is vital in Turkey as the country highly depends on imported energy. Biogas is a renewable energy resource produced from decomposing organic waste under anaerobic conditions. Production of biogas from organic wastes such as animal manure is advantageous to contribute renewable energy production and waste management strategies for health and environmental protection. In this study, the animal manure based biogas energy potential of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey is determined. The region is composed of eight provinces including Antalya, Burdur, Isparta, Mersin, Adana, Hatay, Osmaniye and Kahramanmaraş. The results revealed that Mediterranean Region has 183 Mm3 annual biogas potential corresponding to 0.08 MTOE/year energy generation capacity. Codigestion of agricultural residues can contribute to about 0.208 MTOE/year energy generation. It is determined that biogas production can contribute reduction of carbon footprint by 1.7 million tons of annual CO2 emissions. Mersin Province has shown the highest biogas potential in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food waste is a global concern, with significant quantities of edible food being discarded every day. However, innovative conversion technologies have emerged to effectively transform this waste into valuable animal feed. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the conversion technologies used to transform food waste into animal feed, along with an analysis of the environmental benefits associated with these processes. The paper delves into various conversion methods such as anaerobic digestion, insect-based conversion, and microbial fermentation along with exploring their mechanisms and suitability for converting food waste into valuable animal feed resources. Additionally, the environmental benefits, including waste reduction, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and resource conservation, are discussed in detail. The review highlights the potential of these technologies to address the pressing issue of food waste while contributing to a more sustainable and resource-efficient food system. The findings of this review emphasize the importance of adopting and further developing these conversion technologies as a means to mitigate environmental impacts, promote circular economy principles, and enhance the overall sustainability of the food and agriculture sector., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Simple Summary: The disposal of slaughterhouse blood poses significant environmental challenges due to its biological instability and high nutrient content. This study investigates the potential of using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to process slaughtered cattle blood mixed with kitchen waste. We examined the growth performance and nutrient composition of BSFL when fed different proportions of slaughtered blood. The results revealed that feeding BSFL with high levels of slaughtered blood is not suitable, as it leads to high mortality rates and poor growth. However, when fed with up to 20% slaughtered blood combined with kitchen waste, BSFL showed excellent performance in terms of weight gain and crude protein, lipid, and amino acid contents. This demonstrates that slaughtered blood can be effectively used as a feed component for BSFL, enabling the recovery of essential nutrients and reducing their loss within the production system. Our findings highlight the potential of this approach for sustainable waste management and animal feed production, offering an environmentally friendly solution to the disposal of slaughterhouse blood. The disposal of slaughterhouse blood poses significant environmental challenges due to its biological instability and high nutrient content. We used a gradient of 10% blood increments (0–100%) to feed BSFL, and the correlation between the proportion of bovine blood and the BSFL weight gain, mortality rate, fatty acid content, and amino acid content was researched. Results indicate a positive correlation between the bovine blood content and BSFL mortality, with survival rates above 95% for blood proportions below 60%. Larval weight exhibited a negative correlation as the bovine blood content increased. Nutritional analysis revealed that the crude protein content in BSFL increased proportionally with bovine blood (14.75–25.45 g/100 g), while the crude fat content decreased correspondingly (10.70–4.66 g/100 g). The sugar content remained relatively constant across groups. Fatty acid analysis showed increased levels of C16:0, C14:0, and C16:1 and decreased levels of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 with higher bovine blood contents. The amino acid content generally increased with higher blood proportions. This study highlights the bioconversion potential of BSFL for bovine blood and underscores the impact of protein, lipid, and sugar concentrations in feed on BSFL growth. These findings provide valuable insights for utilizing slaughterhouse waste in BSFL rearing, contributing to the development of more sustainable waste management and animal feed production methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the crucial role of aquatic ecosystems in preserving biodiversity and the biosphere, as well as the connection between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and these ecosystems. It provides an in-depth analysis of the link between ecological well-being and public health, helping readers understand this complex subject. Aquatic ecosystems are essential for maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. Additionally, they act as primary reservoirs and pathways for the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). These ecosystems risk antibiotic contamination through various sources, such as the release of antibiotics from animal and human waste, improper disposal of unused medications, and pharmaceutical industry waste management practices. The presence of antibiotic residues in these environments significantly speeds up the development of bacterial resistance. The global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is evident in freshwater bodies, tributaries, sewage waters, and wastewater treatment facilities. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now a significant public health threat, compromising the effectiveness of many previously successful treatments against various pathogens. One notable and alarming aspect of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is its rapid development, often occurring within 5–10 years after introducing antimicrobial drugs to the market. This acceleration is closely tied to bacteria's ability to thrive and adapt in the presence of antimicrobial agents and their residues in the environment. The implications of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) include treatment failures with long-term effects and a continuous increase in healthcare costs. This review comprehensively examines the intricate relationship between aquatic habitats, antibiotics, and the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It emphasizes the critical role of these ecosystems in preserving ecological diversity. It raises awareness about AMR's urgent public health issue, laying a foundation for understanding its extensive consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments in small and medium-sized anaerobic digestion facilities have the potential to boost biogas production in Greece and other EU countries. This study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion facilities equipped with combined heat and power (CHP) units ranging from 50 to 400 kW, while treating livestock waste. For this purpose, data were gathered from various livestock operations (dairy cattle, poultry, swine, dairy sheep and goats) regarding their annual production, revenues, electricity and fuel usage, and waste generation. Waste samples were then collected and analyzed to assess their biochemical methane production potential. The capital and operational costs of anaerobic digestion facilities, from 50 and 400 kW, were calculated using the equations developed within the "eMT cluster" project. Findings indicate that current feed-in tariffs (FITs) of 0.21 € kWh−1 are insufficient to incentivize investment in anaerobic digestion facilities with capacities below 250 kW, highlighting the need for increased FIT rates or capital expenditure subsidies. Recommendations include shifting towards simplified technology and business models with reduced farmer involvement, coupled with supportive legislative framework and long-term electricity price guarantees. These measures are expected to foster the implementation of anaerobic digestion projects in the animal husbandry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]