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The present study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on HRD in small businesses by providing a detailed investigation of the role that owner-managers play in enabling social learning and performance in small firms. The investigation focusses particularly on the specific relationships of the social-interdependence orientation and social competence of owner-managers with their social learning behaviour, as well as with the performance of their small-businesses within the pig-production sector in the Republic of Korea. A survey was conducted amongst nearly 200 Korean owner-managers of pig farms. The results indicate that social interdependence orientations and social competencies have a significant relationship with social learning behaviour. Self-promotion and a cooperative orientation are especially important, with self-promotion taking precedence for social learning behaviour of a more ‘internal’ nature, and a cooperative attitude being more important social learning behaviour of a more ‘external’ nature. Social competence and social interdependence did not have a significant relationship with performance, but social learning behaviour did. The results further highlight the importance of individual social characteristics to social learning behaviour occurring outside highly structured educational settings, in addition to demonstrating that the competence and attitudes required are determined by the type of interaction partner.

For the transition towards pig farming without tail docking, an analysis has been performed of the cost increase, of conditions for supply chain implementation, and of opportunities and the feasibility of a calamity fund. Costs are mounting up to 26 euros per delivered pig, and to 29 euros per pig during the learning phase. Under the assumption that 5-15% of the pigs will have tail damage and thus will not be eligible for compensation, a remuneration of 28-31 euros per pig with undocked tail in good condition is necessary to cover costs on farm level. This derives from a model-based analysis, where assumptions were based on literature and interviews.

Voor verduurzaming van de landbouw is een goed verdienvermogen voor de landbouwers nodig. Naast steun van de overheid (dus de belastingbetaler) voor duurzame productie, zullen consumenten de duurdere duurzame producten ook moeten afnemen en zal de meerprijs die zij betalen via de keten moeten worden doorgegeven aan de producent. Daarvoor zijn duurzaamheidsafspraken nodig tussen landbouwers en ketenpartijen, aanvullend aan bestaande initiatieven en keurmerken. In dit onderzoek wordt de ruimte onderzocht om rechtmatig private duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. Onder het kartelverbod in het EU- verdrag is die ruimte beperkt en onvoldoende werkbaar in de praktijk. De GMO-verordening biedt verschillende derogaties op het kartelverbod, die mogelijkheden bieden aan landbouwers en verenigingen van landbouwers om duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. In de GLB-herziening van 2021 is die ruimte uitgebreid met een artikel (210bis), dat speciaal voor dit doel is toegevoegd. Dit biedt grote kansen. Het moet gaan om ambitieuze bovenwettelijke initiatieven en de afspraken moeten worden gemaakt vanuit of met de landbouwers (onderlinge afspraken binnen de retail of de verwerkende industrie zonder de landbouwers blijven vallen onder het kartelverbod). Voorwaarde is ook dat de afspraken in hun uitwerking onontbeerlijk zijn om het gestelde duurzaamheidsdoel te realiseren (geen greenwashing). Daarnaast kunnen andere derogaties in de GMO- verordening worden benut, met name voor erkende producentenorganisaties (Art. 152) en andere verenigingen van landbouwers (Art. 209) in combinatie met waardeverdelingclausules (Art. 172bis). Betere prijzen voor landbouwers voor duurzame producten betekenen hogere kosten voor de consument voor diens voedsel. Verduurzaming van de landbouw leidt echter ook tot maatschappelijke voordelen en financiële ruimte om burgers te compenseren die door de hogere voedselprijzen in de knel komen.

On 29 September 2020, JPMorgan was ordered to pay a settlement of $920.2 million for spoofing the metals and Treasury futures markets from 2008 to 2016. We examine these cases using a visualization method developed in particle physics (CERN) and the messages that the exchange receives about market activity rather than time-based snapshots. This approach allows to examine multiple indicators related to market manipulation and complement existing research methods, thereby enhancing the identification and understanding of, as well as the motivation for, market manipulation. In the JPMorgan cases, we offer an alternative motivation for spoofing than moving the price.

Enhancing the sustainability of agriculture requires a better earning capacity for farmers. Besides government (i.e. taxpayer) support for sustainable production, consumers will have to buy the more expensive sustainable products and the extra price they pay will have to be passed on to the producer through the chain. This will require sustainability agreements between farmers and chain parties, complementary to existing initiatives and labels. This study examines the scope for lawful private sustainability agreements. Under the cartel prohibition in the EU Treaty, the possibilities are limited and insufficiently workable in practice. The CMO regulation offers several derogations to the cartel prohibition, which provide opportunities for farmers and farmers' associations to make sustainability agreements. In the 2021 CAP review, that space has been extended with an article (210a) added specifically for this purpose. This offers great opportunities. The agreements must be ambitious, exceed existing legal requirements and must be made by or with farmers (mutual agreements within the retail or processing industry without participation of farmers remain under the cartel prohibition). Another condition is that the agreements are indispensable to achieve the stated sustainability objective (no greenwashing). In addition, other derogations in the CMO regulation can be used, in particular for recognised producer organisations (Art. 152) and other farmers' associations (Art. 209) in combination with value distribution clauses (Art. 172a). Better prices for farmers for sustainable products mean higher costs for consumers for their food. However, making agriculture more sustainable also leads to societal benefits and financial space to compensate citizens who cannot afford higher food prices.

Insect production is recently linked to circular economy’ principles. The idea of circularity as a possible asset in consumer acceptance and adoption of eating insects, however, is understudied as yet. This paper is the first exploratory study of consumers’ sympathy for circularity as a distinctive feature of insects as food and feed to their acceptance of eating insects (i.e., entomophagy). Being an innovative study, much attention is devoted to the elaboration of the questionnaire used. This study finds that consumer sympathy for entomophagy of the participants (N = 1055) in this study increases modestly, albeit statistically significant and in a robust way, as a result of providing information about environmental, circular benefits of entomophagy. It further demonstrates that sustainability-conscious consumers are not specifically sensitive to consuming insects, relative to those for whom sustainability plays a less important part in their lives. Another finding of this study is that information on circular benefits of insects as food does not just override feelings of disgust evoked by entomophagy. Finally, this study corroborates that processed insect-based foods in which insects are invisible are more acceptable than the consumption of whole insects.

There is a growing awareness that fostering the transition toward plant-based diets with reduced meat consumption levels is essential to alleviating the detrimental impacts of the food system on the planet and to improving human health and animal welfare. The reduction in average meat intake may be reached via many possible ways, one possibility being the increased consumption of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). For this reason, in recent years, hundreds of products have been launched on the market with sensory attributes (i.e., taste, texture, appearance, and smell) similar to their animal counterparts; however, these products have often a long list of ingredients and their nutritional values are very different from animal meat. The present review aims to highlight the main opportunities and challenges related to the production and consumption of PBMAs through an interdisciplinary approach. Aspects related to the production technology, nutritional profiles, potential impacts on health and the environment, and the current market and consumer acceptance of PBMAs are discussed. Focusing on the growing literature on this topic, this review will also highlight research gaps related to PBMAs that should be considered in the future, possibly through the collaboration of different stakeholders that can support the transition toward sustainable plant-based diets.

The current work contains one of the first empirical studies targeting trust and consumer acceptance of food products incorporating the social and environmental costs in the price of the product (‘true price food products’). Our two studies drew on a unique sample of Dutch supermarket patrons who could purchase ‘true price’ food products, and on a representative (Dutch) sample. In both studies, we show that the more consumers perceive to gain value from true food pricing that pertain to social status and ‘green value’ (positive environmental impact), the greater consumers' trust in true pricing characteristics and in organizations that implement true pricing and subsequently the higher consumers' intention is to purchase true price food products. The findings present a first exploration into how consumer acceptance of true price food products can be promoted by practitioners: (promotional) appeals to social status and to the ‘green value’ that true pricing can deliver have the potential to boost consumers' trust in true pricing and make them more inclined to ultimately purchase food products in which externalities are incorporated. Our study revealed initial value sources that can potentially contribute to promoting trust and consumer acceptance for true pricing in the food domain, but various other factors can be relevant as well; future research can explore which types of other contributing factors exist in creating consumer trust and acceptance for true price food products.

Healthy diets are unaffordable for almost 3.1 billion people worldwide, and in 2018, already 43% of the African population were urban dwellers. Our food systems are changing rapidly, coupled with rising dietary aspirations. What are healthy diets and how can healthy diets be reached and increased in an urban context was the question of project NOURICITY. Looking into different information channels to deliver information on healthy diets in a low-income area in urban Kampala, Uganda, two packages of interventions were developed based on information on the selected focus group discussions with parish representatives. The first package consisted of a flier including graphic information on healthy diets and three food groups (treatment group 1). The second included the same flier plus interactive voice responses (IVRs) as a phone call to deliver the flier information in a different format (treatment group 2). For the study, we targeted 450 randomly selected households, which were randomly assigned into three groups (control, treatment group 1, and treatment group 2). Respondents from Kanyanya (a low-income parish of Kampala city) were randomly selected. They were visited two times in March as well as in December of the year 2021, while the intervention was rolled out in the period from September to November 2021. Healthy diets are measured using the Household Dietary Diversity Score and the food variety score is based on a 7-day food consumption recall, while dietary quality is measured for a subsample of women and the minimum dietary diversity for all of the selected women. The results indicated statistically significant changes per group at household food consumption in March 2021 compared to December 2021. However, the results of the difference-in-difference method between the control and the treatment groups did not display any significant difference at the household level. However, increased dairy and meat consumption in the treatment groups was observed. Over 90% of the households in treatment group 2 listened to any type of IVR message. Although no significant treatment effects were found, almost all households receiving intervention package 2 mentioned that the IVR calls were easy to follow, while almost 80% indicated sharing the information with their neighbors and 92% enjoyed receiving the message. However, the intervention has potential but needs to be improved upon.

Voor verduurzaming van de landbouw is een goed verdienvermogen voor de landbouwers nodig. Naast steun van de overheid (dus de belastingbetaler) voor duurzame productie, zullen consumenten de duurdere duurzame producten ook moeten afnemen en zal de meerprijs die zij betalen via de keten moeten worden doorgegeven aan de producent. Daarvoor zijn duurzaamheidsafspraken nodig tussen landbouwers en ketenpartijen, aanvullend aan bestaande initiatieven en keurmerken. In dit onderzoek wordt de ruimte onderzocht om rechtmatig private duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. Onder het kartelverbod in het EU- verdrag is die ruimte beperkt en onvoldoende werkbaar in de praktijk. De GMO-verordening biedt verschillende derogaties op het kartelverbod, die mogelijkheden bieden aan landbouwers en verenigingen van landbouwers om duurzaamheidsafspraken te maken. In de GLB-herziening van 2021 is die ruimte uitgebreid met een artikel (210bis), dat speciaal voor dit doel is toegevoegd. Dit biedt grote kansen. Het moet gaan om ambitieuze bovenwettelijke initiatieven en de afspraken moeten worden gemaakt vanuit of met de landbouwers (onderlinge afspraken binnen de retail of de verwerkende industrie zonder de landbouwers blijven vallen onder het kartelverbod). Voorwaarde is ook dat de afspraken in hun uitwerking onontbeerlijk zijn om het gestelde duurzaamheidsdoel te realiseren (geen greenwashing). Daarnaast kunnen andere derogaties in de GMO- verordening worden benut, met name voor erkende producentenorganisaties (Art. 152) en andere verenigingen van landbouwers (Art. 209) in combinatie met waardeverdelingclausules (Art. 172bis). Betere prijzen voor landbouwers voor duurzame producten betekenen hogere kosten voor de consument voor diens voedsel. Verduurzaming van de landbouw leidt echter ook tot maatschappelijke voordelen en financiële ruimte om burgers te compenseren die door de hogere voedselprijzen in de knel komen.

For the transition towards pig farming without tail docking, an analysis has been performed of the cost increase, of conditions for supply chain implementation, and of opportunities and the feasibility of a calamity fund. Costs are mounting up to 26 euros per delivered pig, and to 29 euros per pig during the learning phase. Under the assumption that 5-15% of the pigs will have tail damage and thus will not be eligible for compensation, a remuneration of 28-31 euros per pig with undocked tail in good condition is necessary to cover costs on farm level. This derives from a model-based analysis, where assumptions were based on literature and interviews. Voor de transitie naar een varkenshouderij zonder couperen van staarten zijn berekeningen gedaan naar het effect op de kosten voor varkenshouders, naar voorwaarden voor implementatie in de keten, en naar mogelijkheden en de haalbaarheid van een calamiteitenfonds. De kosten voor het houden van dieren met ongecoupeerde staarten lopen op tot 26 euro per afgeleverd varken, en tot 29 euro per afgeleverd varken gedurende de leerfase. Aannemend dat er voor 5-15% van de varkens geen staartenbonus zal worden betaald, in verband met staartschade, bedraagt de benodigde vergoeding 28-31 euro per goedgekeurd varken om de kosten te dekken van het houden van varkens met ongecoupeerde staarten. Dit is gebaseerd op modelmatige berekeningen, waarbij literatuur en interviews zijn gebruikt voor de aannames.

The production of food from animals poses societal concern about the welfare of these animals in Western countries and increasingly also in economically developing countries. Animals and people may experience disutility from animal suffering, which can be seen as an external cost that is not (fully) included in the cost of production. Thus, consumers will consume too much of the good from an aggregate utilitarian perspective. A potential way to solve this issue is by including these external costs in the production costs. The aim of this paper was to provide a method that can be used to estimate the external costs of animal welfare (AW) of animals kept at farm level. The external costs were calculated by means of a cost function. This cost function shows the relationship between the AW score and costs of AW measures at farm level. The AW scores were calculated from principle scores of the Welfare Quality® Protocol. The method was applied to three case studies, namely dairy cattle production in Germany, pig production in the Netherlands, and broiler production in the Netherlands. The results indicate that the external costs of AW of dairy cattle systems ranged from 0.02 to 0.10 euro/kg milk, those of pig production systems from 1.00 to 1.36 euro/kg live weight and those of broiler production systems from 3.67 to 4.52 euro/kg live weight. The empirical application showed that the method was effective in estimating external animal costs. The insights obtained from the application of our method can support decision making in the development and adoption of more AW friendly production systems.

This report evaluates ways to entice consumers to make healthier choices in the supermarket. To this end, we tested a marketing and remarketing strategy focused on a meal bundle. The meal bundle combined the products of the participating partners to create a tasty and healthy evening meal that was quick and easy to prepare. This strategy was found to encourage consumers to choose healthier meals. In dit rapport wordt gekeken naar de mogelijkheden om consumenten in supermarkten te verleiden tot gezondere keuzes. We testen daartoe een activatie gecombineerd met een reactivatie waarin een maaltijdbundel centraal staat. De maaltijdbundel bevat de producten van de partners die aan dit onderzoek deelnemen en combineert deze zodanig dat er een lekkere, snel te bereiden en gezonde avondmaaltijd op tafel kan komen. We zien dat deze interventie consumenten helpt om voor een gezondere maaltijd te kiezen.

Background There has been growing attention towards personalizing dietary advice to the specific lifestyle, phenotypic and genotypic properties of consumers. Consumer acceptance and advice adherence is critical for the success of services offering personalized dietary advice. However, more insight is needed in the current body of knowledge on the determinants of consumer acceptance and use of personalized dietary advice. Scope and approach This literature review provides an overview of the current knowledge on consumer acceptance, use and effectiveness of personalized dietary advice based on the four information flow stages in personalized dietary advice: (1) information provision from consumer to formulate a personalized dietary advice, (2) personalized advice generation, (3) advice provision to the consumer, (4) advice acceptance and adherence. Key Findings and Conclusions Results show that the extent to which each step in the cycle is considered in the reviewed studies varies strongly, with most emphasis on the advice adherence, such as changes in dietary intake. In contrast, it is less clear how consumer data is used to generate a personalized dietary advice. Based on the studies in our review, we identify aspects that play a role in the consumer acceptance of personalized dietary advice and the best design practices for creating a successful personalized advice. publishedVersion

The current health status of the general public can substantially benefit from a healthy diet. Using a personalized approach to initiate healthy dietary behavior seems to be a promising strategy, as individuals differ in terms of health status, subsequent dietary needs, and their desired behavior change support. However, providing personalized advice to a wide audience over a long period is very labor-intensive. This bottleneck can possibly be overcome by digitalizing the process of creating and providing personalized advice. An increasing number of personalized advice systems for different purposes is becoming available in the market, ranging from systems providing advice about just a single parameter to very complex systems that include many variables characterizing each individual situation. Scientific background is often lacking in these systems. In designing a personalized nutrition advice system, many design questions need to be answered, ranging from the required input parameters and accurate measurement methods (sense), type of modeling techniques to be used (reason), and modality in which the personalized advice is provided (act). We have addressed these topics in this viewpoint paper, and we have demonstrated the feasibility of setting up an infrastructure for providing personalized dietary advice based on the experience of 2 practical applications in a real-life setting.

Shifting our eating patterns toward less animal-based and more plant-based diets is urgently needed to counter climate change, address public health issues, and protect animal welfare. Although most consumers agree that these are important topics, many consumers are not particularly willing to decrease the meat intensity of their diets. In supporting consumers to shift their diets, it is important to understand consumers’ attitudes, motivations, and preferences related to meat consumption and to take differences across consumers on these aspects into account. This study aims to in-depth research meat abstainers (vegetarians and vegans), and to explore how and to what extent they differ from avid meat eaters and committed meat reducers in terms of their (1) socio-demographic characteristics, (2) attitudes and norms, (3) food choice motives, and (4) food preferences and behavior. A survey has been conducted among a representative sample of Dutch adults. Comparisons show that meat abstainers (N = 198) differ from committed meat reducers (N = 171) and avid meat eaters (N = 344) on the four included categories of variables. In terms of demographics, we largely confirm the stereotype of vegans and vegetarians being highly educated females. In attitudes and norms, large differences exist with meat abstainers being least pro-meat and avid meat eaters being most pro-meat. Food choice motives confirm this, with meat abstainers valuing animal welfare and a good feeling higher than committed meat reducers and avid meat eaters. Finally, differences across the groups are most pronounced in terms of their food preferences and consumption, with a much higher appreciation of plant-based protein sources among meat abstainers, a high appreciation of non-meat animal-based proteins across committed meat reducers and a high appreciation of meat products among avid meat eaters. This shows that although differences across the groups are gradual and expected, in terms of reduction motivations and preferences of protein sources the three groups (frequent meat consumption-meat reduction-meat avoidance) are very distinct, which makes it unlikely to expect big shifts from one group to another in the short term.

PurposeSnacks at work are often of poor dietary quality. The main objective of the current study is to examine the effect of making vegetable snacks available at workplace meetings on consumption.Design/methodology/approachIn three between-subjects field experiments conducted at a hospital and three ministries in the Netherlands, with meeting as the unit of condition assignment, attendees were exposed to an assortment of vegetables, varying in vegetable variety and presence of promotional leaflet in study 1 (N = 136 meetings), serving container in study 2 (N = 88 meetings) and additional presence of cookies in study 3 (N = 88 meetings). Consumption of vegetables and cookies was measured at meeting level to assess grams consumed per person.FindingsAcross the three studies, average consumption per meeting attendee was 74 g (SD = 43) for study 1; 78 g (SD = 43) for study 2 and 87 g (SD = 35) for study 3. In the first study, manipulation of perceived variety and information leaflets did not affect intake. In the second study, significantly more vegetables were eaten when they were offered in single sized portions (M = 97 g, SD = 45) versus in a shared multiple portions bowl (63 g, SD = 38) (p Practical implicationsThe present studies show how availability of vegetables at unconventional occasions makes meeting attendants consume considerable portions of vegetables on average. As such, offering healthy snacks at the workplace may be a valuable part of workplace health promotion programs and positively change the “office cake culture”.Originality/valueVegetable intake is less than recommended in many countries worldwide. Many snacking occasions are at work, which makes office meetings a potential consumption occasion to encourage vegetable intake. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine whether free availability of vegetable snacks during meetings contributes to their consumption among meeting attendees and under what conditions consumption is optimal.

A large number of consumer studies on edible insects in Western countries have been published in 2019. A total of 33 studies are brought together in this article that provides an overview of current findings and signals further developments in today’s scholarly attention in the field of human consumption of insects. To outline this body of knowledge, this literature review presents established threads of research about: (1) Westerners’ unfamiliarity with; and (2) fear of eating insects; or (3) consumer reactions to processed or unprocessed insect food products. In addition, new avenues of study in entomophagy research are identified. Present-day studies open up new vistas by: (1) taking different consumer segments and food styles into account; (2) starting to examine the role of emotions and affective factors; and (3) employing a research design that includes multiple insect food products to explore consumer responses to various product options. Studies from 2019 also show that sustainability and circularity gains of insects are in their nascent stage as far as consumer studies are concerned.

Increasing consumer adoption of upcycled food products contributes to making the food system more resource efficient and to transitioning towards a circular economy. Yet, it is unclear how upcycled food can best be communicated towards consumers so that it signals something positive about consumers and make consumers more inclined to purchase upcycled food. In the current study, we examine to what extent upcycled foods may evoke morally self-rewarding feelings associated with purchasing upcycled food for consumers depending on (1) whether environmental or health product benefits are communicated in (2) either an abstract (generic sustainability or health lifestyle benefits) or concrete fashion (specific environmental or nutritional benefits). We found that concrete product communication led to stronger anticipated self-rewarding feelings associated with purchasing upcycled food, relative to abstract communication of either environmental or health benefits. Regardless of level of abstraction, communicating environmental (rather than health) benefits also led to stronger self-rewarding feelings. In turn, the stronger anticipated self-rewarding feelings were, the higher consumers' intention to purchase upcycled food. The findings provide marketing guidelines for companies on upcycled food: product communication about concrete environmental or nutritional benefits of upcycled food increases the extent to which consumers experience purchasing upcycled food as morally self-rewarding, which in turn is positively associated with consumers’ intention to purchase upcycled food.

Food consumption has a significant environmental impact which can be alleviated when consumer adoption of plant-based food innovations is increased. Attempts to increase adoption are often tailored to instrumental product attributes that consumers find important, but our studies show this is not necessarily a prerequisite. The current work aims to examine the role of symbolic product attributes in predicting consumers' adoption intention (Study 1) and whether symbolic product attributes can be leveraged to affect behavioural adoption of a plant-based food innovation (Study 2). Our online study (Study 1) shows that consumers indicate they find symbolic product attributes less important, relative to instrumental considerations like price. However, evaluations of symbolic attributes tied to consumers' self-identity significantly predict consumers’ intention to adopt a plant-based food innovation. At least part of the underlying mechanism pertains to the intrinsic reward of acting sustainably: symbolic attributes predict adoption intention via the feel-good factor of consuming a plant-based food innovation, particularly for consumers with a strong intrinsic motivation to act environmentally-friendly. In a field experiment in a supermarket (Study 2), we found that mainly stressing symbolic attributes tied to social status promotes behavioural adoption, more so than when symbolic attributes tied to self-identity are stressed in a promotional campaign. Together, the studies suggest that leveraging intrinsically rewarding symbolic attributes of plant-based food innovations can be an alternative way to promote consumer adoption.

Welfare of unweaned calves during long-distance transport has gained substantial attention from animal welfare organisations as well as in politics and national and EU policy making. The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive state of play on the transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves on long journeys in the EU, which would help to assess the shortcomings of the current system. The study also aimed at identifying current practices at both EU and national level, including those aiming at replacing, reducing or refining transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves. Alternative strategies to reduce or replace the long-journey transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves are currently only marginally implemented and need further development before being implemented on a large scale. Best practices to refine (improve) the current transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves on long-journey transport are available and can be implemented. A successful EU wide strategy to reduce long-distance transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves should consist of a tailor-made strategy applied by MS that includes a blend of the described alternatives.

To accelerate the protein transition it is important to understand how different consumer groups perceive and categorise plant-based proteins in comparison to animal-derived proteins. Using qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (card-sort task) techniques, we examined how omnivores, flexitarians, vegetarians and vegans categorise plant-based proteins. Forty Dutch participants free-sorted 80 product cards and elaborated on their categorisations in follow-up interviews. Demographics and other background variables are adminisered via a survey.

This data was collected for the Veg-on-Wheels intervention study, in which ready-to-cook, washed and pre-cut green leafy vegetables (GLV) were kept cool and sold for five weeks at convenient locations near workplaces and on the open market in Akure, Nigeria. Surveys were conducted prior to the intervention with 680 consumers and during the final week of the intervention with 596 consumers near workplaces and 204 consumers at the open market. Both buyers and non-buyers of the intervention were included; 49% buyers in the workplace sample and 47% in the open market sample. It measures vegetables intake, intervention awareness, attitudes and customer satisfaction, motives and barriers for buyers and non-buyers.

Individuals can apply different healthy eating strategies to help them make healthy eating choices. Previous research showed that individuals differ in their preferred strategy, but also that a mix of strategies is often applied by a single person across contexts. The current research investigated the extent to which differences within an individual across contexts (i.e., meal moments, social environment and physical environment) predicted openness to healthy eating strategies in addition to personal predictors that differ between individuals (i.e., intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, physical opportunity and social opportunity). A representative sample of the Dutch adult population was recruited (N = 892). The within-individual (contextual) predictors were measured nine times just before a meal moment over a period of three weeks, by means of a smartphone application. The between-individual (personal) predictors were administered with a baseline questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis distinguished three healthy eating strategies: Increasing healthy foods, Limiting unhealthy foods and consuming Light products. A random intercept model, in which within-individual predictors and between-individual predictors were entered successively, showed that context matters for openness to all three strategies, but is most important for increasing healthy foods and least important for light products. Individuals are most open to increase healthy foods at dinner as compared to breakfast, whereas the opposite is true for limiting unhealthy foods and consuming light products. Eating at home is beneficial for openness to all three strategies and eating with others positively influences openness to increase healthy foods but has no effect on the other strategies. Insights gained from this research increase our understanding of an individual's openness to apply healthy eating strategies.

In de PPS ‘Implementatie van voedingsinterventies in intramurale zorginstellingen en horeca’ is samen met de partners real life onderzoek gedaan naar de mogelijkheden om gezonder te eten. Op basis van wetenschappelijke inzichten en vooral de eigen ervaring in de praktijk van alledag hebben we verschillende interventies in 11 casussen in intramurale zorginstellingen, horeca, kinderdagverblijven en scholen ontwikkeld, getest en geëvalueerd.We hebben daarbij gekeken naar effecten op de consumptie van gezonder voedsel en we hebben ook de effecten voor de medewerkers die de interventies uitvoeren onderzocht.

Welfare of unweaned calves during long-distance transport has gained substantial attention from animal welfare organisations as well as in politics and national and EU policy making. The objective of this study was to establish a comprehensive state of play on the transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves on long journeys in the EU, which would help to assess the shortcomings of the current system. The study also aimed at identifying current practices at both EU and national level, including those aiming at replacing, reducing or refining transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves. Alternative strategies to reduce or replace the long-journey transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves are currently only marginally implemented and need further development before being implemented on a large scale. Best practices to refine (improve) the current transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves on long-journey transport are available and can be implemented. A successful EU wide strategy to reduce long-distance transport of unweaned non-replacement dairy calves should consist of a tailor-made strategy applied by MS that includes a blend of the described alternatives.

To accelerate the protein transition it is important to understand how different consumer groups perceive and categorise plant-based proteins in comparison to animal-derived proteins. Using a quantitative (card-sort task) technique, we examined how omnivores, flexitarians, vegetarians and vegans categorise plant-based proteins. 81 Dutch participants free-sorted 80 product cards. Demographics and other background variables are administered via a survey.

Poverty and malnutrition hotspots are moving from rural to urban communities, as Africa is urbanizing. The population in cities and countries are faced with the coexistence of overweight, obesity, micronutrient deficiency and undernourishment, the so-called ‘triple’ burden of malnutrition. The question on Who is affected and Why are they affected remains unclear. The project ‘NOURICITY’ sought to answer these questions by engaging in a chain of multi-stakeholder participatory events and fieldwork meant to deliver a blueprint for partnerships seeking to improve urban nutrition in Africa. The project aimed to improve urban nutrition in Uganda by bridging knowledge gaps about its systemic and individual drivers and by developing partnerships for improved nutrition in urban areas.

This report is part of the WUR flagship project Circularity by Design, embedded within the strategic investment theme Connected Circularity. The project aims to apply (re)design principles to develop a sustainable agri-food system within the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region. In our previous report (D1.1 Circularity by Design Framework) we outlined a framework for Circularity by Design (CbD), broadening the vision of what circularity entails by moving beyond the closing of material and energy loops to include the social dimensions, a food systems perspective, and deep leverage points for transformation. In this report, we build on the framework by taking a closer look at the governance landscape of circularity, specifically in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region (MRA). The aim of the report is to gain a better understanding of how to govern transitions towards circular agri-food systems on a metropolitan level. As urban policies are embedded within regional, national and supranational (i.e. European) policies, we review the MRA governance landscape within that wider context. We start by giving a clarification of terms (1.1) and a short literature review of circular city governance in a global context (1.2.1). We then review some of the existing policies to govern circularity at the European level (1.2.2). After sketching this wider context, we map the governance landscape of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region (1.3 and 1.4). Our report closes with a stakeholder inventory (1.5). We can conclude that the autonomy and creativity that cities possess to determine bold new circular food strategies is shaped by the multi-scalar governance processes that they are situated in – national circular economy agenda, governing style (hands on or hands off), and by EU Legislation. For this reason, it is critical that cities engage in bottom up participatory processes that help them to articulate a normative vision of circularity that is rooted in local needs, assets, cultures, and desires – rather than copying and pasting from the EU and Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) policy play book. We believe circularity by design can guide such a process and support diverse stakeholders to develop their own roadmaps.

Research into socio-economic effects of source and nature restoration measures of the Nitrogen and Nature Improvement programme. The themes Living environment and housing, Health, Society and Environment score positively for the majority of the measures. The themes Material prosperity and Subjective well-being score negatively for measures at farm level to cease livestock activities. The biggest issues with regard to feasibility are in agriculture. In the case of affordability, the effects on companies appear to be predominantly negative. The socio-economic themes have been made concrete on the basis of the broad welfare indicators, whereby the Theory of Change method has been applied for each measure. Onderzoek naar sociaaleconomische effecten van bron- en natuurherstelmaatregelen van programma Stikstof en Natuurverbetering. De thema's Leefomgeving en wonen, Gezondheid, Samenleving en Milieu scoren bij het merendeel van de maatregelen positief. De thema's Materiële welvaart en Subjectief welzijn scoren negatief bij maatregelen waarbij veehouderijactiviteiten worden beëindigd. Grootste issues met betrekking tot haalbaarheid spelen in de landbouw. Bij betaalbaarheid blijken de effecten op de bedrijven overwegend negatief. De sociaaleconomische thema's zijn geconcretiseerd aan de hand van de brede welvaartsindicatoren, waarbij per maatregel de Theory of Change-methode is toegepast.

Developing alternative protein products—based on protein sources other than regular meat—is a possible pathway to counter environmental and health burdens. However, alternative proteins are not always accepted by consumers, and more research is needed to support a shift to more alternative proteins. Prior studies have mainly focused on individual drivers and perceptions; although we expect that social norms—the perceptions of the opinions of relevant others—are highly relevant in accepting alternative proteins. Online surveys were conducted among 2461 respondents in 2015 and 2000 respondents in 2019 (cross-sectional datasets); a subsample (n = 500) responded to both surveys (longitudinal dataset). We add to the literature by (1) demonstrating the added explanatory value of social norms beyond a range of individual drivers; (2) showing that this finding holds over time, and (3) comparing the impact of social norms across different dietary consumer groups. Meat lovers and flexitarians are more prone to follow social norms whereas meat abstainers are more prone to follow their individual attitudes and values. This study highlights the relevance of investigations beyond personal variables such as personal norms and attitudes and underscores the relevance of considering the social aspects of accepting alternative proteins.