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Copyright of Enfermería Cuidándote is the property of Colegio Oficial de Enfermeria de Malaga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: At the intersection of the Sustainable Development Goals, humanitarian assistance and health, the umbrella term 'health in the last mile' has gained traction. In August 2019, the Norwegian Red Cross commissioned a global report to conceptualise and assess what 'health in the last mile' refers to, in terms of access, needs and structural and geographical barriers and vulnerabilities, and describe how these vulnerabilities overlap in different humanitarian settings and regions. Aims: The purpose of this commentary article is to highlight the report's most important findings for an academic audience, from the perspective of the Norwegian Red Cross. Discussion: The aim of the report was to propose a definition and create a methodology to help identify people and populations living in the last mile of healthcare; acknowledging that these go far beyond those affected by armed conflicts and sudden onset disasters. As the report reveals, last-mile populations are not adequately reached by current universal health coverage strategies. The report highlights the key role played by local humanitarian actors in reducing barriers to access to healthcare. Local stakeholders have first-hand knowledge of the needs of populations in the last mile and on how they navigate the barriers to healthcare access. The report also addresses questions such as: Who are the people with least access to healthcare? What are their health needs and what barriers do they face? Not least, when many live without access to healthcare services, how do we determine where the last mile begins? The report proposes a definition of 'the last mile' involving converging factors that exacerbate barriers to healthcare and identifies 18 groups that are considered potential last-mile populations. Global epidemics, such as the latest COVID-19, have shown that the concept of vulnerability is continually changing. These situations can bring new vulnerable populations to the edge of the last mile which were already vulnerable and ignored before the outset of the outbreak. Conclusions: Millions of people do not and will not benefit from the global progress in universal health coverage under current health systems. To reach the Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 16, we need solutions to overcome the barriers they face to access basic healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topic: In situations of remoteness to medical care, disaster or conflict, first aid provision is important but challenging. Education for learners in such contexts needs to be adapted according to resources available. This paper explores the educational approach and adaptations recommended by the 2020 IFRC First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines and provides a review of them. As a specialist in fragile and harsh contexts, the ICRC has contributed insight which enables the new guidelines to reflect challenges faced by those providing first aid education in peacetime and in war, and in other situations of adversity. Context: First Aid in armed conflicts, disasters and remote settings Adaptation: Educators need to adjust both the first aid skills and the way of teaching to the realities of those providing first aid. In some instances, safety and security of the first aider and the person requiring help should be prioritized over providing care. In remote settings or places where medical assistance is unlikely to be expedient, or in situations where effective first aid might not be possible, the psychological wellbeing of the first aid provider is also important and educators need to prepare their learners for such occurrences. Within the 2020 International First Aid Guidelines, authors tried to reflect the specific circumstances faced by first aiders in fragile settings, aiming to put the learner at the center and adapt the education to their needs and the realities of the resources available to them. Discussion: First aid educators around the world have to understand that guidelines are provided as an evidencebased guiding document which need to be adapted by the educator to the realities faced by the learner. It is their role to give learners the permission and confidence to act as best they can and provide options for delivering alternative care where resources or circumstances are limiting. Conclusions: The specific circumstances of armed conflict, disasters and remote settings will require the first aid educators and first aiders to adapt the scientific evidence of the first aid guidelines to their realities, and in some instances, place safety and security ahead of first aid provision. To increase the likelihood of successful implementation of evidence-based first aid techniques and practice, first aid education must consider aspects of context that promote and/or hinder implementation in these settings. Important, but not yet explicit enough in the new guidelines, is the permission needed to be given to first aid educators to create an authentic, intelligent and humanitarian approach to first aid learning. The goal is to encourage people to be creative and adapt to harsh realities using available resources without being distracted by theories which they cannot apply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Netley Hospital played a crucial role in caring for the wounded during the nineteenth century and twentieth century, becoming one of the busiest military hospitals of the time. Simultaneously, Florence Nightingale delved into the concept of health and developed the theoretical basis of nursing. This research aims to describe the experiences related to nursing and patient care described in The Netley British Red Cross Magazine during the First World War. The analysis displays different nurses' roles and the influence of environmental factors in the delivery of the soldiers' care. There are indications that Nightingale's ideas would have infiltrated the nursing practices and other aspects of the soldiers' recovery at Netley. The history of the Netley Red Cross Hospital shows the theoretical and practical advancement of nursing care towards a holistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International and non-international armed conflicts and other acts of violence are conflicts that cause death, persecution, suffering, internal displacement and destruction of the nation's infrastructure. These conflicts, with their various names, revolve around most of the world. There are international conflicts between two states and conflicts involving armed groups within the state known as armed conflicts Non-international, and there are internal tensions and tensions known as internal conflicts (other violence). International and non-international armed conflicts govern international law. International humanitarian law is the basis for the rule of these disputes, which is defined as the laws of war. The definition and classification of disputes and their conditions leads to the identification of serious violations of international humanitarian law and the applicable international law. Article 2 of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, Additional Protocol I of 1977, which deals with international armed conflicts, and non-international armed conflicts apply Article III, in particular Additional Protocol II of 1977 Which complemented Article 3 common to fill the deficiency and imbalance in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the contribution of wartime libraries to Australian soldiers as they went through two World Wars. The libraries and its collection of books has greatly helped them in defining such experience and understanding of war where they used various libraries such as those in Prisoner of War camps established by charitable organizations and military authorities including Young Men's Christian Association, the Red Cross and the Australian Comforts Fund. With this information, the modern society can now view clearly the historical relationship of readers and libraries and into the importance of libraries for specific reading communities.

Background: When healthcare personnel take part in military operations in combat zones, they experience ethical problems related to dual loyalties, that is, when they find themselves torn between expectations of doing caring and military tasks, respectively. Aim: This article aims to describe how Swedish healthcare personnel reason concerning everyday ethical problems related to dual loyalties between care and military tasks when undertaking healthcare in combat zones. Design: Abductive qualitative design. Participants and research context: Individual interviews with 15 registered nurses and physicians assigned for a military operation in Mali. Ethical considerations: The participants signed up voluntarily, and requirements for informed consent and confidentiality were met. The research was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Gothenburg (D no. 816-14; 24 November 2014). Findings: Three main categories emerged: reasons for not undertaking combat duties, reasons for undertaking combat duties and restricted loyalty to military duties, and 14 subcategories. Reasons for not undertaking combat duties were that it was not in their role, not according to ethical codes or humanitarian law or a breach towards patients. Reasons for undertaking combat duties were that humanitarian law does not apply or has to be treated pragmatically or that it is a case of force protection. Shortage of resources and competence were reasons for both doing and not doing military tasks. Under some circumstances, they could imagine undertaking military tasks: when under threat, if unseen or if not needed for healthcare duties. Discussion/conclusion: These discrepant views suggest a lack of a common view on what is ethically acceptable or not, and therefore we suggest further normative discussion on how these everyday ethical problems should be interpreted in the light of humanitarian law and ethical codes of healthcare personnel and following this, further training in ethical reflection before going on military operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resolution of health problems in the population, as well as the assistance to injured people during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1938), were achieved in the Insurgent and republican fronts by national and international organizations. That health care was extremely demanded. Objective: To know the social and health organizations that supported in the national and republican fronts; to describe the health training taught during 1936-39, and also to emphasize the health care worked during the war by women. Method: It is a descriptive and historical review, based on primary and secondary sources, which investigate: 1) national and international organizations which cooperate with Spain during the war; 2) health professionals and volunteers who cared and were taught in health during 1936-39. Results: Whereas the insurgent camp was assisted by the Red Cross, Falange's nurses and volunteers without health training, the republican camp was helped by the Red Cross, International Brigades, International Red Aid and also feminist associations. Conclusions: The Civil War was marked by a huge number of injured, nevertheless, all the health professionals and volunteers dispensed health care with courage and dedication, even in spite of the danger. They were able to assistance each people with humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses aspects of the 1921 Tulsa, Oklahoma Race Riot and War. In the first part, it presents a brief history of Tulsa, Oklahoma and the reasons that triggered the clash that devastated Greenwood, the black part of Tulsa. The next section focuses on the role of the Red Cross in the relief project for the support of thousands of homeless African Americans, and deals with the long legal struggle for reparations and the role of the legal system in the failure to punish the guilty for the devastation of Greenwood. The last part of the article presents the controversy generated by the renaming of one of Tulsa's main streets and the direct connection to the city's violent and racial past. The legacy of segregation is deeply rooted in the American past; the use of the Tulsa Riot and War as a case study demonstrates the impact of racial conflicts on society and the necessity to identify and resolve relevant problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Great War, the Bulletin International des Sociétés de la Croix Rouge covered the immense work of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (National Societies). This article focuses on one particular angle of that work: the tensions and even contradictions between the ICRC's duty of neutrality and impartiality, on the one hand, and the national and sometimes nationalistic commitments of National Societies, which were naturally opposed to each other in wartime, on the other. While some of the Bulletin 's articles revealed real advances in thought on war and the protection of victims, others reflected the inertia caused by this fundamental contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences of women who served during the Vietnam War have been described in interviews/anecdotal reports but rarely in empirical literature. Potential positive (versus negative) aspects of service or its impact on well-being are seldom considered. We describe stressful and positive experiences reported by approximately 1,300 female military personnel, Red Cross workers, and others deployed to Vietnam. Prominent stressful (e.g., negative living/working conditions) and positive (e.g., interpersonal relationships) themes and differences based on trauma history, Vietnam experiences, and group membership are explored. We evaluate associations between themes and psychological well-being. Findings provide insight into experiences of this understudied group of women. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses emergency public health and humanitarian efforts during a civil war between Nigeria and the Republica of Biafra. Topics include the French Red Cross' role in the Biafra relief effort, the United States' supply of personnel, aircraft, financial support and medical supplies in the relief effort, and the need for public health practitioners to plan for the end of conflict in order to avoid situations such as Biafra's collapse resulting from nutritional adversity and famine.

World War I is remembered for the appalling loss of life, but it also heralded major social and political change which included wider opportunities for women and, later, universal suffrage. World War I also formed the context for the emergence of the 1919 Nurses' Registration Act. District nurses (Queen's Nurses) undertook a range of roles during the war, including roles overseas as members of the military nursing services. Like nurses, they had their work supplemented by Voluntary Aid Detachments. This article discusses the war from the perspective of the district nursing profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the origins of the establishment of the relief organisation the Red Cross and Red Crescent in Morocco, particularly concerning the connection between the modernisation and reform of Morocco and humanitarian plans to join the Red Cross. It examines the role of Spain in early Moroccan Red Cross initiatives, the significance of Spanish army medical officer Felipe Óvilo, and internal conflict in Morocco during the late 19th century. The article also discusses Franco-Spanish imperialism in Morocco during the early 20th century, the concept of humanitarian sovereignty, and the Rif War in Morocco. According to the article, the organisation the Moroccan Red Crescent was recognised by the society the International Committee of the Red Cross (IRCR) in 1958.

Among the increasingly frequent acts of non-compliance with, and grievous violations of, international humanitarian law around the world, especially in non-international armed conflicts, attacks on objects and persons enjoying special protection, and their abuse, as well as the misuse of the distinctive emblems of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, come as no surprise. Although a repressive approach to the problem – through the prosecution and punishment of perpetrators – cannot completely prevent such occurrences, an effective and appropriate judicial stigmatisation can significantly contribute to making them as rare as possible. In this regard, the court proceedings held before the War Crimes Chamber in Belgrade and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague in connection with the events in and around the Vukovar Hospital and Ovčara farm have provided an appropriate judicial response. This is notwithstanding the fact that, at least for now, not all perpetrators have been prosecuted for their acts (or failure to act) at the time of the commission of these grave crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

TJOFLÅT I. & KARLSEN B. (2012) Challenges in sharing knowledge: reflections from the perspective of an expatriate nurse working in a South Sudanese hospital. International Nursing Review Aim: This account, based on the experience of the first author, aims to describe an example of practice from a hospital in South Sudan. The example illustrates a cross-cultural encounter and the challenges that a Sudanese nurse and an expatriate nurse face in sharing knowledge when providing patient care. Content: The constructed practical example between nurses with different knowledge bases and experiences was characterized by the expatriate nurse giving her instructions and not allowing the Sudanese nurse to respond to them. This 'one-way' communication demonstrated that the expatriate nurse considered herself to have the better knowledge of nursing care. These aspects of the encounter formed the basis for the following discussion, which sheds light on how the expatriate nurse ideally could have worked by using a dialogue instead of one-way communication. The importance of having knowledge and understanding of the context in cross-cultural encounters was also emphasized. Conclusions: The discussion of this practical example can provide insight for other nurses when working in cultures other than their own into the importance of using a dialogue when sharing knowledge in a cross-cultural encounter. In addition, expatriates can be made aware of the importance of acquiring knowledge about the context for 'the other' when working cross culturally. Finally, it should be noted that the description and discussion of the experience reflect only the perspective of the expatriate nurse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the conducted study to determine the possibility of experiencing posttraumatic growth (PTG) by youths who were formerly linked to the Lords Resistance Army (LRA) in Northern Uganda. It cites the four themes that were determined through the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), including social support, participation and faith in God. The study was a requirement of the Uganda Red Cross Society.

Humanitarian action in armed conflict faces a challenge as the distinction between humanitarian, other civilian and military action becomes increasingly blurred. It may imply that the security of humanitarian professionals is put at risk or that humanitarian actors do not reach all those in need. From a Red Cross perspective, it is both necessary and possible to single out humanitarian action based on neutrality, impartiality and independence with a view to gaining and maintaining access to all those with a need and right to humanitarian assistance and protection during armed conflict. Access to populations in need is based on trust by parties to a conflict that this access is intended and used exclusively for humanitarian purposes. This imposes restrictions on humanitarianactors not to engage in non-humanitarian activities and non-humanitarian actors not to engage in humanitarian activities. Only where there is no civil alternative and needs are real and critical can assistance be provided by e.g., military actors, if this assistance is provided without discrimination on a needs first and only basis. isrequires that assistance is not used to achieve non-humanitarian purposes, i.e., to win consent, gather intelligence, and so on. Red Cross experience shows that the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection requires expertise, capacity and competence specific to humanitarian organisations. This cannot be assumed by other actors with a different mandate or purpose without compromising the basic principles of humanitarian action: neutrality, impartiality and independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay gives a review of a book by an Austrian physician Hermann von Schrotter Skizzen Eines Feldartes aus Montenegro (Observations of a Military Physician from Montenegro), Berlin - Wien 1913 on the occasion of its translation to Montenegrin and reprint in Cetinje, Montenegro in 2007. The book takes us back to the time of the preparations and attack on Scutari, which took place in 1912 and 1913. The Montenegrin army achieved their military goal, but with numerous casualties, whose exact number has never been determined. The author, Hermann von Schrötter, confirmed this in his observations in the book. When the Montenegrin Red Cross asked for help, the organizations of the following countries responded: Austria, Czechoslovakia, England, France, The Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Russia, Switzerland, and Sweden. Apart from them, physicians were sent by the Slavonic Voluntary Society from St. Petersburg, the Boards of the Red Cross from Dubrovnik and Split, the National Board from Zadar; seven physicians came from the Bay of Boka and three physicians with three nurses came from Bosnia. I wish to stress that in those times the Red Cross offered aid, as it does today, to all the people in need, regardless of their political beliefs. The relations between Montenegro and Austria were poor back then, yet the Mission of the Austrian Red Cross generously gave assistance and relief to the Montenegrin people! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the role of international humanitarian law on refugees and displaced persons is presented. It discusses the history and concept of humanitarian law which was created in response to armed conflicts. It explains how international humanitarian law can protect displaced people and refugees. It also highlights the role of international organizations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in helping displaced people and refugees.

The article focuses on the effect of natural disasters like earthquake, fire and cyclone. Certain newspaper reports have led people to believe that in every instance the debris is quickly swept aside and within a brief time cities or towns are rebuilt bigger and better. The Red Cross has rendered aid for the victims of 938 separate disasters since 1881 and the disaster workers have seen some truly remarkable recoveries. The recovery of Tokyo, Japan, following the earthquake of 1913 was truly remarkable. The almost total destruction of all property in northeast France resulting from the fighting there during the World War was mostly repaired within five years. The suggestion has often been made that disaster-stricken communities might be pauperized as one result of the aid given by a generous and sympathetic country. However, there seems to be little or no evidence to support such a belief. It is probable that the stimulation which comes from the shock and sense of loss is sufficient to overcome any demoralizing effects which might otherwise follow from the distribution of a large relief fund. The use of modem case work methods in disaster relief work is also an important factor.

This article describes the difficult decisions faced by healthcare workers providing treatment in conflict areas to civilians as well as combatants. While endeavouring to provide the best possible care including, where practicable, follow-up treatment, they daily face the risk of kidnap, attack, takeover of hospital facilities, the seizure of drugs and medical equipment, as well as having to negotiate checkpoints. Care is provided in conflict zones by charities and military medical facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding injury patterns specific for paediatric casualties of armed conflict is essential to facilitate preparations by organizations that provide medical care in conflict areas. The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to identify injury patterns and treatment requirements that are specific for paediatric patients in conflict zones. Methods: Characteristics of children (age < 15 years) treated in medical facilities supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) between 1988 and 2014 in Kabul, Kao-i-Dang, Lokichogio, Kandahar, Peshawar, Quetta and Goma were analysed; patient characteristics were compared between treatment facilities and with those of adult patients (age ≥ 15 years). Results: Of the patients listed in the database, 15% (5843/38,088) were aged < 15 years. The median age was 10 years (IQR 6–12); 75% (4406/5843) were male. Eighty-six percent (5012/5,843) of the admitted children underwent surgery, with a median of 2 surgeries per patient (IQR 1–3). When compared with adult patients, children were more frequently seen with fragment injuries, burns and mine injuries; they had injuries to multiple body regions more often and had higher in-hospital mortality rates. Conclusions: Children more often sustained injuries to multiple body regions and had higher in-hospital mortality than adults. These findings could have implications for how the ICRC and other organizations prepare personnel and structure logistics to meet the treatment needs of paediatric victims of armed conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the blog post of Bob Hassmiller, a member of the humanitarian organization American Red Cross Society with particular focus given to the details of the Clara Barton Tour, the history of military battles in Italy, and provides information on the book "A Memory of Solferino."

The article explains the effects of violence on healthcare personnel and facilities towards access to healthcare for people in areas of conflict. Topics discussed include the United Nations (UN) Security Council briefing by Elizabeth Hoff on the healthcare situation in Syria in its civil war, statistics on attacks on healthcare personnel cited by the World Health Organization (WHO) "Report on Attacks in Emergencies," and the UN Security Council Resolution 2286.

The article provides information on the history of the American Ambulance in Paris, France from 1914 to 1917, focusing on its transformation into the American Red Cross (ARC). It discusses topics including the effort of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to kept his re-election campaign and preserve American neutrality, the involvement of the ARC on war on Germany, and the American Ambulance becoming the ARC Military Hospital No. 1 in 1918.